Kneel for a paper on architectural history. ...............

Research on the Architectural History of China in 1990s

In the early 1980s, Fang published the History of Ancient Architecture in China.

This monograph, which is characterized by chronicles, pays attention to various features of ancient architecture in China and its relationship with social development in China, and can be a masterpiece against Tintin.

Since then, the study of architectural history in China has flourished again after years of silence.

In the early 1980s, Fang published the History of Ancient Architecture in China.

This monograph, which is characterized by chronicles, pays attention to various features of ancient architecture in China and its relationship with social development in China, and can be a masterpiece against Tintin.

Since then, the study of architectural history in China has flourished again after years of silence.

On the one hand, predecessors' monographs are constantly emerging, such as Annotations on French Architecture (I) by Liang Sicheng, A Survey of China Houses, A Chronicle of Jiangnan Gardens by Tong, and A History of Ancient Architecture in China, which have formed a solid, rigorous, objective and historical research style.

On the other hand, in the 1980s, a lot of discussions about the history and theory of China architecture emerged constantly. The open society has brought new knowledge and challenges to the traditional architectural historiography, highlighted the impact and influence of the rise of interdisciplinary research on the traditional architectural historiography, and even appeared the research situation of taking history with theory.

However, the academic evolution is sometimes influenced by the external environment, and its own development also has internal logic.

It is an objective and realistic historical subject to understand the development of architectural historiography in China and the laws of research objects and methods.

Since the 1990s, the characteristics of the study of China's architectural history can be roughly summarized into three aspects:

1. Move from center to edge

If it is said that since Liang Sicheng and Mr. Liu Dunzhen initiated the discipline of architectural history in China from the 1920s to the 1980s, the research object is mainly centered on the Central Plains and diverged from the architectural activities of the Han nationality, then the study of architectural history in China gradually moved from the center to the edge in the public view in the 1990s.

Mr. Guo pointed out in the article "Why Study Oriental Architecture" that the cultural characteristics of the Han nationality and the regionality of architecture cannot be explained by a single ancestor, and the idea of linear development and the vision of knowing only one but not the other are not enough to fully understand the world and correctly understand China's architecture itself.

In Mr. Guo's plan, the areas adjacent to or bordering China outside China will be included in the study of oriental architecture.

Some of his doctoral research achievements, such as Western Civilization and the Changes of China Architecture, Cultural Analysis of Ethnic Minorities in Southeast Asia and Southwest China, or The Origin and Changes of Big Wood Technology in China Ancient Architecture and Japanese Architecture, all went deep into the cultural exchange of the decentralized ancestors who emigrated, lived across borders.

Moving from the center to the edge is also the focus of local architecture research.

In 1980s, a series of books about local folk houses were published, such as Zhejiang Folk Houses, Jilin Folk Houses and Yunnan Folk Houses. However, the form and composition of folk houses are restricted by the materials and buildings in different regions, the living customs and concepts of different nationalities, the geography and ecological environment in different regions, and at the same time, one type usually spans several provinces and contains several types in the same province, which is the difficulty of research. Dividing residential houses into eight categories involves marginal problems, especially emphasizing that the most basic difference between ethnic minorities and Han folk houses is that they are less restricted by etiquette, and their standard methods can be described as excellent.

In recent years, the successful holding of the academic conference on "China Traditional Dwellings and Culture" held by Mr. Lu in the southwest frontier or the west frontier, or in Guangzhou, has actually promoted the development of residential research in marginal areas, which can also be seen from the large proportion of residential research in marginal areas in the Proceedings of China Residential Academic Conference.

Mr. Chen Zhihua advocates "please read the book of local architecture", and thinks that the cultivation and reading, benefits and righteousness shown by the architectural environment are very vivid, which can often give us some new inspiration.

He and his colleagues published the book Rural Architecture in the Middle Reaches of nanxi river, and did a lot of research work on the planning of rural architecture, people's favorite sacrificial architecture, cultural and educational architecture and commercial architecture in the middle reaches of nanxi river. Compared with the houses themselves and ancestral temples that were generally concerned in the past, they undoubtedly broadened their horizons.

This change is just as Teacher Chen said: No one's history is incomplete.

This can also be seen as a shift from the research centered on the architectural activities of emperors and princes to the research on people's history and rural architecture.

2. Understand the tree from it.

In 1980s, the research on various ancient buildings in China was very active.

The exploration of system, technique, space, technology and concept basically belongs to the understanding and research of individuals or groups in history, and is a medium-sized grasp.

In order to achieve a profound understanding of some problems in the history of architecture, even the understanding of regularity, we must see both trees and forests.

This is also a higher level requirement and perspective.

In the 1990s, when Mr. Pan presided over the Yuanming Volume of China Architectural History Research, he urged the trees to meet each other.

For example, the construction of palaces and cities in the Yuan Dynasty touched on the status of * * * and the customs and habits of the Mongolian people. It includes both institutionalized aspects and subtle life contents such as utensils. The textual research and understanding of "wine sea" not only affects the understanding of drinking utensils, but also affects the understanding of architectural types, systems and cultures.

Another example is Mr. Zhang's Hutong and Others, which is a good book with original ideas to study cultural issues from the names of streets and lanes in Beijing.

Part of this book is devoted to Mongolian loanwords in Chinese. Mr. Zhang is a linguist with great interest, but his pioneering work is also beneficial to the study of China's architectural history.

At the first national symposium on geographical names research, it is an important feature to link geographical names research with related disciplines, which shows the urban significance of seeing trees and forests.

Mr. Ge's exposition on the relationship between immigrants and place names in China's history is instructive for revealing the laws of urban development and understanding the formation of settlements.

In the 1980s, the research on the protection theory of ancient buildings, such as how to leap from the material level to the cultural level, and how to go deep into systematic protection from technical means and scientific management, was still quite imperfect.

In recent years, Mr Zhu Guangya has done a lot of work. "A basic work in the development of concentrated areas of architectural heritage-the evaluation of architectural heritage" and "Research on the tolerance and development of ancient villages" both start from individual cases, but both rise to the macro level of historical heritage protection and development mode selection.

As early as the 1980s, some graduate students of Mr. Long conducted in-depth research on the disaster prevention technology of cities and buildings, and by the 1990s, it had formed a scene. Among them, Mr. Long pays attention to the thinking of human settlement environment from the specific work of flood control, waterlogging prevention, moisture prevention, wind prevention, moth prevention, earthquake resistance and disaster reduction, and is very far-sighted and a typical study.

3. From the sidelines to the mentality and people.

Understanding history with modern people's thinking, life and ideas is always an attitude of watching.

However, if we want to know the truth about the appearance of ancient architecture in China, we have to approach the mentality of ancient people and people at that time.

If you want to care about the cities of the Ming Dynasty, you need to care about the daily life of the Ming people and what the world they imagined was like. A similar methodology is the French Annales School, which combines psychohistory's method with social history and historical research.

Jane's Battlefield of China: The Forbidden City and Late Imperial Beijing focuses on the struggle between ministers and eunuchs, queens, concubines and maids for the rational demands and emotional needs of the emperor, as well as the relationship between Beijingers and people in the Forbidden City. It discusses the layout and spatial relationship between foreign dynasties and imperial palaces and cities from four levels, and then analyzes the reasons for the demise of the feudal empire. Its perspective is unique and unique.

With regard to the research on the history of modern architecture, Mr Lai's doctoral thesis goes further than "An Introduction to Modern Architecture in China", and its prominent symbol is that he attaches importance to the national mentality and cultural psychology of modern architecture in China and the role played by architects themselves.

In the historical process of modern architecture in China, there are many international behaviors, including missionaries, businessmen and architects. A group of foreign scholars have done a lot of work in this field and achieved results, such as Warner's book "German architectural art in China-architectural culture transplantation", Guo's "Henry K Murphy: an American architect in China" and "The significance of two American architectural technology exporters to China" and so on.

In terms of gardens, the research results on space, techniques and artistic conception are very rich, which is also the main research content of gardens in the 1980s.

In the early 1990s, Mr. Wang Yi, who graduated from Chinese Department, published a book "Gardens and China Culture", which is a masterpiece dedicated to the combination of Tao and utensils. Among them, the relationship between "Hutian" and "Mustard" is discussed, and the relationship of building a perfect and exquisite living environment is unique, which is related to the personality, psychology and way of thinking of the literati class.

11At the seminar on architecture and literature in Nanchang in May, 1993, I heard Mr. Cao Xun say that when he was studying gardens, he was often obsessed with literary situations to conduct textual research on literature and history. Fortunately, he later read two articles by Mr. Cao, Lu You's Mistranslation of Hairpin Phoenix and Shen Yuan's Misinterpretation of Shaoxing, and Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, a building and.

Mr. Cao not only tested the authenticity of historical materials, but also revealed the motive of forgery. By studying these hidden secrets, he may come to some brand-new conclusions. This historical research method, which focuses on the overall situation, starts with small things, and combines essence with extensiveness, creates another research atmosphere.

It should be noted that these three characteristics of the study of China's architectural history in the 1990s are the inevitable result of the development of China's architectural history to a certain stage, which is both a transformation and an extension.

In this nearly 300-year historical academic development process, the tradition of "seeking truth from facts" and "not believing in evidence" has always occupied the main position, and textual research, which fully embodies this trend of thought, has become the backbone of Qing Dynasty research.

At the beginning of this century, the discipline of architectural history initiated by Mr. Liang and Mr. Liu basically continued this traditional research method. The style of striving for loyalty, extensive verification, induction and comparison shown in the Journal of China Architectural Society seems to have found its source here and left a deep impression on future generations. Its efforts in the academic authenticity of architectural history also laid a solid foundation for future generations to further study, thus achieving indelible value.

In the 1980s, the study of China's architectural history, in addition to the combination of history and theory, also used history as a reference.

"Rewriting" is also a hot and heavy topic.

The history of literature was probably the first to be rewritten, followed by the history of philosophy, culture and architecture.

However, behind the word "rewriting", it is often an emotional expression of revaluation or a theoretical thinking of the transformation system.

As far as the architectural history of China is concerned, "rewriting" is not only because people want to add new information, but also because people are dissatisfied with the narrative context controlled by the background, the principle of unity of opposites, the clues of evolution and the understanding of economic history. Rich architectural phenomena often turn into diagrams, and of course some people want to rewrite them.

However, if there is a lack of truly breakthrough achievements, physical objects and literature discoveries, it is inevitable that it will be difficult to carry out and fall into the routine of arrangement and combination.

With regard to the research characteristics of China's architectural history in the 1990s, I understand that more attention is paid to historical buildings and their development than to the discussion of architectural history.

From the center to the edge, from the middle view to the mutual understanding of trees, from the sidelines to the mentality and people, it is essentially the more and more real content of developing human architectural activities.

China was originally a chaotic era in ancient times, and architecture belongs to the category of "metaphysics". Therefore, in some ancient historians, there are only two or three strategies about architecture, while in some imaginative literati, this will be a myth.

In the research, there is a problem of "intentional" historical materials and "unintentional" historical materials.

"Intentional" historical materials refer to written historical narratives, conclusive contents and well-documented systems. For example, the construction activities of emperors and princes. Historians are his spokesmen, but sometimes for political or other reasons, after careful whitewashing, it is difficult for future generations to distinguish the authenticity of the building itself by intercepting fragments.

For example, temples and tombs have been classified as sacrificial buildings for many years. In fact, from the perspective of "types", they are closely related to primitive religions from beginning to end, but they all belong to ritual architecture, and only in the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty did the culture change greatly?