Meeting with Japan on measures to protect the environment

Environmental protection in Japan has three characteristics.

In 1980s, Japanese society moved forward on the basis of industrialization and urbanization.

Enter the post-industrial era. In the new stage of social and economic development, Japan's environmental protection work is also restricted by the rule of law.

The main stage is transferred to the prevention stage.

1. Marketization and industrialization of environmental protection. With the continuous expansion of socio-economic scale and market

The improvement of marketization level, the perfection of environmental protection laws and regulations, and the social support of environmental protection

Strengthen, environmental protection is becoming more and more market-oriented and industrialized. Marketization and environmental protection industry

, mainly including two aspects. First, pollution prevention, pollution from the source.

Who will dominate the individual behavior of enterprises and transform it into the social division of labor and the relationship between supply and demand under the conditions of market economy,

Form professional environmental protection enterprises and even environmental protection industries in society, and provide commercialization to those responsible for pollution.

Environmental protection services. That is, the marketization and industrialization of pollution prevention activities. Sewage treatment and garbage in Japan

The processing industry has reached a considerable scale and basically achieved Nissan Nissin. The second is environmental protection.

Provide needed information, consultation, monitoring, talents, technology, equipment, funds and other resources.

Marketization and industrialization. The output value of environmental protection equipment manufacturing and environmental protection-related service industries in Japan,

It occupies a high proportion in the gross domestic product. Environmental protection equipment manufacturing industry has developed into

Pillar industries of national economy and export trade.

2. Socialization and popularization of environmental protection. A prominent example of this is the continuous expansion of production.

The green degree and scope of product design and production match the classification, utilization and treatment of garbage.

Garbage producers have the obligation to repackage garbage, improve the comprehensive utilization rate of resources and advocate production and life.

Zero emission and resource recycling.

3. Environmental protection and daily life. Through national legislation, school education and exchanges

The propaganda and supervision of the media and public opinion make it possible to care for nature, protect the environment and maintain ecological balance.

Protecting the environment and maintaining ecological balance have become the goals and important contents of people's lives.

Become the basic principle of everyone's activities.

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Characteristics of environmental protection in Japan

Scientific research bureau week

First, legislation is the basic means of environmental protection in Japan.

Before 1960s, Japan devoted itself to domestic economic recovery and development, and paid little attention to environmental protection. Since the 1960s, Japan's economy has entered a period of rapid growth, energy consumption has greatly increased, and the problem of public hazards has become increasingly prominent. In particular, the emergence of "three major public hazards" in Japan has gradually made people realize that "economic development cannot be at the expense of the environment". Thus, from 65438 to 0958, Japan enacted the Water Quality Protection Law and the Factory Waste Control Law. 1962 formulated the smoke and dust regulations to prevent air pollution; 1967 adopted the basic law on the prevention and control of environmental pollution. Since the 1960s, Japanese citizens who have suffered from environmental pollution have conducted large-scale legal proceedings, and the media have also participated in the follow-up reports on pollution incidents. In many parts of Japan, special non-governmental organizations have been set up to oppose environmental pollution. 1970, for the first time, the number of Japanese nationals who opposed only economic development without considering environmental protection occupied the mainstream of society, accounting for 45% to 33%. The cabinet has set up a special organization to prevent and control pollution, so it is also called "public nuisance cabinet". During the period of "public nuisance cabinet", the 14 environmental protection bill was passed. On the one hand, the central government establishes environmental quality standards nationwide to protect people's health and living environment; On the other hand, local governments formulate local regulations and refine standards according to local conditions. Japan stipulates the basic policies and basic environmental plans for environmental protection through laws, and clarifies the responsibilities of central and local governments, enterprises and individuals.

In 1970s, Japan gradually established policies and mechanisms such as environmental impact assessment system, and established and formed some competitive enterprises producing environmental protection equipment. People's concept has changed from preventing public hazards to protecting the environment, thus entering the era of environmental protection. During this period, the government promulgated the Basic Law on Pollution Countermeasures and other laws and regulations, and established the "Japan Environment Agency" under the direct leadership of the Prime Minister. With the implementation of a series of pollution reduction policies, the environmental situation in Japan has improved. However, under the influence of the concept of giving priority to economic development, enterprises still sacrifice the environment in pursuit of profit maximization, so the pollution phenomenon has not been really suppressed. In 1980s, new public hazards appeared, such as high-tech pollution and chemical pollution. The Japanese government's "New Sunshine Plan", "Moonlight Plan" and "Earth Environment Technology Development Plan" focusing on developing new energy sources have been implemented. In 1990s, the concept of environmental management changed, from giving priority to economy to paying equal attention to economy and environment. The Japanese government has promulgated the Basic Law on Environment, the Energy Conservation Law and the Recycling Law, aiming at promoting the sustainable development of Japan's society, economy and environment. 1994, Japan issued Agenda 20 Action Plan, aiming at establishing a circular social system in the 20th century.

Second, the perfect financial and technical support mechanism provides an effective guarantee for environmental protection.

The Japanese government generally provides financial support for enterprises to establish anti-pollution facilities by means of subsidies. In the 1960s, the central government provided soft loans to enterprises through Japan Development Bank, Small Business Finance Company and People's Finance Company. With the increasing demand, the government established the pollution control service company (1965), which is now an environmental protection enterprise group. Its task is to provide technical and financial support for private enterprises and local governments to solve environmental problems. Through the Japanese government's financial and investment loan program, environmental undertakings are mainly engaged in construction and transfer projects, loan projects and global environmental projects aimed at environmental protection. At the same time, local governments also provide loan projects for pollution control. Another means of financial support adopted by the Japanese government is tax exemption. Some areas designated by the government that have serious environmental pollution and need to take measures are eligible for funding from the regional environmental pollution control plan, and can receive more favorable government funding than those not designated. According to the plan, the expansion of existing factories and the establishment of new factories in designated areas are restricted, and existing factories are encouraged to rebuild factories in suitable areas.

Taking automobiles as an example, although the fuel engines produced in Japan are very advanced in terms of emissions and fuel economy, the Japanese government further requested in the Action Plan for the Development and Popularization of Low-pollution Vehicles issued in July 2006 that by 2065, the number of low-pollution vehicles in use will reach100000; Among them, clean energy vehicles will account for 3.5 million. To this end, the Japanese government has a series of supporting preferential policies to encourage the public: reducing the purchase tax of some new cars, reducing the car use tax of such new cars in the first two to three years, and various government agencies (such as environmental protection, land resources and other departments) and public organizations (such as the Public Health Compensation and Prevention Association) also give one-time subsidies of different amounts to units or individuals who purchase clean energy vehicles.

Third, enterprises actively participate in environmental protection.

196 1 year, Japan enacted the Organic Law on Pollution Control of Specific Factories, stipulating that those factories that discharge smoke, waste water, noise and vibration beyond the relevant provisions of the law should be mainly responsible for their pollution control plans. In addition, every enterprise needs to be equipped with specialized environmental management personnel. At this stage, enterprises passively carry out environmental protection according to the law, so the effect is not ideal. The amount of garbage in Japanese industrial and mining enterprises once reached the point where there was no stacking place and it could not be treated. To this end, Japan has adopted a policy of combining supervision mechanism with support mechanism, which has played an effective role. Since 1990s, Japanese enterprises have changed from "passive pollution control" to "active pollution control", attached importance to the development of environmental simulation technology and environmental coordination technology, and included environmental protection from the initial stage of product design and production.

Experience shows that the more enterprises invest in pollution control, the more effective and powerful the management will be. For example, in order to cope with the most stringent exhaust regulations enacted at that time, the automobile industry estimated that the final product price would rise by 10%. At that time, it was thought that the decline in demand would lead to a decline in overall output. On the contrary, by taking necessary pollution control measures, the automobile industry has not only successfully improved the quality of automobiles, but also achieved success in energy efficiency and management. Although the price has gone up, the demand is still growing. Investment in pollution control has greatly increased the company's profits in the short term. Experience has proved that the earlier pollution control is carried out, the earlier the investment in pollution control is, and the smaller the total cost is.

With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, consumers, investors and local residents are becoming more and more picky about the investment of enterprises, and leaving a good impression on the surrounding environment has become a major task to establish a corporate image. Therefore, enterprises began to release dozens of pages of reports to the public regularly, mainly including product recycling plans and countermeasures to deal with global warming. In this climate, it has become a trend for enterprises to write environmental reports. According to the statistics in 2003, about 743 large enterprises compiled them. This kind of report mainly reports what kind of impact the enterprise's own business has on the environment, what efforts should be made to protect the environment, and make self-evaluation.

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Learn from Japan's experience in developing circular economy and building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.

Environmental pollution in Japan and its development course of strengthening environmental protection

At present, Japan's environmental protection is relatively successful, ranking among the developed countries, but they have also gone through a difficult road of "pollution first, treatment later, and recovery later". In the first 10 year after World War II, Japan blindly developed heavy industry and chemical industry in order to catch up with European and American countries, which caused serious environmental pollution. The "Seven-color Smoke" and "Seven-color River" in Kitakyushu City and Damuta City of Fukuoka Prefecture are typical. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Japanese government began to pay attention to pollution control, but under the guidance of the concept of "economic priority", enterprises still passively carried out pollution control, and environmental pollution was not really suppressed. In 1980s and 1990s, in view of the severe situation of resources and environment, the guiding ideology of Japan's development began to change from "giving priority to economy" to "giving consideration to both economy and environment", and Japanese enterprises gradually moved from "passive pollution control" to "active pollution control", and Japan's economy and society began to enter the track of sustainable development. By 2 1 century, Japan's environmental protection concept has made a new qualitative leap. The establishment of a circular social system, the strengthening of the concept of active pollution control by enterprises and the formation of a knowledge-based economy have made Japan's social form realize a fundamental transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society and then to an ecological society. Environmental protection has achieved a fundamental change from passive pollution control to all-round ecological protection.

Governor Aso of Fukuoka Prefecture told us that Fukuoka Prefecture used to be a heavily polluted area. Today, the cost of pollution control and ecological restoration far exceeds the profits created by economic development in that year. I hope Jiangsu Province can learn a lesson and not take the old road of "pollution first, then treatment". Now their environmental protection goal is to build a recycling society. Their main methods are: first, improve the organizational system and set up the environmental improvement bureau; The second is to set up experimental research institutions to continuously monitor the system; The third is to promote measures to prevent and control public hazards, including further formulating drainage standards, planning for prevention and control of public hazards, and formulating laws and regulations. The main countermeasures to solve pollution hazards include setting environmental standards, limiting emissions, promoting pollution prevention, victim relief and dispute settlement.

Circular economy and enterprises' conscious environmental protection

In 1980s, Japan began to emphasize waste reduction and put forward the idea of establishing circular economy. In 2000, the Basic Law for Promoting the Establishment of a Circular Society was officially promulgated. Japan has become the country with the highest level of circular economy development, and has put forward the national goal of building a circular society in recent years.

Four paths of government leading role

In Japan, people clearly realize that the development of circular economy is not only the change of industrial development mode, but also the change of economic development strategy; Developing circular economy is a systematic project, involving all aspects of society; Developing circular economy needs enterprises as the main body and the government as the leading factor.

The Japanese government plays a leading role in the construction of circular economy in four ways: first, scientifically formulate the development plan of circular economy; The second is to formulate laws and regulations to promote circular economy; The third is to implement preferential policies to promote the development of circular economy; The fourth is to advocate environmental protection for the whole people and promote public participation.

Circular economy is embodied in three aspects.

Japan's circular economy is embodied in three aspects: material circulation, efficient use of energy and water circulation.

Recycling of waste materials is the main breakthrough point of developing circular economy in Japan. Japan abandons/kloc-0.8 million sets of televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines every year, weighing 600,000 tons. Now Japan has implemented the Household Appliance Recycling Law.

Efficient utilization of energy In terms of renewable energy utilization, Japan has adopted various ways such as garbage power generation and fuel manufacturing, bio-power generation and bio-thermal energy utilization, and temperature difference energy.

In order to ensure the purification ability of river water in natural circulation, the government stipulates that only the water in river water that exceeds the normal flow of river water can be used. Most of the "reclaimed water" after industrial wastewater and domestic sewage treatment is reused, which is widely used in farmland irrigation, urban green space irrigation, fire fighting, car washing, flushing sanitary facilities and many other aspects. Groundwater is an important part of the water cycle. Japan prohibits water containing harmful substances from infiltrating into the ground and strictly controls landfill.

Enterprises become the main force of circular economy.

In Japan, the conscious environmental protection of enterprises is the basis for the successful practice of circular economy. Most enterprises have a strong sense of social responsibility. Many large enterprises show their image through active environmental protection actions, and put the concept of circular economy into the whole process of product life cycle, which improves the credibility and social satisfaction rate and realizes the double harvest of economic and social benefits. We visited West Japan Household Appliances Recycling Company, Ecological Wood Industry Co., Ltd., Nissan Kyushu Factory, Mitsubishi Materials and other enterprises. It can be said that these enterprises are all environmental protection model enterprises. For example, in order to cooperate with the implementation of Japan's "Household Appliance Recycling Law", West Japan Household Appliance Recycling Company invested 400 million yen to build a waste electrical appliance recycling factory with a processing capacity of 6.5438 million units. Shareholders are nine Japanese companies, including Toshiba, Panasonic, Sony and Mitsubishi. Japan Eco-Wood Co., Ltd. mainly uses waste wood and waste plastics to manufacture and sell building materials. Waste wood and waste plastics are crushed, mixed and heated, and processed in semi-molten state to produce building materials. 65,438+000% of building materials are made of waste wood and plastic.

Multi-party cooperation to build eco-industrial park

From 1997, Japan began to plan and build eco-industrial parks with the concept of "zero emission", and took it as an important measure to build a circular society. It is reported that the Japanese government has approved the construction of 26 eco-industrial parks. The main practices and characteristics of developing circular economy and promoting the construction of eco-industrial parks in Japan are: government-led, academic support, public participation, enterprise operation, close cooperation between production (enterprises), education (universities/research institutes), government (government) and people (nationals).

The government-led first is to make plans. The government plans to build different types of eco-industrial parks according to local industrial characteristics, industrial relevance and the types and quantities of waste generated. There are two main types of eco-industrial parks in Japan: one is zero-emission industrial parks, and the other is industrial parks that are reused afterwards. The second is to introduce preferential policies. In addition to the state subsidies for eco-industrial parks, the city also allocated special funds to subsidize the cost of factories and land, and at the same time formulated a subsidy system for environmental future technology development to help the verification and social system research of waste utilization.

Academic Support Most eco-industrial parks in Japan have special cooperation bases in Industry-University-Research to carry out basic research, verification research and enterprise work.

Enterprises operating in the park will set up enterprises for dismantling, recycling and reusing all kinds of wastes in the park to engage in harmless reuse, recycling, heat recovery and centralized safe landfill. The dismantled and classified waste materials will be traded among enterprises in the park to realize large-scale treatment.

In Japan, when people participate in eco-industrial parks, they often build environmental learning bases with eco-industrial park projects as vivid teaching materials as places for citizens to visit, practice and make suggestions.

Environmental education is rich and colorful.

Japan has not only incorporated environmental education into the compulsory education law, but also raised citizens' awareness of environmental protection by building environmental education halls, environmental clubs, compiling textbooks for popularizing environmental protection, and establishing environmental non-governmental organizations. Environmental protection activities are not only colorful, but also advanced and entertaining.

Japan's experience and its enlightenment

In the late stage of industrialization, Japan has advanced environmental protection concepts, concrete measures and obvious effects, and made great progress in environmental protection. Drawing lessons from the environmental protection experience of developed countries is of great significance for China to promote sound and rapid economic development and shorten the gap with developed countries.

Change ideas and achieve a win-win situation

At present, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province is in the take-off period of economic development and the key period of reaching a well-off society in an all-round way. It is also the peak period of environmental pollution and the frequent period of environmental violations. In the face of many environmental challenges similar to those in the middle period of Japan's industrialization, if we can effectively change the development concept and raise the awareness of environmental protection, it is entirely possible and possible to avoid repeating the same mistakes and bypass the detour of "pollution first, then treatment" that Japan once took.

Give full play to the leading role of the government

The leading role of Japanese government in environmental protection has not weakened with the continuous maturity of market economy, but has increased day by day; Whether it is the formulation of the legal system of circular society or the introduction of normative and supportive policies and measures; Whether it is to increase investment in circular economy or to promote the integration of Industry-University-Research in the development of circular economy; Whether it is to promote the cleaner production of enterprises or to mobilize the extensive participation of the whole society, people will realize the powerful administrative thrust of the government. In China, governments at all levels need to make full use of their strong position in economic and social life, and play an important role in environmental protection by improving the system of environmental protection laws and regulations, scientifically compiling environmental protection plans, formulating and implementing environmental policies, and advocating environmental protection for the whole people, so as to promote the whole society to seek sound and rapid development with lower resource consumption and less environmental cost.

Accelerate the construction of eco-industrial park

Nowadays, Japan's eco-industrial parks have experienced arduous industrial restructuring. Kitakyushu City and Damuta City were originally heavy industrial cities focusing on the development of steel and coal industries respectively. In order to control public hazards and promote industrial transformation, they closed steel mills, closed hills and mines, strengthened the research and tackling key problems of waste recycling technology, developed recycling enterprises on the original land, and built the current Kitakyushu Eco-industrial Park and Omakita Eco-industrial Park. Japanese enterprises in industrial parks, whether engaged in the recycling of household appliances, wood, building materials or garbage, have truly realized enterprise clusters and industrial agglomeration in the industrial chain of circular economy. In addition, Japan has established a technical research support system to promote the construction of circular society, which not only opens up experimental research areas in eco-industrial parks and settles in many universities and research institutions, but also gives certain financial support to the key technologies, empirical research and commercialization scale of circular society, thus promoting the rapid development of circular society. At present, Yangzhou is also embarking on the pilot project of eco-industrial park construction. We should learn from Japan's experience, take planning as the leading factor and projects as the starting point, effectively establish an industrial chain of material recycling at the enterprise level, and build a circular economy system integrating scientific research, education and production at the social level.

Improve the environmental awareness of the whole society

Japan attaches great importance to national environmental education, gives full play to the role of non-governmental environmental protection organizations and social intermediary organizations, and has formed an environmental protection network with "government-led, corporate governance, participation of the whole people, grassroots roots and coverage of the whole society". Japanese public's extensive participation in environmental protection has become a powerful force in environmental protection. In China, from now on, we should further strengthen environmental education for all, incorporate environmental education into compulsory education, widely publicize environmental knowledge and environmental conditions in the whole society, and promote public participation.

Improve environmental infrastructure

In recent years, a lot of money and energy have been spent on building sewage treatment plants and garbage treatment plants, which are actually only equivalent to the level before Japan 1993. While we have a headache to reduce pollutants, the Japanese have created value for our garbage and sewage, which truly embodies the development concept of circular economy. At this stage, our primary task is to improve the lagging situation of environmental infrastructure construction as soon as possible, accelerate the centralized pollution control, realize the discharge of industrial wastewater up to standard and the harmless treatment of solid waste, promote the comprehensive utilization of waste and lay a solid foundation for environmental protection.

Strengthen law enforcement

The strong environmental awareness of Japanese enterprises is based on the legal system of environmental protection. At present, the legal system of environmental protection in China is not perfect, and the legal awareness and moral awareness of many enterprises have not kept up. Strengthening environmental law enforcement and supervision is conducive to improving enterprises' awareness of law-abiding, promoting enterprises to actively carry out cleaner production and developing circular economy.