What is a thesis, an argument, a thesis statement. Refutation, and other elements of an argumentative essay

Edit Paragraph|Back to Top Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay is a style of writing that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or event, and expresses one's own viewpoints, positions, attitudes, opinions and claims. An argumentative essay has three elements, namely, thesis, argument and argumentation.

The basic requirements of the argument are: correct viewpoint, serious generalization, practical significance, and appropriate use of a variety of expressions; the basic requirements of the argument are: true and reliable, sufficiently typical; the basic requirements of the argument are: reasoning must be logical.

Writing an argumentative essay should consider the thesis, consider what to use as an argument to prove it, how to argue, and then draw a conclusion. It can be the first to put forward a general thesis, and then separately, analyze the various sub-arguments, and finally reach a conclusion; can also be quoted a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene, and then layer by layer from the facts to analyze the reasoning, inductively derived from a new conclusion. This kind of writing is called the total division style, which is a kind of essay writing style often used by middle school students. Can also be in the beginning of the article first put forward a people concerned about the question, and then one by one to answer, layer by layer in-depth, this is the answer to the difficult style of writing. Also to is the author intentionally put two different things in an antagonistic way to compare, contrast, and then draw conclusions, this is the contrast style writing.

An argumentative essay is a style of writing that uses logic, reasoning, and proof to present the author's position and point of view. This type of essay or from the front to put forward a certain opinion, claim, or refute the wrong views of others. Newspaper reviews, essays or daily life in the feelings, etc., all belong to the category of argumentative essays.

Argumentative essay is also called reasoning, it is a kind of analysis of things, thesis, opinions, claims of the literary style. By presenting facts, reasoning, and recognizing right and wrong, the writer determines whether his point of view is correct or incorrect, and establishes or denies a certain claim. Argumentative essays should be clear, well-reasoned, concise, reasonable, and logical. The three elements of argument

Argumentation is the author of the objective thing to analyze, comment, in order to show that the expression of opinions, claims, attitudes, usually by the argument, argument, argumentation, three parts of the composition.

1, argument?

Argument is the author of the article on an issue or a class of events, views, ideas, claims, it requires to be correct, distinct, targeted. Such as "persistence is victory" thesis is that a person wants to achieve academic or career success, persistence is an important condition. 2, argument

Argument is to prove that the argument is correct evidence, in order to prove that the argument is correct, first of all, the argument must be made to feel that the real, credible, able to fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, can receive "one for ten" effect. Third, the argument should be new, as far as possible to find some fresh, can give a person new feelings and revelation of the argument.

The positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and the Swedish chemist cited in the article "Persistence is Victory" are all arguments used to prove the thesis, which is both typical and believable.

3. The process of argumentation?

The process of argumentation refers to the process of using evidence to prove that the argument is correct. It requires a profound and thorough exposition, the art of reasoning, but also to the exercise "persistence is victory" as an example, this essay is the use of two typical examples: Dickens, Edison and the Swedish chemist's story, from the body of the two aspects of the point of view that persistence is victory, the process is the process of argumentation.

Deductive argumentation?

Deductive argumentation is a method of deducing the essential characteristics of individual things from known general principles and laws. If the inductive method is from the particular to the general, then the deductive method is from the general to the particular. Deductive argumentation requires that the major premise and minor premise must be true, correct, and consistent, and requires that the inference is logical, otherwise there will be mistakes. Such as the exercise "perseverance is victory" is the use of deductive argumentation, the premise is to insist on victory, the premise is Dickens, Edison insisted on, so the victory, the conclusion naturally.

In addition, there are many other methods of argumentation, such as the method of borrowing from the past, the use of digital method, the method of reasoning, the method of describing the method of reasoning, etc. The more we master the method, the more we will be able to use the method of reasoning. The more methods we master, the more in-depth and persuasive the reasoning, the more convincing the power of logic, can be gradually mastered in the learning process.

There are three elements in an argumentative essay: thesis, argument, and proof.

According to the topic to write a point of view, in order to explain, it is important to have the ability to persuade, the three elements are indispensable, the following carefully look at the future, you can try to write, so that the composition of the composition can be a long way to go, and you can usually write some essays and so on!

The argumentative essay contains three elements: thesis, argument, and argumentation.

(a) argument

(1) what is the argument: the argument is the article to discuss, the point of view, is the author to express the views and claims. To read an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the argument of the article.

(2) How many arguments are there: the argument of an essay can be one or more than one. If there is more than one argument, then the central argument needs to be clarified. These arguments can be juxtaposed or progressive, but they should all be subject to the central thesis of the whole text.

(3) the location of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged in the beginning, can also be arranged in the middle or end of the article. That is, it can be arranged in any position in the article. But more often than not, it is at the beginning of the essay, and so is the paragraph argument.

(4) the presentation of the argument: some of the arguments in the essay with clear statements expressed in the article, we just need to find them out; some do not have a clear statement directly expressed, the need for readers to extract, summarize.

(5) The presentation and establishment of arguments should pay attention to:

①Correctness. The persuasive power of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which depends on the author's position, point of view, attitude, method is correct, if the argument itself is not correct, or even false, and then how to argue can not persuade people. Therefore, the argument is correct is the minimum requirement of the argumentative essay.

2 distinctive. In favor of what, against what, to be very clear, not ambiguous, ambiguous.

③Novelty. Arguments should be as novel as possible, profound, beyond the insights of others, not repeating the clichés of others, nor irrelevant, generalizations in general, should be as unique and novel as possible.

(2) Arguments

(1) What is an argument: an argument is the material, the basis for proving an argument.

(2) types of arguments: ① factual material, ② theoretical material.

①Factual materials as arguments can be a. concrete examples, b. generalized facts, c. statistics, d. personal experience, feelings.

②Theoretical materials as arguments can be a. classical writings and quotations of the past, b. folk proverbs and sayings, c. scientific axioms and laws, and so on.

(3) Requirements for the use of arguments: 1) conclusive. We must choose those conclusive and typical facts. Citing the practically tested theoretical material as an argument, we must pay attention to the precise meaning of the quoted theory itself. Typicality. The cited examples should be broadly representative of the general characteristics and general nature of this category of things. The unity of argument and thesis. Argument is to prove the argument, therefore, the two should be closely linked to the same.

(C) argumentation

(1) what is argumentation: argumentation is the process of proving the thesis with arguments. The thesis of the argument is to solve the "to prove what", the argument is to solve the "with what to prove", and the argument

proof is to solve the "how to argue" problem. The self of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between thesis and argument.

(2) types of argumentation: argumentation is generally divided into two major types of thesis and refutation.

1) thesis is to prove that the author's own argument in a positive way; ② refutation is a strong argument to refute the wrong arguments of others. Both thesis and refutation are a kind of proof, only one from the front to prove that it is correct, and the other from the opposite to prove that it is wrong. They can use essentially the same method of argumentation.

(3) the basic methods of argumentation: including three major categories of five: induction, illustration, deduction, analogy, comparison.

①Inductive method. Inductive argumentation is a method of argumentation from individual to general. It goes through many individual examples or sub-arguments, and then summarizes the characteristics they **** have, so as to draw a general conclusion. Inductive method can first give examples and then summarize the conclusion, can also first put forward the conclusion and then give examples to prove. The former is what we usually call the inductive method, the latter we call the illustrative method. Exemplification is a kind of individual, typical of the concrete examples to prove the argumentation method.

②Deductive method. Deductive argumentation is a general to individual argumentation method. It starts from the general principle to deduce the conclusion about the individual case, the connection between the premise and the conclusion is necessary. Deductive methods come in various forms such as trinomials, hypothetical reasoning, and elective reasoning, but the most important is the trinomial. A syllogism consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Such as the major premise "all metals can conduct electricity", the minor premise "iron is a metal", the conclusion "so iron can conduct electricity".

③ comparative method. Comparative argumentation is a method of argumentation from individual to individual. It is usually divided into two categories, one is the analogical method, the other is the comparison method. Analogical method is the nature, characteristics in some aspects of the same or similar to different things to be compared, so as to draw conclusions. Contrast is a method of proving an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or antagonistic in some respects.

(4) refutation method: there are three methods of refutation, namely, ① refute the argument, ② refute the argument, ③ refute the argument. As the thesis is composed of argument, argument, argumentation, so refute the argument or argumentation, also negate the argument, and directly refute the argument has the same effect. A refutation of thesis can be used in combination with several ways of refutation, in order to strengthen the power and persuasiveness of the refutation.

①Refutation of the argument, that is, directly refute the other side of the argument itself one-sided, false or fallacious, which is the most commonly used method of refutation. ② refute the argument, that is, to reveal the error of the other side of the argument, in order to achieve the purpose of pushing back the other side of the argument; because the wrong argument argument must lead to the wrong argument. ③ Counterargumentation, that is, to reveal the other side in the argumentation process of logical errors, such as the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion of the contradiction between the other side of the contradiction between the arguments, the argument and the contradiction between the argument and the argument, and so on. Three elements Detailed description of the three elements of an argumentative essay: argument, argument, argumentation

Argument:

Definition: the author's opinion and assertion of the issue (event, phenomenon, person, idea, etc.)

Format: a complete judgmental sentence on the topic with a clear statement of opinion

1. The thesis also around the central thesis puts forward several sub-arguments, sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central thesis, as long as the study of the relationship between these arguments, can be divided into main and subordinate.

2. How to find the central argument. The argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's opinion, and in the form of a complete sentence. The position can be divided into: the title of the article, the beginning of the article, the end of the article, the middle of the article, and some of them need to be summarized by the reader.

Note: rhetorical questions and metaphors can not be used as an argument

Arguments: is the material to support the argument, is used by the author to prove the argument of the reason and the basis

1. Factual arguments: facts in the argument in the argumentative essay plays a very obvious role, analyze the facts, see the reason, test it with the article point in the logic of whether or not the same. (representative examples, solid data, reliable historical facts, etc.)

2. Theoretical arguments: as the argument is always more familiar to the reader, or is generally recognized by the community, they are a large number of facts abstract, generalized results.

Argumentation: the process and method of using arguments to prove a thesis

Relation to thesis: proving and being proved

The thesis and argument in an argumentative essay are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of using arguments to prove a thesis, and it is the logical link between the thesis and the arguments. The argument is to solve the "need to prove what," the argument is to solve the "with what to prove", the argument is to solve the "how to prove".

There are several methods of argumentation:

1. Example argumentation: citing conclusive, sufficient, representative examples to prove the argument;

2. Reason argumentation: using the Marxist-Leninist classic writings of the pithy insights of the celebrities of ancient and modern times and foreign famous sayings, as well as the recognized theorems and formulas to prove the argument;

3. Comparison argumentation: to take positive and negative arguments or arguments for comparison. The argument or argument for the comparison, in the comparison to prove the argument;

4. metaphorical argument: people know things as a metaphor to prove the argument. In addition, in the refutation of the argument, often also used "to his spear, attacking the shield" refutation method and "fallacy". In most thesis is often a combination of applications.

5. Citation argument: citation argument is more complex, which is related to the specific citation material, there are quotes, maxims and aphorisms, authoritative data, celebrities and anecdotes, jokes and anecdotes, and so on, the role of specific analysis. Such as quotes, maxims and aphorisms, authoritative data, can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; quote anonymous celebrities, jokes and anecdotes, can enhance the interest of the argument, to attract readers to read.

Argumentation:

Argumentative essays are generally divided into two kinds of argumentation and refutation from the argumentation.

(1) thesis: the thesis is a certain event or issue from the front of the author's opinions and claims of the method of argumentation. Show their attitude, pay attention to the following three points:

(1) These views and claims must be after serious thinking or certain practice, is indeed their own unique correct understanding and insight, or practical can solve practical problems. To make the reader feel new ideas, increase knowledge and improve the understanding of things.

(2) must be centered on the problem discussed and the central thesis to argue. What kind of question is raised in the opening paragraph, and the closing paragraph should be reduced to this question. In the process of argumentation, can not digress from the topic, arbitrary play, or arbitrary change the thesis. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should be centered around the central thesis. This is so that the reader can clearly understand the sub-arguments and the central argument. Argumentative essays are very logical, and the arguments must follow the center and be consistent at the beginning and end.?

(3) The "stand" is often based on the "broken" foundation. In the process of argumentation, it is necessary to mention some wrong opinions and claims, to deny and refute, in order to enhance the power of proof.

(2) refutation: refutation is to discuss certain events and issues, to expose and refute the wrong, reactionary opinions or claims.

(1) Refutation of arguments. Rebuttal is mainly to refute the argument, because the fundamental purpose of the argument is to expound the opinion, to express the point of view, if we can not agree with each other's views and opinions, then we must use various methods to refute, deny the viewpoints, opinions, and point out that it is absurd or false. Refutation of the argument is a direct refutation of the other side of the argument. Such as ?

One of the ways to refute an argument is to point out bluntly the error of an argument, with solid, irrefutable facts to directly refute, or from the theory of thorough analysis and dissection, directly pointing out where the error lies.?

Another method of refuting an argument is reductio ad absurdum. The fallacy method is to take a certain argument as the premise, according to the laws of logic to carry out reasonable derivation, but the conclusion derived is absurd. Since the deduced conclusion cannot be valid, the argument that derives it cannot be valid either. Writing on some specious fuzzy understanding, the use of reductio ad absurdum to reveal its "not", can receive a good effect of clarification of understanding.

The refutation of the argument can also be used counter-argumentation, that is, the writer does not directly point out the fallacy of the other side of the argument, but the establishment of a new argument against the other side of the argument, through the full argument to make this new argument set up, and then with the opposite argument is not refuted from the collapse.

The use of counter-argumentation should pay attention to is that the refutation of the argument and their own proof of the argument should be opposed to each other, can not be compatible. This is in line with the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic, to achieve the purpose of affirming this negation of the other.?

(2) rebuttal arguments. Counterargument, this is a way to refute the other side of the argument from the bottom of the barrel. In the process of argumentation, the argument is the pillar on which the argument rests, if the argument can not be established, then the argument will lose support, not attack and collapse.?

(3) Rebuttal argument. Rebuttal argumentation, which is through the exposure of the other side in the process of argumentation between the argument and the argument does not meet the logical relationship between the loophole to deny the other side of the proposed argument. Such an argument, you need to calmly analyze the other side of the speech, and find the logical reasoning contradictory, and then to be a strong exposure.

Second, the structure of the argument

1. The basic structure is to raise the issue (introduction) to analyze the problem (thesis) to solve the problem (conclusion).

2. It can be divided into two categories

a. Vertical: the structure of the exposition layer by layer

Example 1: "Layer by layer" style, after the argument is made, first from the negative side of the argument, and then further from the positive side of the argument.

Example 2: the "beginning of the record and turn" style: the beginning of the topic, the introduction of the problem of the exposition; then take over the beginning of the exposition of the problem; "turn" is a double various angles to prove the argument; the final conclusion, is "together". "

b. Horizontal: the structure of the exposition of the side-by-side

For example:

There is a "general - sub - general" style, the first argument, and then from several aspects of the exposition.

There is the "General Thesis - Subthesis - General Thesis" style, first put forward the thesis, and then from several aspects of the argument.

There is a "sub-thesis - thesis" style, the argument is always divided into several aspects of the analysis, and then summarize the conclusion.

In short, to analyze the structure of the essay, first of all, we need to understand the inner connection between the levels of the paragraphs, but also pay attention to the article plays a role in the transition paragraph, the transition sentence, and transition words.

Common test questions:

(1) find out the argument to summarize (person name + event name + argument attributes)

(2) the role of the argument (for the thesis or sub-argument service)

Specific such as:

1) factual argument: a true and powerful argument for the point of view.

②Theoretical arguments: to enhance the persuasive power of the article, reflecting the accurate and rigorous character of the language.

③Contrasting Argument: By contrasting ____ with ____, the point of view is emphasized. It proves the point of view more prominently and emphatically

4) Metaphorical Argument: Use ____ to compare ____, make the point of view vivid and easy to understand.

Specific contexts should be analyzed.

(3) Supplementary arguments based on the thesis (function: to make the argument more comprehensive, more powerful, more universal)

(4) Counter-argumentation

(5) Analysis of the discourse in the use of arguments is appropriate (questioning: attributes, comprehensiveness, typicality, echoing the relationship)

I. The three elements of the argumentative essay:

1, the thesis: it is the soul, the commander-in-chief of an essay. The soul of an essay, the commander-in-chief, any article only a central thesis, generally can have sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear, general, is a complete sentence of judgment. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a good idea of what you're talking about.

There are four general locations for an argument:

①Title

②Beginning

③Middle of the essay

④End

2, argument

The material used to prove the argument, there are two kinds of factual arguments and theoretical arguments.

Factual arguments should be noted:

1) They must be typical. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a good idea of what you're talking about. It is known to most people, at least it has been published in the newspaper and on TV.

②The best thing is to have novelty.

③Arguments should be accurate and summarized to prove the argument.

The moral arguments chosen should pay attention to:

①Can be quotations, aphorisms, sayings, proverbs, theorems, formulas and so on.

2) They should be precise and not be altered or distorted.

3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument.

3. Argumentation: the process of using arguments to prove a thesis.

1) the basic types of argumentation: thesis, refutation. The argument from the positive side of the argument, refute the argument from the negative side of the argument. We usually write argumentative essays based on the thesis.

②Basic structure of the argument level: the structure of the three-paragraph thesis.

The problem (what) → analyze the problem (why) → solve the problem (how to do)

that is: introduction, thesis, conclusion

Common argumentative structure:

a, general structure b, control structure c, cascade structure d, juxtaposition

3 Common methods of argumentation:

a, Example method (also known as argument by example): typical examples as arguments to prove the argument, as the saying goes, the facts speak louder than words.

b, citation method (also called reasoning) in addition to citing the theoretical arguments introduced above, you can also cite some of the classical poems in the famous lines, it can strengthen the power of argumentation on the one hand, on the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article, to enhance the literature of the argumentative text.

c. Comparative argumentation (also called positive and negative argumentation): This method can enhance the sharpness of the argument, so that the reader is clear what the author is in favor of and what he is against.

d, metaphorical argumentation (also called metaphorical argumentation), which enhances the figurative, literary and persuasive nature of the work's argument.

Two, the specific embodiment of the logic of the argumentative essay.

The language of the argumentative essay must be accurate, distinct, strict, and purposeful.

Paragraphs and paragraphs to have a very clear logical relationship between, such as total, control, layer, parallel, etc.. With the help of transitional statements to highlight the relationship. Such as: "there is", "there is" "although, but" "certainly"" Sincerely" is etc.

Three, thesis writing more philosophical thinking.

Particularly thesis, is to reward the good and punish the bad, is to persuade people to guide the role of the people, so must be persuasive, and to have the correct value orientation.

Serious political class, often look at the rationality of the article, quotations and aphorisms, etc., will improve our quality of thought, improve our understanding of the ability to write, especially the writing of the argumentative essay on the writing of a great deal of good. It will play a role in enriching the content of the article, deepen the idea of the article, and improve the role of persuasion.

The first time to learn these methods of operation of the essay,

Can start from the imitation. Take an article for example. The most typical is Wu Han's "Talking about backbone":

1, introduction: the opening thesis: we Chinese people have backbone.

Next, the argument is explained in the words of Mencius: "Wealth and wealth cannot be obscene, poverty and lowliness cannot be shifted, and the might and the might cannot be subdued."

2, the thesis part: with three examples to prove the thesis: Wen Tianxiang's rich can not be obscene; poor people do not eat food handed out in contempt of the poor can not be removed, Wen Yiduo's might can not yield.

3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of today's proletariat and issue a call to arms.

There are transitions between the three parts: between the introduction and the thesis, there are "the many moving deeds of our ancestors' backbone, and their positive educational significance". The following three examples of the narrative. Between the introduction and the conclusion, there is a transition: "Although these words of Mencius were spoken more than 2,000 years ago, they still have a positive significance until now. The transition is made.

Between the first and second examples, there is "another story" and "another example". These transition sentences make the essay come together.

The three parts of the essay answer three questions: the introduction answers the question of "what"; the thesis answers the question of "why"; and the conclusion answers the question of "what do we do? The conclusion answers the question "What are we going to do about it?

The three examples are summarized, and each is followed by a few short comments. These statements clarify the meaning of the events and tie the examples to the thesis, which is the link between the thesis and the argument, otherwise the thesis and the argument would be disconnected. Edit this paragraph | Back to the top of the examination room how to write a good argumentative essay 1. write a good word

A good article, handwriting is abominable, its marks are often not ideal. Why? For one thing, the word and the volume is poor, according to the scoring requirements to be deducted, and secondly, the "face" of the paper to a certain extent to control the emotions of the markers scoring. Beautiful and neat writing is the best article "coat", it is directly effective in the formation of the impression of the markers score: first of all, the strokes should be clear. Handwriting strokes clearly, the font is correct, can give the reader a good impression. On the contrary, the dragon flies, all the way to the wild grass, but difficult to recognize, even if the article is well written, it is difficult to let people appreciate. Secondly, the font should be moderate. Font is too large, the volume has a crowded and chaotic feeling, the view is not elegant. Font is too small, read up as ants, extremely laborious. Again, as little as possible to alter. To alter must also be standardized alteration, do not scribble, leaving a striking ink spot in the volume, resulting in a sense of chaos.

2. good title

The title is the eyes of the article, is an important part of the article to convey the important information. Because it is at the top of the article structure, so the title of the article will directly affect the first impression of the reader of the article. The basic requirements of thesis title is: on the basis of accuracy and strive to eye-catching, comfortable. Specifically, can be distinct, can image, can be concise, can be chic, can be neat, to name a few. In short, in order to stimulate the readers to read interest or make it a refreshing sense of the best.

The title of the argumentative essay requirements in line with the characteristics of the genre, the requirements of the distinctive, so that people see its title and know its purpose. Point of view of the article is the most popular readers, because it has a sense of clarity and transparency, can convey the content of the article probably, easy to readers accurately and quickly grasp the basic content of the article.

3. A good start

Gorky said: "(the beginning) as if the music in the tone, the tone of the whole song are given to it, but also the author of the place to spend effort." The beginning of the argumentative essay should pay attention to "short, fast, beautiful". Short, that is, to be brief, the best three or two sentences into a paragraph, the introduction of the thesis. The beginning of a short, can avoid the long and cumbersome, and short sentences into paragraphs, in the space to highlight the importance of its content. Fast, that is, the topic should be fast, it is best to point out the basic point of view of the article or the topic of discussion in two words. Because the scoring standards have "clear center" of the rules. The beginning of the center, conducive to the markers according to the score, but also conducive to the author of the exposition, so as not to appear unclear, halfway through the conversion of the subject of the essay taboo. Beautiful, that is, to be wonderful. This is also the traditional literary theory of the "phoenix head". Wonderful beginning, the most prominent effect is to attract the reader, the reader left a good impression. The beginning of the article should be wonderful, more metaphor, analogy, prose and other rhetorical introduction to the argument, but also can quote quotes, telling fables into the topic.

4. The first and last sentences of the middle paragraph

Whether the structure of the argumentative essay is rigorous, whether the organization is clear, whether the argument is tight, whether the argument is typical, the key in the middle paragraph of the writing. The structure, organization, argumentation and thesis are important rules for grading argumentative essays, therefore, writing argumentative essays should try to meet these criteria.

The common mode of exposition is: the first sentence is a small argument or the transition from the beginning to the end of the sentence; the middle of the small argument around the use of appropriate facts, theoretical arguments, or for some real-life phenomena, analyze the reasoning; the last combined with the content of the exposition to write one or two concluding remarks. Among them, the first sentence and the last sentence of the most important writing, it can directly outline the vein of the article, show the whole of the exposition of the idea. In addition, the overall argumentative structure of the article is often used positive and negative. Many of the truth as long as the positive and negative sides, can basically do the discourse tight. Skillful use of this mode of composition in the examination room, you can quickly develop the writing, reduce errors and save time. At the same time, it can make the markers can be convenient according to the marking criteria, in the mid-range and above the sub-item scoring, to avoid the emergence of personal marking factors unfavorable to the candidates.

5. Typical and vivid arguments

The thesis is the soul of the essay, the sub-thesis is the skeleton that supports this soul, and the argument is the flesh and blood of the essay. It is inconceivable for a person to be full and colorful with just a soul and skeleton and no flesh and blood. Similarly an argumentative essay only the center of the argument and subargument can not be called the article, it must also have a typical and vivid arguments.

Typical arguments are representative examples and quotes that fully reflect the nature of things. It is first of all required to be true, fit the purpose of the topic. Secondly, the choice of arguments to abandon the old and use the new, to be thick and thin ancient. Some students essay, remember a few classic arguments, such as Sima Qian, Madame Curie, Zhang Haidi, change the angle of use, as a million flowers oil. In fact, these arguments, even if typical, can not be compelling. On the contrary, the selection of people have no I have, people have my new argument reasoning, so that the readers in the reading of freshness, the effect will be better. In addition, some students are accustomed to using ancient examples to explain things, the whole article fails to relate to reality, no era of living water, but also can not achieve the purpose of full reasoning. It is best to quote the fashionable speech and the current media generally concerned about the case to assist in reasoning, strengthen the reasoning of the target, the sense of the times, so that the article is more persuasive.

6. good end

The end is the inevitable result of the development of the content of the full text, is an important part of the structure of the article. The famous modern writer Shiduo once said: "write an article no matter how long or short, the first thing to consider is a good ending. With the ending, how to start, how to arrange the middle, will be solved." A good ending is like a leopard's tail, loud and powerful, alert and inspiring. Such as Lu Xun's "on the collapse of the Leifeng Tower", the end of only two words: "deserved!" Two short words, can be described as concise to the point, the force through the paper.

In fact, the end of the article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Because the markers read the end that is to start scoring, therefore, it is good or bad also directly affects the markers of the scoring psychology. Li Yu once said: "the end of the chapter between the end when the charm of the language to take in the soul, so that the scroll lingering, if difficult to make a sudden difference." If the ending of this effect, the whole article will add a lot of color. The end of the essay writing, to close the whole text, highlighting the central thesis; to reflect the full structure of the compact, complete, can not be rash, nor can they add to the snake; the language should be dry and powerful, clear sound to stay ringing, inspirational and inspirational.

7. Language image smooth

Language item is an important criterion for scoring the essay. The language of the essay should be accurate and vivid. Some students write thesis, often put up the frame of reasoning, the philosophical principles and dialectics of the terminology out of a brain, in order to reason sufficiently, thorough, but the effect is counterproductive.

There are a thousand ways to say a reason, we should try to use the vivid image of the statement. To show the effect of vivid image, in addition to the use of metaphors, analogies, examples and other methods of argumentation, the image of smooth and even beautiful language is essential. Modify the language of the argumentative essay, pay attention to the use of similes, analogies, couplets and repetitions and other rhetorical, so that the article to form a beautiful sense of fluency; pay attention to the use of hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or the whole sentence, so that the article to enhance the momentum of the irrefutable. Modification of the language of the work, although not overnight, but as long as the accumulation of time into practice, there will be natural growth.