How many styles are there in European architecture? It is better to have a text tape.

Dutch style includes colonial style and colonial revival style. Dutch colonial architecture first arose in new york and New Jersey, and it has two obvious characteristics: (a) a double-fold roof; (b) Several tiger windows were opened on the side wall along the street. Dutch colonial and renaissance style is based on the architectural style of Renaissance from 65438 to 0880, and it absorbs the architectural features of Singer style, which is asymmetrical (L-shaped) and sometimes has a huge Singer window on the roof. Dutch architecture has reasonable layout and good ventilation and lighting.

American colonial revival

American style was gradually formed on the basis of the creative display of residential buildings in various parts of the American continent (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) during the colonial period, which consumed a lot of building materials. After the establishment of the national railway network, it is possible to build such houses on a large scale because of the convenient transportation of building materials. After more than 200 years of revival and development, this style has gradually stabilized and become the main form of American villas, emphasizing the residential function of buildings and ignoring the style characteristics.

Type A, double gabled facade (double-shot gugun);

Type b, type l;

C-type, four-sided sloping roof type.

Neoclassical style

1893 At the World Expo held in Chicago, USA, the design scheme of the main venue decided to adopt classical ideas and styles from the beginning, and then a large number of architectural designs exhibited in various venues took the classical style to the extreme. Because of the unprecedented success of this Expo, neoclassicism became the last popular style in America in the19th century. It originated from the classical tradition and really pushed its charm to the limit. This villa is characterized by:

A, the facade is generally designed as a luxurious porch with the same height as the eaves, which is symmetrical and balanced;

B, the porch lintel is supported by thick classical columns (the stigma is often Corinthian or Ionian);

C. the eaves are beautifully decorated.

It has five forms: the porch is as high as the eaves; Some doorways are lower than eaves; The facade is a full facade porch; A gable porch; A house with four slopes.

French colonial style (French colonization)

The initial influence of French villa style on the United States began with the popularity of French colonial style in several central States.

Its characteristics are: a, a tall and steep four-slope roof or gable roof, and villas are often one floor; B, doors and windows are thin and long, with small squares along the vertical direction.

It has two forms: urban tradition and rural tradition.

The rural tradition is supported by a series of pillars around it to form a veranda, which provides residents with a 360-degree panoramic view, but the most prominent one is the entrance staircase of the porch, which is the embryonic form of the porch design of the European royal garden villa.

◎ stick type

Styx Styx is the transition from Gothic Renaissance style to Queen Anne style, emphasizing the overall decoration of the wall, rather than limiting the details of doors, windows or eaves. This style is very popular in 1878. Its shape is very beautiful, and it enjoys the nickname of "queen Anne style in wood". Characterized in that:

The facade is a steep gable with triangular gables intersecting horizontally and decorated wooden frames on the gables; The eaves and entrance are decorated with oblique wooden frames; Exterior walls are often wrapped with wooden boards, with wooden strips embedded horizontally and vertically.

It has two forms: facade gables; Usually used as urban residence.

◎ Georgian style (Georgian style)

Classical Renaissance tradition

The architectural styles of European countries during the Renaissance (/kloc-Italy in the 5th century,/kloc-France in the second half of the 5th century,/kloc-Britain in the 6th century) were the profound background for the formation of the American Renaissance. Although all countries in the Renaissance infiltrated their own aura and ideas, one thing is the same, that is, the inheritance and innovation of classical style. In the embodiment of villa style, it has the characteristics of symmetry, balance and exquisite details decoration. The influence of western Europe on American villa style in this period is obvious. It was also during this period that Europe gradually became the most powerful region in economy, politics and culture in the world. The styles belonging to this tradition include Georgian style and Adam style.

British villas emphasize porch decoration and pay more attention to facade. Georgian style was popular in British colonial countries for a whole century (18th century). It originated from the Italian Renaissance style after it was introduced into Britain, adhering to the principle of classical symmetry and harmony. It is the most influential style in America. Characterized in that:

A, the facade often has a classical porch;

B, rectangular groups are arranged under the eaves, and there are dental ornaments on the eaves;

C windows are paired up and down and divided into many small grids (9 to 12). Usually, the windows are also five rows with symmetrical centers;

D. Doors often have rectangular carved patterns, and the door beams have vertical rectangular patterns.

There are five forms: side gables; Double broken line roof; Four slopes roof; Central gable; Usually used as urban residence.

◎ Adam style (Adam)

Adam style is the development and essence of Georgian style, which is very popular in the northeastern United States. It draws lessons from the research results of the Adam brothers on the Italian Renaissance style. Compared with the Georgian style, the eaves are decorated with longer teeth, semi-circular or oval shutters are added above the main entrance, and decorative windows are used in the wall windows. Other features and shapes are almost the same as those of Georgian style.

Italian Renaissance style

The most obvious feature of Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style in the Middle Ages, and re-adopted the pillar elements of ancient Greece and Rome in religious and secular architecture.

Renaissance architects and artists thought Gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while ancient Greek and Roman architecture was non-Christian. They believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical cylindrical structure, is harmonious and reasonable, and has something in common with human beauty, which conforms to the humanistic concept of the Renaissance.

On the one hand, it adopts classical columns, on the other hand, it is flexible and bold, and even integrates the architectural styles of various regions with classical columns.

Roman revival

Originated from the ancient Roman style, also known as the early classical revival style, it was most popular at the end of16th century and the beginning of17th century after American independence. Its villa features:

A, there is a simple triangular roof or triangular roof;

B, the facade is a classical porch with the same height as the eaves (it is the most conspicuous entrance to the facade);

C, the classical porch consists of four pillars with square foundation and a gable (composed of triangular lintels);

D, there is a semicircular or elliptical louver above the front door;

E. Windows are symmetrically distributed around the center, and generally have five columns (less than three columns, few more than seven columns).

It has three forms: two layers; First floor; Wing-attached building

◎ Single style (shingles)

There are many such villas in the northeastern United States, most of which were built in 1880- 1900, and they have been well preserved so far. It is based on three styles:

(a) Queen Anne porches with asymmetrical layout;

(b) Double-deck roofs, classical capitals and Baladin "windows" in colonial revival style;

(c) The asymmetry between Roman style and sculpture image.

Some scholars believe that symplectic villa is a wooden product of Roman villa. The most striking thing about this style is:

(a) A steep gable (perpendicular to another gable) and a long front porch;

(b) Multi-storey eaves;

(c) The wall is in continuous transition at the corner, and the wall and cornice are in continuous transition.

French eclectic style (French renaissance)

During the First World War, many Americans served in France and had an intuitive understanding of French villas. In addition, influenced by the castle style and academic style at that time, after the war, they began to build villas between the two in the United States-eclectic style, which is characterized by:

A, the decoration is simple, the triangular roof is high and steep, and sometimes there are gables;

B, the decoration of the contact between the eaves and the wall is only one step away;

C, brick wall structure or exterior wall coating, sometimes using decorative techniques in the exterior wall;

D, windows, etc. Just decorated with a stone strip.

There are three forms: symmetry; Asymmetric type; There is a tower.

◎ Colonial Renaissance (Colonial Renaissance)

This is a century-old style, which was initiated by American architect McKin. Although other styles are also influential, they basically maintain the Georgian and Adam styles (British tradition), which are asymmetrical because they absorb the style of Queen Anne (such as opening a Singh window and adding an Anne Loubao). After World War II, this style was gradually simplified due to the change of fashion. Nevertheless, this style is the cornerstone of modern American villa style. Compared with Adam's style, the low-rise window has evolved into a pair of left and right windows, the entrance of the big entrance is lengthened, and the canopy forms the entrance. Other features are close to Adam's style.

There are nine schools of this style: asymmetry; Four-slope top with full-width porch; Four-slope top type; Lateral gables; Central gable; Double broken line layer top; First floor; Cantilever on the second floor (Galileo style); Third floor.

◎ German style (German)

The most representative German democratic architectural styles in villas are fachwerk-bau and castle style (there are many prototypes on German construction sites). Castle style can be classified as castle style to discuss. German style developed from the civil residence of the medieval empire. Similar to the Tudor style in Britain, the difference is that almost every facade has obvious decoration, commonly known as "bandage" building, which is the main living form of Germans.

Castle

The ancient castle architecture originated from France16th century, which combines the early Gothic style and the decorative techniques of Renaissance. After studying in France, Hunt, an American architect, designed the first castle villa in the United States in 1895. Because most castles and villas are made of stone and the details are extremely expensive, the number is not much. Its architectural features are:

A, the four slopes are high and steep, and there are several tiger windows on the facade roof, which extend to the wall;

B, tiger windows, chimneys, and side walls often have exquisite Gothic decorations, which rise vertically to heaven;

C, stone walls, and usually an antique tower, which looks mysterious.

It has five forms: the top of four slopes is the intersection of two gables; Top of side gables; The top of a gable; The two gables are orthogonal; Double broken line top.

◎ Greek style (Greek revival)

Originated from the ancient Greek temple style, it prevailed in the United States in the middle of19th century, mainly due to two factors:

(a) Anthropological investigation at that time confirmed that the ancient Roman style originated from the ancient Greek style;

(b) Greece waged a war of independence from 182 1 to 1830. Because of these two reasons, people's interest in Greek and ancient Greek architectural styles has doubled. After about 40 years, Greek style was gradually replaced by Gothic style, Italian Renaissance style and Victorian style. Characterized in that:

A, the roof is a low-slope gable or a four-slope top;

B, there are wide lintels under the triangular eaves and the main entrance roof;

C, the top of the classical porch (sometimes as high as the eaves) is usually flat and supported by several round or square columns;

D there are horizontal decorative strips on the main door, which are integrated with refined marble decoration.

It has six forms: the porch is as high as the eaves; The porch is lower than the eaves; The facade is a full facade porch; A gable porch; On both sides of the main gable porch; Flat roof (in a city house).

The style of the second French Empire (the second French Empire)

French architecture always emphasizes the aesthetic feeling of the roof and enjoys the reputation of "first". Contrary to the Italian style and Gothic retro mood at that time, the style of the Second Reich of France was very fashionable. It originated from the Parisian architectural style during the reign of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, and was introduced to the United States from Britain. At first, it was the main form of public buildings, and later it was gradually adopted by garden villas. Its architectural features are:

1. A tall and prominent wedge-shaped roof-a broken-line roof;

B, its side roof (both flat and curved) has several tiger windows, which has won a lot of living space;

C, the decoration of the eaves is similar to Italian style;

Decorative strips similar to small steps are arranged at the lintels on the upper and lower sides of the wedge-shaped roof.

It has five forms: simple shading; Central gable or main wing; Asymmetric type; With tower; Urban residential style.

British residential style (post-medieval English)

In addition to Indian houses in the United States, the earliest style of English houses was after the Middle Ages. This kind of building was first built by the British in the richest area on the northeast coast of the United States. Most of them are wooden structures, which have been preserved for more than 300 years and have a monotonous appearance. Its architectural features are:

1. Steep triangular roof with almost no decoration on the eaves;

B, wooden doors, diagonal windows and conspicuous exquisite chimneys.

It has two forms: two-story wooden house, central chimney (north); A two-story brick house with chimneys on both sides (south)

◎ Italian style (Italianate)

Italian style, like Gothic style, was popular in Britain for nearly 200 years before it was introduced to the United States. This style emphasizes the unique beauty of the arch. Once popular in Florence and Rome, the first Italian villa in the United States was built in 1830. Later, due to the publication and influence of A.J. Downing's architectural style, it prevailed for about 40 years. Because this villa is expensive, it shrank because of the economic depression at that time. A few years later, the economy recovered, and another newer style, Queen Anne style, replaced the Italian style. Characterized in that:

A square tower, low slope and four slope roof, mostly two or three floors;

B, slender window with arched decorative lintel (inverted U-shape);

C, uniformly arranging decorative brackets under the wide eaves;

D, there are many carvings on the gate, and the carving of the door frame is also more complicated.

It has six forms: a simple four-slope top; The top of the four slopes is also the central gable; Asymmetric modeling; With tower; Facade gables; A flat roof (in the city)

Grassland customs

This style is represented by American architect Wright, who was very famous before his death, and many clients asked him to design his own villa. This style is developed on the basis of the four-slope roof style of American colonial revival style, which highlights the democracy of architecture. Characterized in that:

An extremely flat sloping roof extends horizontally around.

B. Horizontal arrangement of decorative strips for exterior wall details: This style gradually disappeared after the First World War.

C, the design of the window highlights the lateral ductility.

D, the ground floor often has a once thick porch connected with the main building: the porch is supported by square columns.

◎ Small traditional style.

This style is a simplified form of Tudor style in 1930s, but there are also gables and chimneys with simple exterior decoration, which became popular in 1930s and 1940s after the economic depression. This kind of villa generally has only two floors at most, with wood, brick and stone structures. Later, it was gradually replaced by ranch style, and it was a cheaper villa in the United States.

◎ shed type (shed)

The style of shack is mainly reflected in the change of roof taste. The whole roof is divided into a number of sloping roofs with different orientations, and there are slender wooden strips arranged horizontally, vertically or obliquely on the wall, and sometimes the roof is equipped with solar cells, which is a very popular style at present. Characterized in that:

First, the sloping roof intersects with the gable;

B, the batten on the wall is mixed with the brick wall;

C, the window is free to open;

E, eaves smooth, not prominent.

Gothic revival

Gothic style originated from the construction of French churches, such as Notre Dame de Paris is an outstanding representative of Gothic style. The earliest Gothic revival style used in American villa design is 1832, which was not adopted by villa designers until the design books about villa style were published. Britain's parliament building is also a Gothic revival style. This style reached its peak in the Victorian era. Gothic style emphasizes the sense of vertical promotion. Its distinctive personality is:

A, the central gable is connected with the steep side gable roof, and the eaves of the gable are beautifully decorated;

B, facade wall directly into the central gable without interruption;

C, the wooden beam on the window is pointed;

A one-story or full-face porch supported by ingenious Gothic columns.

It has six forms: central gable; A pair of gables; Facade gables; Asymmetry; Castle style; Color contrast of brick wall.

French art.

France was once the world art center in the Louis era and China era, and its profound artistic foundation reached its peak in the academic architectural style. This style was adopted at the Chicago World Expo in the United States 1983, and spread to the whole country, becoming the main scene of urban monument architecture, and then gradually adopted by villas. The owner of this villa is often a millionaire. The features of this villa are as follows:

A, the exterior decoration is luxurious and complicated, and the facade (one or more floors) is usually a row of bearing colonnades (double columns);

B, walls, windows, window tops and eaves are decorated with finely carved flowers, showing luxurious momentum;

C, the wall is stone, and the facade is often symmetrical.

It has two forms: flat roof or low slope roof; Meng Masha Ding.

Queen Anne Style (Queen Anne)

It was popularized by British architect Xiao, but the naming of this style has little to do with the rule of Queen Anne. 1874, the first summer house in the United States in the style of Queen Anne came out in Rhode Island. Because of its unique style, the establishment of railway network and the development of printing technology, this style has been popularized in the United States. This kind of building is sometimes equipped with towers, just like a paradise. Its spatial combination is as complicated as the Roman style. In its heyday, it formed a classical and asymmetric colonial revival and Queen Anne style, and its simplified form was Victorian. Characterized in that:

A, irregular steep slope roof (L-shaped gable meets the top of the four slopes), and there is generally a main gable on the facade;

B, there are some or all asymmetric corridors on the ground floor, usually one floor high, distributed along one side or both sides of the wall;

C. the balcony is supported by slender columns.

It has four basic forms: the top of four slopes is the intersection of two gables; The top of two intersecting gables; Facade gables; Urban housing.

Spanish style

Spanish style is the general name of colonial style, missionary style, eclectic style and Monterey style, including the Spanish style that once prevailed in South America. It gradually advanced from the southwestern United States along the Mexican border and the California coast to the United States. Compared with other western European architectural styles, its style is unique, among which the missionary style often has curved walls, and the porch supported by columns is also decorated with curves (Figure 14). Colonial style and Monterey style buildings often have a row of corridors on the second floor, while the eclectic style, whose decoration is not as obvious as missionary style, became popular after the San Diego 19 15 Expo in the United States. Its basic characteristics are:

A, the roof is mostly paved with red porcelain tiles.

B, the edge of the house extends to both sides, and there is a courtyard indoors;

C, the entrance and the window are arched.

Ranch (ranch)

California architects were first introduced in the 1930s, and they were popular in the 40s, but they prevailed in the 1960s and are still quite popular today. This kind of villa generally has only one floor and the plane is L-shaped. Sometimes the roof is supported by many exposed columns, and the back garden is very large, which is the main outdoor activity place for families. Pasture style has some traces of grassland style. Characterized in that:

A, the roof slope is low, cornice prominent;

B, there is a bigger back garden;

It has three forms: orthogonal gable roof; Side gable roof; Spalding

◎ Modern Style (Modernism)

1922 The design scheme of the headquarters building of the Zhijia Tribune was collected, and the scheme designed by Sharinan, Finland won the second place. This brand-new style is the origin of modern style, and gradually matures, and it is a model that emphasizes function when applied to villa design. There are two types: type A and type B. Now we can see many buildings of this style in the city.

◎ Modern Style (Modernism)

It has two streams: flat roof and flat roof, which are influenced by international style and grassland style. Characterized in that:

First, flat roof;

B, building column beam exposed;

C, the window has a strange shape;

D, the facade is simple.

◎ International style (international style)

During World War I and World War II, the United States was addicted to traditional and retro styles, while Europe devoted itself to the profound exploration of new building materials and technologies and gradually formed an international style. It advocates functionalism, so that a building can be arbitrarily combined under the support of structural framework to achieve functional satisfaction. Characterized in that:

1, the flat slope roof has no eaves and the wall is flat;

2. Asymmetric body shape;

3. The doors and windows have lost extra decoration.

Separation stage

This style was developed on the basis of the ranch style in the 1950s. Usually villas are divided into quiet areas and non-quiet areas. If the quiet area in the grassland-style villa is moved upstairs instead of the whole floor, it will become a layered style, and its basic scheme characteristics are still similar to the pasture style. After the formation of layered style, the contemporary urban differentiation theory of American garden villas has gradually matured.

Baroque style

Old buildings in Boston

Gangnam Style