I want to know what are the ethnic musical instruments?

Professional luthier En and nearly 20 years of experience in luthiery, many years specializing in the study of the horse head qin sound principles and the art of carving, and accumulated a wealth of luthiery, luthiery technology, the horse head qin he made fine workmanship, the sound mellow, there is a real grassland style, suitable for a variety of venues for the performance. His horse-head qin is sold both at home and abroad, and is y favored by users. He has collected a variety of horse-head qin teaching materials for many years, playing method, horse-head qin sheet music provided to the horse-head qin users or beginners for everyone to learn the horse-head qin convenient conditions.

In the hundred gardens of Mongolian national music culture, the horse-head qin is ingenious and brilliant. When you come into contact with the gentle horse-head qin, you will naturally be attracted by its pure and beautiful sound and the steppe style of playing, and realize the hard-working and simple character of the Mongolian people.

The horse-head qin, which the Mongolians call "Morinhuur", is a representative instrument of the Mongolian nation. Horse-head qin also has a fine structure, easy to carry the characteristics: a proud horse head standing on top, the thin pole connected to the trapezoidal **** sound box, the two string shafts stand in the horse head of the left and right, tightly pulling the two strings, and a bow and the body of the qin is separated. The body of the violin looks like a transformed bust of a horse when viewed from the front. The sound of the horse-head fiddle is pure, thick and very close to the human voice. It is played in a sitting position, with the *** sound box between the legs. In the early days, the horse-head qin was mainly used as the accompaniment for epic raps and folk songs, and a folk song was a horse-head qin song, which could be played together with the human voice, especially with the combination of the Mongolian national "Urtu Road" (i.e., the long-toned folk songs), which had more of a steppe culture flavor. With the development of society, the horse-head qin has entered the hall of art.

The lusheng is the main musical instrument of the Miao people, made of bamboo tubes of different sizes. Lusheng is an ancient reed instrument with a history of more than two

thousand years, popular in the southern ethnic minorities, of which the Miao and Dong are the most prevalent. Although the reed sheng evolved from the gourd sheng

, its appearance is not similar to the sheng, which consists of the sheng bucket, sheng pipe, reeds and *** sound cylinder. The sheng bucket is made of cedar or paulownia wood

routered and hollowed out, with a long shape, a thin end for the mouthpiece and a hole in the center for installing the whole pipe. Traditional reed-sheng, sheng tube only

6, with different lengths of white withered bamboo made of two rows vertically inserted into the **** sound box, in each empty tube near the sheng bucket, there is a sound hole, in the upper end of the tube there is a sound hole, inserted into the **** sound box of the sheng tube inlaid with copper reeds. When playing, the airflow enters from the mouthpiece, vibrates the reed, and the sound is pronounced by pressing the hole through the fingers. The sound is clear and pleasant, with both reed and pipe sounds, and to a certain extent, it is close to the sound of Western water pipe instruments. Lusheng and sheng, gourd sheng significant difference is that, in the sheng tube at the upper end of the sound hole, set of bamboo * * * * sound tube or * * * * sounders, or bamboo scorn folded into a small triangle horn, which plays a good * * * * sounding role in the expansion of the volume, the sound of the sound is bright, beautiful and melodious tone.

Hulusi, Bawu are Yunnan minority musical instruments, ---- Hulusi has a long history, its origins can be traced

to the pre-Qin era, it is the evolution of the transformation from the gourd sheng. In the structure still maintains the remains of ancient musical instruments, piping number is the same as the three pipe of the pipe, two sub-pipes do not open the sound hole and the ancient piping is exactly the same, and send out a sustained interval of five degrees, and the ancient pipe "and the sound of the masses" Vimy Vimy. However, its main pipe has 7 holes, which is very similar to that of the later generations of xiao flute, showing its leap in history. The ---- gourd xiao is often used to play folk tunes such as mountain songs, and is best suited to playing

smooth melodic music or dance tunes, which generally have more long tones, rich chorus, and a soft and harmonious sound that expresses the performer's thoughts and feelings better. The six-barrel gourd xiao can play monophonic, diatonic, single melody with sustained notes and two harmonic melodies with sustained notes. Both maintain the original instrument's unique tone and style, but also increase the volume, expand the range, rich sound color and expressive.

Three-stringed instrument originated from the ancient stringed rattle, and was the main accompaniment of the Yuan dynasty. Three-stringed structure is relatively simple, can be divided into

head, rods and drums of three parts, by the head, string axis, mouth, rods, drum frame, membrane, horse and strings, etc., some of which are equipped with a transposition shifting the mouth of the mountain. The head of the instrument is mostly spade-shaped, is a decorative part of the three strings, generally embedded with bone flowers or carved

out of the pattern, the center of the string groove, the groove side of the string holes, the three string shafts placed on both sides of the head. The shaft is a semi-circular cylindrical body, the smooth surface is the fingerboard of the three strings, the upper end is glued with a mountain pass, and the lower end is square and inserted into the drum, the three strings' most distinctive feature is that the shaft is without a pincushion. The drum, also known as the drum or drum head, is a three-stringed *** sound box, drum frame oval, two sides of the python skin (there are also masked boards, the Japanese masked cat skin, called shamisen). The horse is placed in the center of the skin. The strings of the instrument are made of silk, with the outer, middle, and inner strings in descending order from the soprano string; the outer string is made of a sub-string, the middle string is made of a second string, and the inner string is made of an old string. One end of the strings is tied to a diamond-shaped wooden shell underneath the drum, and the other end is wound on each of the three spindles. In recent years, nylon wire strings have been used for the third string.

Dongbulla

Kazakh musical instruments, mainly Dongbulla, Sheltiel, Sazi, Jyotgen and Pikli.

Dombra is the most popular traditional instrument in Kazakh folklore. There are many kinds of Dombra, most of them are made of whole pine or birch wood with fine carvings and beautiful inlays. Dombra form, one kind of speaker is triangular, Kazakh to modern great poet Abayi name, called "Abayi Dombra" one kind of speaker is oval to Kazakh folk Aken Jiangbure name, called "Jiangbure Dombra" these two kinds of Dombra appearance is different, the tone is also different. In addition should also Kazakh history, geographical, tribal, cultural psychology, differences in living customs, in the folk also exists other kinds of form of winter Bula, according to incomplete statistics of its varieties and about a dozen kinds.

The reedless whistling instrument "Tuliang" is also known as "Touren",

popular in Dehongzhou. It is about forty-five centimeters long

thin bamboo tube, the center of the open side of the type of blowhole made, but also

two or three sections of bamboo tube socket and become.

When playing, the left thumb on the left pipe mouth, the right palm

on the right pipe mouth, the two hands to do a variety of boredom, release combinations, and with

with the strength of the blowing changes, can be played more than two octaves of

tone. It is mostly used for solo performance or folk group dance accompaniment. Music

such as "Harvest Tune" and "Mountain Bird Song". It is mostly used

by the Jingpo people.

There are many people who have eaten snails, and there are many people who are fond of snails. But you have listened to the snail shells made of snail flute blowing sound mellow and thick, sweet rhythm of the song?

The snail flute, originally belonging to the Jingxi Zhuang folk children's toys, in the Jingxi County Museum of Ethnic display for many years, while digging the Zhuang mimicry of the snail flute is two years ago. 2002 October, the Jingxi County Museum of Zhuang organizations and local folk artists according to the relevant Zhuang folk word of mouth and local records, through a period of painstaking exploration from the style of more than test, more than try the varieties, more than try a lot of sound quality planning and improvement work, and finally try to improve the work, and finally try to make the snail flute, and then the snail flute, the Snail Flute. The planning and improvement of the work, and finally test produced the sound of the rich rhythm of the beautiful Tianluo flute.

The Zhuang mimicry Tianluo flute, in Jingxi and other places with a long history, just for many years did not attract attention. The system of the snail flute is very simple. As long as the choice of a large snail, cut off the tip of the tail for the sound hole, remove the inner meat, about 2 centimeters away from the mouth of a flute hole pasted on the flute film can be. When playing, the mouth is attached to the mouth of the flute, simulating the tune of the song to sing, the sound by the flute membrane vibration, into the flute sound from the sound hole, the sound quality is like a baritone, but also has the sound of the throat instrument. Tianluo flute can play folk tunes and Zhuang opera, Wulun and other tunes, with the Zhuang horse bone beard, gourd hu, gourd qin with better sound.

Tianluo flute? In fact, it is a kind of earthy aroma of the original flavor of the national folk culture. 2001 July, South Korea's folk culture delegation to Jingxi, but also specifically on the Tianluo flute and gourd Hu and other folk folk folk culture to explore and exchange. 2002 November, Mao Zedong's daughter-in-law, General Shao Hua to Jingxi inspection, photographed Tianluo flute photos, published in the Beijing media, has attracted widespread attention.

Through the mellow and thick rhythm of the Tianluo flute, we y feel the depth and richness of the Zhuang folk culture.

The Spruce is an ancient wind instrument of the Kazakh people. Its predecessor was made of "Congwenyi grass" (similar to reeds) grown on the steppe, and now it is supported by pine wood. Sbusi amount of hollow reed, tube open three holes, four holes or five holes, outside the tube tied to a thin line, some also put on the sheep intestine to protect the wooden flute. Blowing the mouthpiece in the mouth, with the tip of the tongue to block the mouth of the large part of the pipe, leaving a small mouth for the blowhole. At the same time as the instrument pronounces the sound, it also uses the throat to emit a sustained bass sound, forming two voices. Most of the music consists of pentatonic scales, with freer rhythms, and the high notes are controlled by breath and can play overtones. It has a lower volume and a softer tone. As there is no fixed specification for the instrument, the range is generally f1-b2. Some herdsmen tend to lure the deer in the distance when they play on the quiet grassland, listening to the performance of the Spurs from afar, and only slowly leave when they realize that it is not their partners who are calling them. The Kazakh "Ertzis River" depicts the natural scenery of the Ertzis River, and is a representative piece of Spus'e solo music.

History of the shakuhachiThe shakuhachi is an ancient wind instrument in China, originating from the harp, made of bamboo, one foot eight inches long, quite prevalent in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and used less and less since the Song Dynasty. >>

The shakuhachi spread eastward to Japan at the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

More than 1300 years ago, the shakuhachi spread east to Japan.

At the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Japan had repeatedly sent "Sui envoys" and "Tang envoys" to China, many Chinese musical instruments, spread to the East.

According to Sun Yicheng, deputy research librarian of Zhejiang Association for International Cultural Exchange, the Japanese shakuhachi originated in Hangzhou, China. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the famous Japanese monk Juexin came to China to study in Hangzhou Guoguo Renwang Zen Temple, during this period to the same door to the monk Zhang Sen learned to play the "shakuhachi" skills, and returned to bring back the shakuhachi and shakuhachi song "virtual bells" and "emptiness" and so on. Later, Xinjue founded the Puhua Sect and taught the shakuhachi technique, so the shakuhachi he taught was called "Puhua Shakuhachi". The old ruins of Guguo Renwang Zen Temple, which is still preserved in the campus of Zhejiang Art School, is the ancestral home of Japanese "Shakuhachi".

The earliest shakuhachi imported into Japan was used only for court music, called "ancient shakuhachi", and was often used as a plaything for dignitaries, so it was also called "elegant music shakuhachi". According to legend, the Japanese Prince Shotoku was particularly fond of shakuhachi, and the Chinese shakuhachi he used at that time is still treasured in the Horyuji Temple in Nara.

In the Shokurain of Nara Todaiji Temple, there are eight shakuhachi handed down from the Tang Dynasty. One of them, a carved shakuhachi, is 43.7 centimeters long, with an opening at the upper end of the tube and five holes in the front and one hole in the back of the body. Each hole has a circular pattern on the edge. It is very beautifully made, with floral motifs and female figures carved throughout the body. The first hole is carved with two women, one bending down to pick a flower, and the other standing behind her in the form of an open sleeve. In the back of the hole, there is a woman standing and holding a fan in her hand, and another woman sitting and playing the pipa. The rest of the bottle is decorated with birds and flowers. There are also jade shakuhachi, tooth shakuhachi, carved stone shakuhachi and birch scroll shakuhachi. Suzhou National Instruments Factory has reproduced a carved shakuhachi.

After 1871, "Puhua shakuhachi" spread to the people. Japan is now using the shakuhachi is evolved from the "Puhua shakuhachi", not limited to length, generally more than 3 sections, 5 holes (before 4 after 1), no membrane hole. It is the main wind instrument in Japanese folklore, and can play both classical and modern music; it is also often played together with the koto and shamisen, and can even cooperate with Western orchestras and electronic organs.

In addition, there is the "Ichiban Kiri Shakuhachi", which was introduced to Japan from China.

The shakuhachi was introduced to the United States from Japan in the 1970s by an American, Kaizan.

Dong flute Dong flute is a unique Dong folk musical instrument, similar in appearance to the Dong xiao, the mouthpiece is equipped with a reed, blowing vertically, the tone is clear and melodious, rich in mountainous and wild flavor, often used as a soloist or accompaniment for singing. Widely popular in the Dong ethnic area.

Dong flute: Dong unique folk musical instruments, the Dong language called "Jiege" or "Jiguosi". Similar in appearance to the hole xiao, the mouthpiece is equipped with a reed, blowing vertically, the tone is clear and melodious, both can show a gentle and lyrical mood, but also can play a warm and joyful melody. It is rich in mountain flavor and is often used as a solo instrument or as an accompaniment to singing. It is popular in the junction of Guizhou, Guizhou and Hunan, where the Dong live, and is most prevalent in Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang in Guizhou Province.

The ocarina of primitive society has a variety of shapes. Zhejiang Yuyao County Hemudu site pottery ocarina, oval, only blow hole, no sound hole, about seven thousand years ago. Shanxi Xi'an half slope village yangshao culture site pottery whistle, its shape is slightly like an olive, also only a blowhole, with fine clay kneaded and molded, is one of the original form of ocarina, about six thousand years ago. Three ceramic ocarinas were unearthed at the Jingcun site in Wanrong County, Shanxi, and one of them already had two tone holes ("Illustrated Guide to the History of Chinese Music" Ⅰ-22 to Ⅰ-26). Neolithic pottery ocarinas have been found at Yao Guanzhuang in Weifang, Shandong; Guancheng Guandong and Fengcun in Wakiqiu, Shanxi; Yijing Village in the suburbs of Taiyuan; Dahe Village in Zhengzhou, Henan; Wangyang Temple site in Anhui; and Dadunzi site in Pixian, Jiangsu, all of which belong to different primitive culture regions.

The production of ceramic ocarina should use pure soil, no gravel impurities of clay, the color is not confined, red, yellow or black soil can be. Clay and water, repeated mixing and kneading, and into a soft and hard moderate clay, after pinching, shaping, opening, polishing and calcination. Professor Cao Zheng of the China Conservatory of Music has been making antique ceramic ocarinas since the 1930s, and has accumulated a wealth of experience.Since 1979, Professor Chen Chong of the Tianjin Conservatory of Music has improved and developed the ceramic ocarina into a nine-hole ocarina.

Du Ziwen of the Central National Orchestra went to the United States in 1984 to participate in the Twenty-third Olympic Games Festival, and later performed ocarina solos in Spain, West Germany and other countries, such as "Chu Ge", "Tang Le", "Wind" and so on. Zhao Liangshan in the "chime music and dance" played "eight tones in unison", all won praise. Nine-hole purple sand ceramic ocarina has been more commonly used in the national band

Se xiao

Se xiao, Miao blowing breath sounding instrument. The Miao language called Zhanjian, meaning the bamboo tube plugged with cork. The Han Chinese call it a plug xiao. It is popular in Xingyi and Anlong in Guizhou Province, Longlin, Xilin and Napo in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Guangnan and Funing in Yunnan Province, in the Miao areas bordering Guizhou, Guizhou and Yunnan.

The body of the pipe is made of bamboo, mostly made of the locally grown bamboo called chest ding in the Miao language, which has a thin diameter and long slender joints, making it a good material for making plug pipes. The length of the pipe is generally 42 centimeters, with no knots in the middle and two transparent ends. The upper end has an outer diameter of 2.1 centimeters and an inner diameter of about 1.5 centimeters, while the lower end has an outer diameter of 1.7 centimeters and an inner diameter of about 1.3 centimeters. A cork 2.6 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter is inserted into the upper opening and split on one side. The cork is mostly made of cedar or paulownia wood, and the grain of the cork should be in the same direction as that of the bamboo tube. The cork side (circumference of the 1/4 arc surface) split along the grain, and then plugged into the back of the tube head, split part of the bamboo tube with the inner wall constitutes a half-moon air intake channel. From the upper end of the mouth of 3.7 centimeters facing the back of the airway on the wall, open a rectangular pronunciation whistle hole, hole length 1.1 cm, hole width 0.6 cm, below the hole trimmed into the inward slope, as a sub-gas valve. In the lower part of the front of the tube body opened six round holes, the first hole to the lower end of the mouth of the tube is 5.8 cm, in the pronunciation of the hole to the first hole in the hole 1/2 open the sixth hole, in the first hole to the sixth hole between the opening of the second, third, fourth and fifth holes, the holes are equally spaced according to the sound.

When playing, the tube is placed vertically, and the ring finger, middle finger and index finger of the right hand press the first, second and third holes, and the ring finger, middle finger and index finger of the left hand press the fourth, fifth and sixth holes. With the head of the tube in the mouth, the airflow enters and excites the sound hole from the airway, and part of it is blocked into the tube by the ramp-like air-separation valve, which makes the air column inside the tube vibrate, and changes the length of the air column by pressing the holes to emit a variety of high and low tones. It is played in the range of b to f3, with a soft, elegant flat tone and a clean, bright overblow tone, while the notes above c3 are more difficult to play. Commonly used techniques include sliding and hitting. Used for solo performance, the music played comes from folk song tunes, but there is no fixed tune, only distant and close tunes. The far tune is played for lovers in the distance, with a higher starting tone and a brighter, more melodious sound; the near tune is played for lovers beside them, with a lower starting tone and a softer, more gentle sound. There are two kinds of near-tune, five-finger tune and six-finger tune; the former is to hold down the third hole and use the other five fingers to open and close the holes to pronounce the sound, which has a wider range of tones; the latter uses all six fingers and has a range of only twelve degrees. Each piece of Sai xiao music contains a certain word content, and has a unique and perfect expression of the mood.

The sai xiao is one of the most commonly used musical instruments in the social and romantic lives of young Miao men and women, and is mostly played by young men. Due to the different ways of luck, fingerings and music, each young man's performance is unique. Even in the middle of the night, when they are far apart, a girl can hear from her lover's faintly distant piping whether he is sighing in loneliness, blaming himself for not going to the appointment, or calling himself to go to the meeting. When the two lovers in love snuggle together, low and melodious near the sound of the piper, more so that they are hard to part with, love like the depths of the sea. Whenever the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar to the first eight, in the Hmong grand jump slope festival, blowing the plug xiao has become a good time for young men to show their talents and skills, one by one excited, a song out of the belly, it is not only the young man competing with each other, but also to the girls to pass on the love, a lot of happy marriage is from here on.

[small plug xiao] Miao blowing breath sounding musical instruments. Popular in Xingyi, Guizhou Province, Anlong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin, Xilin, Napo, Yunnan Province, Guangnan, Funing and other places.

The body of the pipe is made of bamboo, the appearance is the same with the plug xiao, the length of the pipe is 24 centimeters, the outer diameter of the upper mouth is 1.6 centimeters, the inner diameter is 1.1 centimeters, the outer diameter of the lower mouth is 1.4 centimeters, the inner diameter is 0.9 centimeters. A cork is built into the upper end of the mouthpiece, and a rectangular sounding hole is cut into the back of the tube at the bottom of the airway, 3.1 centimeters from the mouthpiece. There are six sounding holes on the front of the tube, the first of which is 3.3 cm from the lower mouth. A sixth hole is cut 1/2 of the way from the sounding hole to the first hole, and the second through fifth holes are spaced equally between the first and sixth holes.

To play, play vertically, with the right hand pressing down on the third hole and the left hand pressing up on the third hole. Use flat or super blow, range g?1-g?3. Flat blowing sound crisp, with a whistle, super blowing tone is more sharp. Used for young men and women to socialize and love life, mostly played by men.

[Dasei xiao] Miao blowing breath sounding instrument. Popular in Qian, Guizhou, Yunnan provinces and regions adjacent to the vast area.

The body of the bamboo tube, the same appearance as the plug xiao, tube length 68 cm, the upper outer diameter of 3.6 cm, inner diameter 3 cm, the lower outer diameter of 3.1 cm, 2.5 cm inner diameter. The upper end has a built-in cork, and on the back of the tube there is a rectangular sounding hole for the whistle below the airway and 5 centimeters from the upper end. On the front side of the tube, there are six holes for sounding the whistle, with the first hole 10 cm from the lower mouth. In the pronunciation of the hole to the first hole of the first 1/2 of the sixth hole, in the first hole to the sixth hole, the second to fifth holes open at equal intervals.

To play, blow vertically, press the lower third hole with the right hand and the upper third hole with the left hand. Use flat or super blow, range g-d?3. Flat blow tone deep, thick, super blow tone sweet, mellow, expressive, good at playing beautiful and lyrical tunes. It is used for young men and women in socializing and love life, and is mostly played by men.

Sisters of the ethnic wonders Sisters xiao, also known as the small suona, Mimi. Miao: "Zhande interest", "Li Bu", Buyei: "Bule crooked practice", it is the main musical instrument of Huaxi Miao, Buyei compatriots, is the most important tool for male and female young people to pass on their love when they talk about love. It is the main musical instrument of Huaxi Miao, Buyi compatriots, and is the most important tool for young men and women to transmit love when they talk about love.

The tunes of the sister xiao are very rich and beautiful, and can be divided into three kinds: one is the evolution of the folk suona tune, which has a relatively wide range of areas of circulation; the third is the original tune of the sister xiao. The most representative of them are three, which fully express the joy of the sisters in their mother's home when they meet again after a long time.

The origin of the name Sisters xiao, in the vast number of folk legends circulating a lot of touching stories. A long time ago, in a high mountain inhabited by a poor family, husband and wife have been over half a hundred years old, there is still no male child, but gave birth to seven smart and clever, like a flower like jade girl, neighbors are called "seven fairy". Although their family was poor, but the filial piety of the seven daughters and thrifty family of nine people to make the family's life a tasty one. Seven sisters not only learned to spinning and weaving, housekeeping. Seven sisters also have a good voice, their singing voice sweet and beautiful, so that the young students marveled. One spring, the seven sisters in the upstairs spinning sizing, they use the golden bamboo cut from the mountains to sizing the yarn through the bamboo poles to dry, bamboo and sizing the sizing exudes a stream of fragrance attracted the wild bees on the mountain, wild bees to a golden bamboo drilled through a small hole and a small hole, and in the bamboo tube to settle up, one day, the seven sisters are busy embroidery, a gentle breeze blowing, and at the same time, from the upper floors came a burst of Pleasant music, they thought it was outside the cottage of the descendants quietly ran upstairs to blow blowjob tube to them to courtship, to be their look upstairs, upstairs is empty, careful seven sisters carefully check, only to find that the sound of music is a golden bamboo on the bee holes were blown by the wind and the outgoing. This discovery makes the shrewd seven sisters get inspiration, she said: "Sisters, why don't we go up to the mountains and cut some other best gold bamboo to each do a musical instrument to blow, so can not eliminate our loneliness, increase our happiness?". . Seven sister's proposal by the six sisters agree, they each go to cut the gold bamboo and according to their own ideas to make seven musical instruments, a look, the seven sisters do exactly the same musical instruments, blowing out the same sound, they feel very monotonous. Later, or the seventh sister has a plan, she said; "we are seven sisters, why not drill seven holes in the bamboo pole, each hole represents each of us, so that more holes will sound more, it will sound good." She made a seven-hole xiao in this way, and it can make many sounds at a time, which is very beautiful, this is the eldest sister proposed: "In order to reflect the unity and wisdom of our seven sisters, choose two of the best ones to be linked together to represent our seven sisters, which means that our sisters will never be separated."

The musical instrument is ready, what name has become a problem of discussion, this said this, that said that, the views of a moment can not be united, and then they asked the walled village on the students to help take the name, some say that this instrument is the seven fairies issued by the fairy, should be named Fairy xiao, some say that fairy xiao is not good to hear, and proposed to take the name of the beauty xiao. At this time, the father who was born on the side said to everyone: "According to my opinion, it is best to take the name of sister xiao, because it is like a xiao, and it is your seven sisters who envisioned and **** with the same made out of this name, called this name, the memorial significance is even greater." From then on, people called this instrument the sister xiao. This instrument has become one of the most representative musical instruments for Miao and Buyi compatriots. It is said that the three main tunes or the seven sisters *** with the creation of it.

To really trace the history of the sister xiao and the genus, it should be the Han Dynasty (about 77 BC - 37 BC) of the northern peoples of the Qiang. Since the instrument came from the Qiang people, it was called the Qiang flute. In the Tang Dynasty, the famous poet Wang Zhilu wrote a poem entitled "The Qiang flute has no need to complain about the willow; the spring breeze does not pass through the Jade Gate". The Qiang flute referred to in the poem is the sister flute of the folkloric flute circulating today. Today, the Qiang flute circulating in northwest Sichuan is exactly the same as the sister flute in Guizhou in terms of its shape, size, musical melody and playing method, so does it mean that the Qiang people in Sichuan are related to the Buyei and Miao people in west-central Guizhou?

The sister xiao, a Miao and Buyi musical instrument, has a place in the family of Chinese folk musical instruments. In the ancient classification of musical instruments, the ancients divided it into eight categories of Chinese musical instruments in the fourth category (bamboo); in modern times, the national musicians classified it as the first of three major categories of Chinese folk musical instruments (wind instruments); in the classification of today's folk musical instruments, the experts in the study of folk music will be divided into four major categories of Chinese folk musical instruments. In today's classification of folk musical instruments, experts in folk music research classify it as the third of the four major categories of Chinese folk musical instruments (aerophonic category). Regardless of which category musicians place it in, the sister xiao is indeed one of the wonders of Chinese folk instruments and folk music.

The mangtong is the most popular and longest-played instrument among the Miao people in Danzhai.

Mangtongs are of different lengths and sizes, with different pitches. Small and medium-sized mango tube length of 30-70 centimeters, large mango tube length of about 150 centimeters, the largest up to 2 meters long. The pitch is an octave apart.

Folk mango tube according to its size together called mango tube team. The large mango tube team consists of fifteen or twenty one, divided into four groups of large, medium, small and smallest mango tube. Each group of three to five, with a variety of reedsheng form reedsheng band. The mangtube strengthens the main tone with a mellow and strong sustained tone, making the band sound full.

[Throat pipe]

The throat pipe is popular in the Guangdong and Guangxi regions of China. Made of bamboo to double reed whistle pronunciation. Commonly used in the band is the G key alto pipe and D key bass pipe two with the pitch difference of four degrees. Throat has seven holes, can only play eight notes, according to the order of the seven-tone scale. Can play the intervals of the jump, it is desirable to play the "slide", "superimposed", "flower tongue", "vibrato" and so on.

The laryngeal pipe does not have a pitch-changing device, and seldom switches to a different key, but occasionally switches to a subordinate key and a subordinate key. The pipes are mostly used for the accompaniment of opera music, and they are also used in some regional wind and percussion bands. In the national orchestra, the pipes are used in combination with other middle and low music to thicken the middle and low tones of the orchestra.

The pipes have a very narrow range, and their use is limited by the fact that their timbre is not easy to integrate with other instruments, so they should be used with caution in the orchestra.

The erhu

The erhu is a famous Chinese stringed instrument whose origins can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty of China in the seventh to tenth centuries A.D., when it was mainly popular among the ethnic minorities of northwestern China. For more than a thousand years, the erhu has been used as an accompaniment to opera.

The erhu is a simple instrument, with a thin wooden pole about 80 centimeters long, two strings on the pole, a teacup-shaped barrel under the pole, and a bow made of horsetail. The master plays the erhu in a seated position, holding the instrument in his left hand and the bow in his right. The range of the erhu is up to three octaves. The sound of the erhu has a rich expressive power, and it is close to the sound of the human voice, which makes it a singing instrument, and some people also call it the "Chinese violin". The erhu is good at expressing deep emotions because its tone sounds slightly sad.

After 1949, the erhu's production, reform and performance art have been developed, and it can be used as a solo instrument, as well as an accompaniment to songs, dances, and vocal music, as well as to opera and rap music. In Chinese folk orchestras, the erhu is more of a lead instrument, similar to the role of the violin in Western orchestras.

Because of its simplicity, cheapness, ease of learning, and beautiful sound, the erhu is very popular among the Chinese people, and it is a very popular instrument in China.

Gaohu

Gaohu is a generic term for "soprano erhu", which is a modification of the erhu. The gaohu is closely related to the Chinese folk music of Guangdong.

Guangdong music is a form of folk instrumental performance popular in the Guangdong region of China, which originated from local theater and folk music. At first, there was no such instrument as gaohu in Guangdong music. Around the 1920s, Mr. Lv Wencheng, a composer and performer of "Guangdong music", made a bold reform of the erhu, changing the silk strings of the traditional erhu to steel wire strings, improving the setting of the strings, and playing the instrument with the barrel clamped by the two legs, this kind of clear and bright sounding soprano erhu was called gaohu, and soon became the soul instrument of "Guangdong music". It quickly became the soul instrument of "Cantonese music".

The construction, production and materials of the gaohu are basically the same as those of the erhu, with the biggest difference being the thinner barrel. Since the gaohu was created at a later date, instrument makers had fewer concerns and constraints when remodeling the gaohu. Some instrument makers changed the round barrel of the early gaohu to a flat round shape to increase the volume, while others changed the two-stringed gaohu to a three-stringed gaohu to extend the range of the instrument downward by five degrees.

The tone of the gaohu is clear and high-pitched, like a soprano. This feature together with the mellow character of its lower register makes it occupy a very prominent position in the orchestra. Therefore, the Chinese national orchestra is usually equipped with an important seat for the gaohu. In addition, because the gaohu has a particularly rich expressive power, it is suitable for playing lyrical, lively and gorgeous melodies. Therefore, it often accompanies the main theme of the piece in a flamboyant way in the orchestra, and can decorate the main theme according to the emotional needs.

Banhu

Banhu, also known as "banghu" and "qinhu," was created on the basis of the huqin with the emergence of the local opera bangqiang. Compared with other Chinese huqin instruments, the biggest feature of the Banhu is its large volume and clear tone, which is especially good at expressing high-pitched, impassioned, passionate and fiery emotions, and at the same time, it also possesses the characteristics of gracefulness and delicacy.

The Banhu has a history of more than 300 years in China, and its name comes from the fact that the barrel of the instrument is made of thin wooden boards glued together.

In the beginning, the Banhu was mainly popular in the northern part of China, where many local operas and songs, such as Hebei Opera, Evaluation Opera, Yu Opera, and Qin Opera, used the Banhu as the main accompanying instrument. Because the Banhu has a deep relationship with Chinese opera and operatic art, it is most capable of playing its own specialties when playing opera and operatic music. In the accompaniment of local opera and operatic art, the Banhu of each region is good at expressing its own different styles and is rich in unique local colors.

The structure of the Banhu is mostly the same as that of the Erhu, but there are differences, mainly in the barrel. The front of the barrel is not covered with skin like the erhu, but with a tungwood plate, which is the key to the sound of the banhu. The sound of the Banhu is especially clear and loud, rich in local flavor, and in the orchestra it is often the leading string of various accompanying instruments, and serves as the soprano voice in string music.

After the founding of New China, under the efforts of musicians and instrument makers, the production technology of the Banhu has developed greatly, and many new varieties have been added to the "Banhu family". Among them, there are the alto banhu, the soprano banhu, the three-stringed banhu, the bamboo banhu, the Qinqiang banhu and so on, all of which are the "new members" of the "banhu family".

With the development of the Banhu form, the playing skills of the Banhu are also improving, and the expressive power is also more colorful, and it has become an indispensable instrument in the Chinese national band and a solo instrument with strong local characteristics, and accompanied by national opera, national songs and dances, and vocal music.