The main characteristics of ancient bureaucratic politics in China

Bureaucracy is usually applied to a political system in which government power is entirely in the hands of bureaucrats, who have the right to arbitrarily invade the freedom of ordinary citizens on the grounds of national or ethnic interests.

refers to the leadership style of being divorced from reality, the masses and being an official and a master. If you don't go deep into the grassroots and the masses, don't understand the actual situation, don't care about the sufferings of the masses, eat all day, do nothing, and be irresponsible; Arbitrary, not according to the objective laws, subjectively blind command, etc. There are forms such as commandism, red tape, and transactionalism.

Prof．Laski, a British political power, once gave such a general explanation on bureaucracy in the Dictionary of Social Sciences edited by Professor Prof．Seligman: "The term bureaucracy is usually applied to the political system in which government power is entirely in the hands of bureaucrats, and bureaucrats have the right to arbitrarily invade the freedom of ordinary citizens on the grounds of national or ethnic interests. This kind of political system is manifested in daily behavior: the due administrative duties are completely treated as routine. In the face of such duties, they have no motive force for work, and they procrastinate, hesitate, perfunctory, do not pay attention to experiments, and never deal with things unless they have to deal with them. In the handling of daily things, all political measures are often regarded as their own activities to seek benefits. The political power, cultural influence, social and economic resources, and even the possession of knowledge that should belong to social public resources are all taken in the direction that is conducive to consolidating their position. Over time, such people will become hereditary classes. " (

In fact, how a system depends on the corresponding social development period. In the Warring States period, bureaucratic politics was obviously superior to aristocratic politics, and the so-called social relations depended on social productivity.