What are the aspects of modernist architectural design methods?

After the First World War and during the world economic crisis that began in 1929, people were short of material life and full of yearning for modernization. Architecture is closely related to science and technology, and architects still hold a strong rationalist view. This is the difference between architectural modernism and literary modernism. After the 1960s and 1970s, the developed countries in the west developed their economies, became rich in materials, and the housing shortage problem was relatively solved. However, people feel the negative impact brought by the high development of industry. Environmental crisis, resource crisis, ecological crisis, social crisis and belief crisis have caused people to have a new sense of crisis in the period of material abundance, and the society, culture and psychology have changed accordingly. In terms of architectural art, people's spiritual requirements and aesthetic concepts are naturally very different from those in the 1950s. In addition, after the energy crisis in the 1970s, many people thought that modernist architecture was not more economical than traditional architecture and needed to change their attitude towards traditional architecture. Some people think that modernism reflects the requirements of the industrial revolution and industrialization period, and some developed countries have passed that period, so modernism is no longer suitable for the new situation. Those who hold the above views pin their hopes on postmodernism. This is the social and ideological root of post-modern architecture.

At the time when modernist architecture is in full swing, criticisms and accusations against it have also begun to increase. Since the 1960s, there has been an ideological trend in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or amend modernist architecture. After World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. However, differences quickly emerged within the modernist architectural camp, and some people questioned and criticized the views and styles of modernist architecture. They criticized the orthodox modernism in the1920s theoretically, accusing it of cutting off history, attaching importance to technology, ignoring people's emotional needs, and ignoring the coordination between new buildings and the original environment. Due to the inadaptability of modernism and the principles pursued by the times, the ruthless and rigid design was abandoned. Natural selection, survival of the fittest Modernist design gradually faded out of the historical stage after completing its historical mission in a specific period. In terms of architectural form, the new school strives to break through the limitations of "international" style. In 1970s, the world architecture stage presented a new situation of diversification. From 1970s to 1980s, "postmodern architecture" was the most influential.

1966, in the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture, American architect Venturi put forward a set of architectural theories and propositions that were in sharp opposition to modernist architecture, which caused shock and repercussions in the field of architecture, especially among young architects and architectural students. In 1970s, the trend of opposing and deviating from architectural modernism became more intense. This tendency has been called by different names, such as "anti-modernism", "post-modernism" and "post-modernism", and the latter is widely used.

If 1923 le corbusier's Towards New Architecture is a classic of modernist architectural thought, then 1966 the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture published by American architect Venturi is a declaration of postmodern architectural thought.

Venturi believes that "architects can no longer be intimidated by puritanical moral preaching of orthodox modernism". Venturi clearly put forward a series of architectural creation ideas completely different from the orthodox modernist architectural art views. He wrote:

"I like the mixture of architectural elements and don't like' pure'; I would rather cook in one pot than be clear and refreshing; It is better to distort it than to be' straightforward'; It is better to be ambiguous than to be coherent, willful, unreasonable, boring and so-called interesting; I would rather have something passed down from generation to generation than something' designed'; I advocate easy-going, inclusive and not exclusive; I would rather be rich than simple, underdeveloped and not reformed; It is better to be self-contradictory and ambiguous than to be straightforward and clear at a glance; I appreciate clutter and liveliness, not clarity and unity. I allow reasoning that goes against the premise, and I declare in favor of dualism. " "I like' taking care of each other' and disapprove of' either one or the other'; I like black and white things, sometimes gray, and I don't like all black or all white. "

Venturi pointed out that "less is more" according to the famous saying of modernist architect Smith, and said that "less is boring". Venturi thinks we should break away from convention. He said that different scales, different scales, inconsistent sense of direction and uncoordinated rhythm can be used in the same building at the same time. He advocates juxtaposing or overlapping opposing and incompatible architectural elements on the same building, regardless of the juxtaposition and contradiction between primary and secondary elements.

Modernist architectural thought fiercely rejects architectural heritage and tradition. On the contrary, Venturi emphasizes the importance of architectural heritage and tradition. He said that architects should be "experts in keeping tradition". However, he advocates "combining traditional components through unconventional methods" instead of asking architects to strictly abide by architectural traditions. Venturi believes that allowing a building to be "imperfect" in design and form can be "mediocre and ugly".

People have different views on what postmodernism is and what are the main features of postmodern architecture. American architect Stern proposed that postmodern architecture has three characteristics: decorative; Symbolic or metaphorical; Integration with existing environment.

At present, it is generally believed that it is Venturi who really puts forward a relatively complete guiding ideology for postmodernism, that is, pursuing complexity and contradiction in architectural art is contrary to classical architectural aesthetics; Holiness, unity and harmony are no longer regarded as the highest principles and goals of artistic creation; On the contrary, incompleteness, disunity and disharmony are respected. In this way, the aesthetic category of architecture has expanded, and the road of architectural art has become broader and more diverse. Although he himself does not want to be regarded as a postmodernist, his remarks have played an extremely important role in inspiring and promoting the postmodern movement.

Venturi criticized modernist architects for being keen on innovation and forgetting that they should be "experts in keeping tradition". Venturi's traditional practice is to "use traditional ingredients and introduce new ingredients appropriately to form a unique whole" and "combine traditional ingredients through unconventional methods". He advocated drawing lessons from folk architecture, especially appreciating the spontaneously formed architectural environment in American commercial streets. Venturi concluded: "For artists, innovation may mean choosing and choosing from old and existing things." In fact, this is the basic creative method of post-modern architects.

Because the aesthetic category of post-modernism architecture is broader, the road of architectural art is broader and more diverse, and its specific manifestations are varied. The Portland Municipal Building in Oregon designed by American architect Graves and the Stuttgart National Gallery in Germany designed by British architect Sterling are two representative examples of post-modern architecture. Before 1987, a number of buildings in the West Berlin International Architecture Exhibition were concentrated expressions of post-modernism architecture, which was in contrast with the Stuttgart Housing Exhibition before 1927. There are also typical ones, such as the expansion of Oberlin College Allen Art Museum, AT&T Building and Philadelphia Apartment for the Aged.

Modernism stepped down from the altar of history after completing a specific mission, and postmodernism became the mainstream design. What are the characteristics of postmodernism? There are roughly the following aspects.

First, focus on humanization, liberalization,

Postmodernism, as the internal reaction of modernism, is a rebellion against the pure rationalism and functionalism of modernism, especially the formalism of international style. Postmodernism still adheres to the people-oriented design principle, emphasizes the dominant position of people in technology, highlights the application of ergonomics in design, and pays attention to the humanization and liberalization of design.

Second, pay attention to embody personality and cultural connotation.

Postmodernism, as a design trend of thought, opposes the paleness, mediocrity and sameness of modernism, takes romanticism and individualism as the philosophical basis, respects the comfortable, natural and elegant life interest, emphasizes the leading role of human experience in design and highlights the cultural connotation of design.

Third, pay attention to the continuation of historical context and combine it with modern science and technology.

Postmodernism advocates inheriting historical and cultural traditions and emphasizes the historical context of design. Under the influence of nostalgic thoughts at the end of the century, postmodernism pursues the integration of traditional elegance and modern novelty, and creates popular design with the integration of tradition and modernity, classicism and fashion.

Fourth, the unity of contradiction, complexity and diversity.

Postmodernism washes away the simplicity and singleness of modernism with complexity and contradiction. Using non-traditional design methods such as mixing and superposition, Chen Zhi's sense of clarity was replaced by ambiguous tension. It's not this or that, it's the clutter of the other that replaces the clear unity. In artistic style, he advocates pluralism and unity.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the representatives of modernist architecture made a comprehensive discussion on the practical function, technology, economy, art and social function of architecture, and put forward a set of views on reform and innovation. In contrast, the advocates of postmodern architecture are mainly concerned with form and art. The emergence of modernism is the product of a comprehensive and drastic revolutionary change in the history of human architecture, while postmodernism is only an evolution of modern architecture in form and artistic style. The appearance of postmodern architecture does not mean the "extinction" of modernist architecture. Now it can be considered that postmodern architecture is also a partial revision and expansion of modernist architecture in the 1920s, and it is another manifestation of the diversified development of modernist architecture. Its center is to oppose the reductionist style of Mis van der Rohe and advocate enriching the vision with decorative means. Advocating to meet psychological needs, rather than only focusing on monotonous functionalism. Postmodernism uses a lot of historical decorations in design and compromises them to break the monopoly of internationalist style for many years. The book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture published by American architect Robert Ventury in 1960s is regarded as the earliest declaration of postmodernism (Figure 3). In the book, he first affirmed the great contribution of modernism to the process of human civilization, and pointed out that modernism completed its mission in a specific historical period. Outdated modernism will become the shackles of design ideas. Everything has become a mediocre and monotonous blank design. However, contextualism, metaphor and decoration with chaotic style and vague meaning will guide the development direction of post-modern design.

Postmodernism is a reverse movement from modernism and a rebellion against the pure reason of modernism. People are tired of facing the cold and inflexible design all day, which expresses people's desire for humanized and humanized products. Modernism and postmodernism are two extremes in style, but they have similarities and differences in many aspects. For example, Hassan made the following comparison between these two parts in The Turn of Postmodernism:

Philosophically, modernism is based on rationalism and realism, while postmodernism is based on romanticism and individualism.

Ideologically, modernism emphasizes the worship of technology and the rationality and logic of function, while postmodernism advocates high technology, high emotion and people-oriented.

In methodology, modernism follows the absolute role of physical attributes, standardization, integration, industrialization, high efficiency and high technology. Postmodernism follows the dominance of human experience, the unity and continuity of time and space, the interpenetration of history, individuality, laxity and liberalization.

In terms of design language, modernism follows the form of function determination, "less is more" and "useless decoration is a crime" (Russian); Post-modernism follows the diversity, fuzziness and irregularity of forms, with a double interpretation of one or the other, emphasizing historical context, image metaphor and "less is boring"

The famous saying of "function determines form" and the principle of "less is more", which are regarded as classics by modernism, ignore social progress and people's needs. Da Lu said: "Materials and decorations are the cells that make up products". Functionalism opposes decoration because it treats design with a rational and logical attitude. The present era is different from before, the relationship between people and the world has become more complicated, and people's aesthetic taste and quality of life have also become higher. Therefore, the principles of functionalism and reductionism followed by modernist design are increasingly challenged and questioned.

Bert Venturi is a world-famous architect, 1925 was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He received a bachelor's degree in literature from Princeton University, and then a master's degree, and was awarded the Luo Jinxue Award by the American Institute of Architecture. In the late 1950s, he founded his own architectural design company. As a successful architect, he wrote quite a few works, which profoundly described the complexity and contradiction in architecture. Since he came back from studying in Las Vegas, his innovative thinking has influenced many people, and at the same time, his creative design concept has been extended to teapots, coffee pots, plates, lamps and candlesticks.

Venturi's early works were influenced by Luis isador-Kahn and Arrow saarinen, but also by Michelangelo, Palladio, le corbusier and alvar aalto. He said: "Of all the works, alvar aalto's works inspired me the most. It is the most dynamic and connected, and it is the richest source of learning art and technology. " Venturi-designed buildings are always related to society and culture. His creative inspiration comes from all historical buildings and existing models, so the buildings he designed have both individuality and close connection with the local environment. Although he has given up many beliefs, his works are still considered as part of the post-modern period.

When designing, Venturi likes to combine simple and beautifully carved formats, and often includes satire and comedy in the comprehensive design plan, which is often oriented to international style and popular art. His works are also regarded as the model of design plane. These models are usually commemorative and decorative. He decorated with marks and symbols, used simple geometric figures and incorporated them into his design. He said: "Architecture should involve the relationship between society and architectural history", and Venturi quoted Ludwig ludwig mies van der rohe's famous saying: "Less is more" and formed his own opinion. "Less is more" does not mean that more decorations are needed for some interests, but richer in style and form.

Venturi's ideas are often imitated by others. For example, the front wall of a gable house is usually separated by a dividing part and a recessed central part. In his design, he often uses large-area windows to expand the traditional semi-circular windows, and such circular windows often appear in the buildings he designs.

Venturi always combines connection and assimilation under a grand background, which makes his architecture harmonious and complementary with the local environment. They will not ignore their surroundings because of their purpose of existence. He said, "I like the complexity and opposition in architecture, which is based on the fuzziness and richness of modern views and is also included in the connection with art."

Robert venturi and his companions, Rauch and Scott Brown, are both elites in the field of architecture. 199 1 year won the Pritzker Architecture Award, the grand prize in the field of architecture. His designs are often abstract and have traces of history, but they cover a wide range, including libraries, residential areas, commercial buildings and other related projects.

From 65438 to 0976, the extension of Allen Art Museum of Oberlin College, which was built in Ohio, USA, was connected with the old museum, and the colors and patterns of the walls echoed the original building. In a corner, a wooden and deformed Ionia pillar was placed in isolation, short, thick and funny, and got the nickname "Ione Mickey Mouse". This treatment embodies the technique advocated by Venturi: it is a fragment, a decoration, a symbol and an example of "combining traditional ingredients in an unconventional way". The AT&T Building was completed in 1984, and the architect was Johnson. The building is located in the bustling Madison Avenue in Manhattan, new york. Johnson made the exterior of this tall building look like a stone building. At the bottom of the building, there is a tall colonnade; A circular arch in the middle is 33 meters high; The top of the building is made into a gable shape with a circular gap. Some people describe the roof as an old wooden clock from a distance. Johnson explained that he intended to inherit the style of new york's old skyscrapers at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century.