Common sense of speaking and explaining words

1. Is Shuo Wen Jie Zi a A Zi dictionary?

Shuowen Jiezi is the first dictionary compiled by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, that is, the first Chinese character retrieval tool arranged by radicals. It systematically created Chinese characters into 540 radicals for the first time, and analyzed, explained and sorted out the original meaning, form and meaning, and the relationship between words and sounds, and put forward the "six books" theory of pictographic characters, demonstrative characters, knowing words, pictophonetic characters, phonetic symbols, transferred words and borrowed words, which made a comprehensive and authoritative analysis of the "six books" in the preface to Shuowen Jiezi. Since then, Liushu has set up a through train for future generations to learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, and summarized 540 Chinese radicals, thus establishing a theoretical system of Chinese characters. Kangxi Dictionary is the first dictionary-named dictionary-looking tool in China, that is to say, before the Qing Dynasty, no dictionary-looking tool was named after it. For example, Linzi written by Lu Chen in the Jin Dynasty, Mannuzu written by Liao Shixingjun in the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Zitong written by Zhang Zilie and Pian Yu written by Liang Daigu were the first regular script dictionaries in China, which were written by Mei in the Ming Dynasty. As the title of China's dictionary, its life span is only a few hundred years, so it is impossible for Xu Shen to travel from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and Kangxi to discuss whether the dictionary is called Jiezi.

2. Speak and explain words

Open classification of Chinese characters: culture, Chinese characters, national culture, Chinese culture, reference book catalogue *? Introduction * The definition of hieroglyphics *? About the author *? Detailed introduction *? The title of the book comes from Shuowen Jiezi, the first big dictionary in China (the picture shows the fifteen volumes of Shuowen Jiezi, which is a collection of Guge block prints). This paper briefly introduces Shuowen Jiezi, or Shuowen for short.

The author is Xu Shen, a Confucian scholar and philologist in the Eastern Han Dynasty (dedicated to Emperor Han An). Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written in the 12th year of Han Yongyuan (100) to the first year of Andy Jianguang (12 1).

Xu Shen founded 540 radicals according to the glyphs, and classified 9353 words into 540 parts. 540 parts were combined into 14 according to the shape system.

According to this 14 category, the dictionary text is divided into 14 articles, with a title at the end of the volume and 15 articles in the whole book. Shuo Wen Jie Zi *** 15 volume, including preface 1 volume.

In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Xu Shen systematically expounded the law of Chinese characters-Liu Shu. The style of Shuowen Jiezi is to list the seal script first, and if the ancient prose is different from the Shu prose, it will be listed later.

Then explain the original meaning of words, and then strengthen the relationship between fonts and the meaning or pronunciation of words. The arrangement of radicals in Shuo Wen Jie Zi is based on the principle of similarity in form or meaning.

Shuowen Jiezi pioneered the radical search for Chinese characters, which was mostly adopted by later dictionaries. Duan Yucai called this book "an unprecedented book, written by Xu Jun".

Many scholars have studied Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the past dynasties, and the study in Qing Dynasty was the most prosperous. Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi, Zhu's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi and Gui Fu's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi; Wang Yun's Shuo Wen Jie Zi and Shuo Wen Zhu Du are especially praised, and the four of them are also honored as "four masters of Shuo Wen".

In the word formation method, the theory of "six books" is put forward, that is, pictographic, ideographic, knowing, pictophonetic characters, phonetic symbols and borrowed sounds. In Shuo Wen Jie Zi.

"Xu" gives a comprehensive and authoritative explanation of "Six Books". Since then, "Six Books" has become a specialized knowledge.

The definition of pictographic characters refers to a word-making method that uses words to describe summarized objective entities to express the meaning of words. The words created in this way are generally tangible and figurative nouns. Such as "sun, moon, water, mountains" and so on.

Xu Shen's explanation for this is: "Ideographic characters are painted into their objects, followed by the body, and the sun and the moon are also." Classification of pictographic characters: according to the physical structure, it can be divided into two categories: single pictographic characters and combined pictographic characters.

The characteristics of hieroglyphics: First, simplicity. Pictograph "painted into its object" is not painting, but writing symbols and characters. When describing objective entities, they only outline and pay attention to the simplicity of glyphs.

The second is typicality, that is, focusing on the typical characteristics of objective entities, thus enhancing the different functions of pictographic characters in writing words and expressing meanings. Limitations of pictographic characters: it is difficult for pictographic characters to express intangible and abstract things.

Pictographs laid the foundation for the formation of words that refer to things, understand and sound. Author's brief introduction: Xu Shen (about 58 years-about 147 years), a native of Zhaoling, Runan (now Yancheng County, Henan Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was known as "unparalleled in the Five Classics".

He is a famous Confucian scholar, philologist and linguist in Han Dynasty, and the pioneer of China philology. This book is the first one in China to systematically analyze the glyphs of Chinese characters and study the origin of Chinese characters, and it is also the most widely read reference book in Chinese.

Shuowen Jiezi, or Shuowen for short, is the first Chinese dictionary arranged by radicals compiled by Xu Shen in Han Dynasty. It was originally written from 100 to 12 1, but it has been lost. Most of them are the Song version or Duan Yucai's annotation in Qing Dynasty.

The original text is written in Xiao Zhuan, and the source of the font is explained word by word. The whole book is divided into 540 radicals with 9353 words, and there are 1 163 variants and * * 105 16 words. Shuowen Jiezi summarizes the achievements of literature in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and preserves the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters. It is an indispensable bridge for learning Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and ancient sounds, and for training and visiting.

In particular, the interpretation of word meaning in Shuowen generally retains the oldest meaning, which is more helpful for understanding the word meaning in ancient books. The introduction of dialects in China during the Qin and Han Dynasties made it a reference book for understanding ancient dialects in China.

Preserving and studying the historical and cultural materials of ancient society is an important step for us to sort out China's outstanding cultural heritage. Shuowen includes explanations of various meanings and reflects ancient politics, economy, culture, customs and habits.

For example, Shuowen, "The floorboard of cars and wheels was made by Xizhong in Xia Hou". According to the explanation in Shuowen, it can be confirmed that there was a "car" as a means of transportation in Xia Dynasty.

Another example is the word "surname" from "female" and a series of surnames beside "female" such as "Jiang", "Ji" and "Yao", which can reveal the traces of ancient matriarchal society. It can be seen that Shuowen reflects some historical situations and all kinds of knowledge in ancient times, which helps us to make the past serve the present and understand the present.

Historically, there are countless versions of Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Based on Chen Changzhi's engraving, this book uses handed down documents and unearthed documents, and follows the principle of "truthfulness, reliability, convenience and practicality" to arrange the representative glyphs in each small seal script that can reflect the evolution order of Chinese characters in the unit, so as to facilitate users' comparative study.

At the same time, a radical stroke dictionary and a phonetic sequence dictionary are attached to facilitate readers to find and use them. Xu Shen, the title of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, explains that in the early book of Cang Xie, Gai Yi looked like pictographs, so it was called Wen.

After that, the form and sound benefit each other, that is, the word. The writer is the foundation of image; Words, words breed milk and so on.

3. "forbearance" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi

Interpretation of "forbearance", original text: Who can endure? Hey, f? Those who lost their lives in the disaster are called capable? Q can? What's your attitude? Is it okay? Loyal to feeding different tons and hanging in a wild posture? Does the word "ability" mean "tolerance" and "dare"? (4) Do you dare to endure the so-called injury? (4) What is the so-called patience of a ship? Penang gray stepping on persimmon x book? O second, explain in advance that the king can't bear people's hearts and politics. Are they all? A man or a woman? And I'll help you cut thirteen books into simplified characters and add punctuation: forbearance, ability, and also.

Almighty, bear. The beast is stronger than China, so the sage calls it "energy" and the strong one calls it "energy".

Anyone who dares to say "can" is called "capable" in today's customs; Dare to stop is also called "ability", which is called "ability" in today's customs. The words "ability" and "endurance" have different pronunciations.

Forbearance also means "stop". Dare to kill people is called "forbearance", and the so-called "forbearance" is also popular; Dare not kill people is also called "forbearance", and the so-called "forbearance" is also popular.

It is one of "energy". There is no difference between benevolence and righteousness. The former king can't bear the heart of others. In his politics, he must have both.

From the heart, the voice of the blade. "and" cut, thirteen.

Do you need an interpreter? .

4. How to interpret the word "culture"

Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon and the product of people's long-term creation.

At the same time, it is a historical phenomenon and the precipitation of social history. To be exact, culture refers to the history, geography, customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking and values of a country and a nation.

Culture is a very broad concept, and it is difficult to give it a strict and precise definition. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of their respective disciplines.

However, there is no accepted and satisfactory definition so far. According to statistics, "culture" has at least 200 different definitions.

The difference in people's understanding of the word "culture" is enough to explain the difficulty in defining the concept of "culture". Intuitive expression: literature is the structural accumulation of knowledge; Culture is education and educating people.

The cultural meaning of combination is the most popular and intuitive cultural concept. Theoretical statement: Culture is the reflection of human life, the record of activities, the accumulation of history, people's needs and demands for life, ideals and aspirations, and people's advanced spiritual life.

Culture is also a framework for people to know nature and think about themselves, and it is also a framework for people's spiritual support. She contains certain thoughts and theories, is people's recognition and observance of ethics and order, and is the way, method and criterion of people's life and survival.

Thought and theory are the core and soul of culture, without which there is no culture. Any culture contains a kind of thought and theory, as well as the way and method of existence.

What is "Wen"? Everything in the world, all kinds of things get together in an orderly way, forming a very "beautiful and harmonious" phenomenon, which is "Wen". The original meaning of "Hua" is change, generation and creation. Simply put, "transformation" means change.

It is the requirement of "culture" to put this idea of "beauty and harmony" into all human activities. Beauty and harmony are the highest requirements of culture.

The core of culture is man, and culture is man's ideal and effort to transcend natural attributes. The juxtaposition of "Wen" and "Hua" was first seen at the end of the Warring States period: civilization stopped at humanity.

Observing astronomy is to observe the changes of time; Look at humanity and turn it into the world. The word "Wen" in this passage evolved from the meaning of texture.

The sun and the moon crisscross the sky, that is, "astronomy", that is, the natural law of heaven. Similarly, "benevolence" refers to the social law of interpersonal relationships, that is, the relationships between people in social life, such as monarch, minister, father and son, couple, brother and friend, form a complex network with texture representation.

In this passage, the ruler must observe astronomy to understand the changes of time series, and at the same time observe humanities, so that everyone in the world can observe civilized manners and behave appropriately. Here, "human nature" is closely related to "WTO entry", and the idea of "cultural education" has been very clear.

After the Western Han Dynasty, "Wen" and "Hua" were combined into a whole word. Here, "culture" is either against nature made in heaven or against "simplicity" and "barbarism" without education. Therefore, in China's system, the original meaning of "culture" is "cultural education".

It represents the cultivation of people's temperament and morality and belongs to the category of spiritual field. With the change of time and the difference of space, now "culture" has become a multidimensional concept with rich connotation and broad extension, and has become the object of exploration, interpretation and contention in many disciplines, but the following understanding has basically been formed: culture, as a realistic existence of human society, has the same ancient history as human itself.

It can be seen from the above that the essence of culture is "humanization" or "humanization", which is a process in which human subjects adapt, utilize and transform natural objects through social practice activities and gradually realize their own values. The results of this process are not only reflected in the continuous improvement of natural characteristics, forms and functions, but also in the continuous improvement and perfection of human individual and group qualities (physiology and psychology, technology and morality, self-discipline and discipline).

It can be seen that all activities that transcend instinct and human beings consciously act on nature and society and their results belong to culture; In other words, "humanization of nature" is culture. Culture can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense: broad sense, focusing on the essential differences between human beings and general animals, human social and natural, and the unique lifestyle of human Li Zhuo in nature, covers a wide range, so it is also called big culture.

In a narrow sense, culture excludes the part about material creation activities and their results in the historical life of human society, and focuses on spiritual creation activities and their results, mainly mentality culture, also known as "small culture". Explanation in Modern Chinese Dictionary: wén huà 1.

The sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science. 2。

In archaeology, it refers to the complex of relics and relics that are not easy to distribute in the same historical period. The same tools, utensils and manufacturing techniques are the characteristics of the same culture, such as Yangshao culture and Longshan culture.

3。 Ability to use words and general knowledge: learning culture and cultural level.

The concept of "culture" has the following three characteristics: (1) historicity (2) collectivity (3) influence. Different disciplines have different understandings of culture.

Explain culture from a philosophical point of view, and think that culture is essentially the expression of philosophical thoughts. Because of the epochal and regional nature of philosophy, different styles of culture are determined.

Generally speaking, the change of philosophy leads to the change of social system, accompanied by the suppression of old culture and the rise of new culture. From the perspective of existentialism, culture is a description of the way of existence of a person or a group of people.

People exist in nature as well as in history and times; Time is an important platform for a person or a group of people to exist in nature; Society, country and nation (family) are another important platform for a person or a group of people to exist in history and times; Culture refers to people's way of speaking or expressing, communication or behavior, consciousness or cognition in this process of existence. Culture is not only used to describe the external behavior of a group of people, but also includes behavior.

5. What kind of book is Shuo Wen Jie Zi?

Shuowen Jiezi is the earliest and most authoritative Chinese dictionary in the history of China.

Author Xu Shen, from Zhaoling, Runan (now Yancheng, Henan), is a famous scholar and philologist in ancient China. The purpose of compiling this book is to solve the "text interpretation dispute" between modern literature and ancient literature scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Through the analysis of the structure and form of Chinese characters in ancient Chinese, this book reveals the correct relationship between the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters, thus criticizing and denying the way that modern China literature scholars interpreted Chinese characters in the form of official script at that time, hoping that the text would generate meaning. The style of the book is complete and orderly, with Xiao Zhuan as the main body and radicals as the radicals. According to different radicals, it is divided into 540 parts.

Among them, from the beginning of the first part to the end of the mysterious part, the interpretation of each word adopts a fixed format of meaning first, then form and then sound. The book contains more than 9350 words of seal script, including seal script in pre-Qin period and seal script newly created in Han dynasty. Shuowen Jiezi plays an extremely important role in studying the development of Chinese characters, compiling Chinese character reference books and understanding the research and development of ancient Chinese character theory in China.

The radical arrangement method used in Shuo Wen Jie Zi has been used up to now, which occupies an important position in the cultural history of China.