Where is the best porcelain in China? Five famous kilns in China

The five famous kilns in China during the Song Dynasty are: Jun kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ding kiln and Ge kiln.

China's five famous kilns officially ushered in the "porcelain" era of firing practical vessels and ornamental vessels. In fact, before the Song Dynasty, most of the practical vessels and ornamental vessels fired in China were pottery, which were different types. Therefore,

It is said that the arrival of the five famous kilns is the arrival of the porcelain age in the true sense.

And sparse, it is known as "as few as morning stars".

There are tiny patterns on the glaze, called "crab claw patterns."

Ru porcelain was listed as the first of the five famous porcelains (Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, and Ding) in the Song Dynasty of China, and was designated as royal porcelain for the palace at that time.

Ruzhou is the hometown of Ru porcelain. The shape of Ru porcelain is simple and elegant. Its glaze is like "the sky is broken by clear clouds after the rain" and "the blue waves are green from thousands of peaks".

, bright but not dazzling, with the characteristics of "pear skin, crab claws, and sesame flowers", and is known by the world as "like jade, not jade, but better than jade".

In 1952, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed "to develop the cultural heritage of the motherland and resume the production of Ru kilns."

After hundreds of experiments and research, in 1958, experts from the Ruzhou No. 1 Rucier Factory, the hometown of Ru porcelain, fired the first batch of bean green glaze imitation Ru utensils. In August 1983, the Ru porcelain sky blue glaze passed through the Ru porcelain factory.

The expert's trial firing was successful and it was appraised by ceramic experts. Technically, it reached or exceeded the level of Ru kiln in the Song Dynasty.

Ruzhou has a long history and rich resources. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established Linru as Yizhou when he founded the emperor. Emperor Yang initially changed the name to Ruzhou. "The name of Ruzhou began from then on."

Guan kiln Guan kiln is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. The porcelain kiln operated by the government also generally refers to the porcelain produced in Jingdezhen for the court during the Qing Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, they were built directly by the government and were divided into Northern Song Dynasty official kilns and Southern Song Dynasty official kilns.

The official kiln in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty was called "Shufu Kiln".

Official kilns in Jingdezhen during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were often named after emperors in modern times, such as "Xuande Kiln", "Chenghua Kiln", "Kangxi Kiln", etc.

Official kilns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also called "imperial kilns", while kilns other than official kilns were called "private kilns".

The official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty did not start firing until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty when Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was the official kiln of Kuipianxi. The specific kiln site has not yet been discovered.

After Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty crossed south, he set up another new kiln in Lin'an (today's Hangzhou). One kiln was "placed in Xiunei Division", and later a new kiln was "built under the altar in the suburbs".

According to analysis, the "Xiuneisi Official Kiln" is located at the foot of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, while the "Jiaotan Official Kiln" is located in the Wuguishan area of ??Hangzhou.

In order to make a distinction, the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty were called "old official" and the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty were called "new official".

Among them, "old official" is thick and heavy, while "new official" is light and thin.

The official kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty was mainly plain, with neither gorgeous carvings nor colorful paintings. Most of them were decorated with concave and convex straight edges and string patterns.

Its body color is iron-black and its glaze color is pink-green. The "purple mouth iron foot" adds to the simple and elegant beauty. "Purple mouth iron foot" refers to the fact that the iron content in the celadon body material is as high as 3.5%-5%, resulting in a thin glaze on the mouth edge of the product.

The exposed parts are gray or gray-purple, while the bottom part where the glaze is scraped off and exposed is dark brown or dark gray.

In addition to the common shapes of plates, dishes, washbasins, etc., the official kiln's utensils also imitate the various styles of bottles and furnaces found in the ancient bronzes of the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties.

China enjoys the reputation of "the porcelain country of the world".

Among the dazzling array of Chinese porcelain, "Northern Song Dynasty official kiln celadon" is outstanding, exquisite, full of ancient flavor, simple and elegant, and is regarded as a treasure.

Official porcelain was made from government-run porcelain kilns and was exclusively used by the royal family. It was the royal porcelain of the Song Huizong era in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Even powerful officials and nobles could only admire the porcelain, which was visible but out of reach.

Therefore, nobility and rarity have become people's first impression of Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain.

It is said that after the official kiln was built, the eunuchs in the palace came to inspect it and smashed it into pieces if they found any slight flaws.

Only the remaining fine products can be presented to the palace for royal use.

Because of this, there are very few official kilns in existence.

Ding kiln was a famous porcelain kiln in the north during the Song Dynasty.

The kiln is located in Jianci Village, Quyang, Hebei Province.

It began to be burned in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty, and gradually declined during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

The plates and bowls have the characteristics of glazes due to over-burning and tear marks due to drooping of the glaze.

Ding kiln was one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. The kilns were located in Jianzi Village and Dongxiyan Village in Quyang, Hebei Province today. They belonged to Dingzhou in the Song Dynasty, hence the name.

Founded and fired in the Tang Dynasty, China's five famous kilns reached their peak in the Northern Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, and finally in the Yuan Dynasty.

Famous for producing white porcelain, it also produces black glaze, sauce glaze and glazed porcelain, which are called "Heiding", "Purple Ding" and "Green Ding" in the literature respectively.

Ding kiln is a white porcelain kiln that succeeded Xing kiln.

In the Tang Dynasty, the main types of utensils were bowls, while in the Song Dynasty, bowls, plates, bottles, dishes, boxes and pillows were the main types. They also produced pure bottles, conches and other Buddha offerings. They were thin and light, hard in quality and white in color.

Not very transparent.

Ding kiln is made by lamination and re-firing, and most of the rims are not glazed, which is called "Mangkou". This is one of the characteristics of Ding kiln products.

Ding kiln porcelain is deeply loved by people for its rich and colorful pattern decoration.

The main decorative techniques are white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze scratching, as well as white glaze carving and gold color tracing.

The printing is mainly based on flowers, including lotus, chrysanthemum, daylilies, peonies, etc., as well as animal patterns such as mandarin ducks, dragons, phoenixes, lions, etc. The pictures are rigorous, symmetrical, and neat and elegant. The white glaze printed set has always been regarded as a treasure in ceramic art.

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In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Ding kiln's carvings, compositions and patterns were simple, mostly with heavy lotus petals, and decorated with the beauty of bas-relief.

The carvings and decorations in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty are exquisite and unique.