Appreciation of Chinese embroidery works, looking for experts, urgent

Embroidery, also known as "needle embroidery", is commonly known as "embroidery".

Using embroidery needles to attract colored threads (silk, velvet, thread), embroidering the fabric (silk, cloth) with needles according to the designed pattern, and using embroidery traces to form patterns or characters, is one of my country's outstanding national traditional crafts.

In ancient times, it was called "黹" and "黹".

Later, because embroidery was mostly done by women, it was also called "Nvhong".

According to "Shangshu", the Zhangfu system as far back as 4,000 years ago stipulated that "clothes should be painted and embroidered."

By the Zhou Dynasty, there were records of "Xiuyou's post".

The embroidery from the Warring States and Han Dynasties unearthed in Hubei and Hunan is of very high quality.

Embroidery in the Tang and Song dynasties had fine needles and rich colors. It was popular to use embroidery for calligraphy, painting, decorations, etc.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the scale of palace embroidery workers in the feudal dynasty was very large, and folk embroidery also developed further. Su embroidery, Cantonese embroidery, Hunan embroidery, and Shu embroidery were produced successively, known as the "Four Famous Embroideries".

In addition, there are Gu embroidery, Beijing embroidery, Ou embroidery, Shandong embroidery, Fujian embroidery, Bian embroidery, Han embroidery and Miao embroidery, etc., all of which have their own styles and have been passed down to this day and have endured for a long time.

There are dozens of embroidery needle techniques: straight needle, trocar needle, tie needle, long and short needle, sub-needle, flat gold, sand and so on, which are rich and colorful, each with its own characteristics.

The uses of embroidery include: lifestyle clothing, singing and dancing or opera costumes, daily necessities such as tablecloths, pillowcases, cushions, and furnishings such as screens and wall hangings.

2. Origin of China Embroidery originated very early.

The article on embroidery and embroidery can be found in Shangshu.

At the time of Yu and Shun, there was already embroidery.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, officials were set up to perform their duties, and in the Han Dynasty, there were palace embroideries.

Wu Sunquan of the Three Kingdoms sent Mrs. Zhao to embroider maps of mountains, terrains, and military formations. In the first year of Tang Yongzhen (AD 805), Lu Meiniang embroidered seven volumes of the Lotus Sutra on ruler silk. She was famous for her embroidery and can be seen in the former's records.

Since the Han Dynasty, embroidery has gradually become a unique art among women, and famous embroiderers have also occupied a place in the history of art.

The earliest embroidery handed down to the present are two pieces of embroidery unearthed from Chu tombs in Changsha, Hunan during the Warring States Period. Judging from the needlework, they are completely embroidered on silk and Luo with braided stitches (i.e. lock embroidery). The stitches are neat and the colors are elegant.

The lines are smooth, and the patterns of dragons and phoenixes, fierce tigers and auspicious animals are natural, vivid, lively and powerful, fully demonstrating the achievements of Chu State's embroidery art.

Embroidery from the Han Dynasty has been unearthed in Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang, Wuluchong Tomb in Hebei Province, northern Inner Mongolia, and the Astana North Tomb in Turpan, Xinjiang. In particular, a large number of various types and complete works were unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha in 1972.

The embroidery is more helpful to understand the embroidery style of the Han Dynasty.

Judging from these embroideries, the themes of Han embroidery patterns are mostly wavy cloud patterns, soaring phoenixes, galloping mythical beasts, as well as ribbon patterns and geometric patterns commonly seen in Han mirror decorations.

The new basic materials used for embroidery were fabrics that were popular at the time, such as silk and brocade woven with auspicious words such as "Prolong life and prosper the future" and "Longevity and Brightness".

Its technique is mainly lock embroidery, which fills the pattern with a tight composition, neat stitches and extremely smooth lines.

Silk fabrics from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Northern Dynasties were unearthed in Dunhuang, Gansu, Hotan, Bachu, Turpan and other places in Xinjiang. The fragments of embroidery found, regardless of pattern or blank space, were all embroidered with fine lock embroidery, becoming all-over embroidery.

features.

The embroidery handed down and unearthed from the Tang Dynasty is closely related to the religious art of the Tang Dynasty. There are many Tang embroidered Buddha statues, such as the embroidered tent and the Sakyamuni preaching on the Eagle Mountain in the British Museum, which was found in the Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang, Japan.

The pictures of Sakyamuni's sermons in the Nara National Museum are directly related to the belief in the prosperity of the Buddha.

At this time, the embroidery techniques still followed the lock embroidery of the Han Dynasty, but the stitching methods began to change to mainly flat embroidery, and a variety of different stitching methods and various colored threads were used.

The embroidery base materials used are not limited to brocade and plain silk.

The patterns used in embroidery are closely related to painting. In addition to Buddhist figures, landscapes, flowers and birds also gradually became popular in Tang Dynasty paintings.

Therefore, Buddhist figures, landscapes and pavilions, flowers and birds have also become embroidery patterns, with lively compositions and bright colors.

The use of fine flat embroidery techniques, the use of various colored threads and stitching techniques, instead of painting using pigments, forms a special art, which is also the unique style of Tang embroidery.

As for the use of gold and silver threads to coil the outline of the pattern to enhance the three-dimensional effect of the object, it can be regarded as an innovation of Tang Dynasty embroidery.

Embroidery before the Tang Dynasty was mostly for practical and decorative purposes, and the content of the embroidery was related to daily needs and customs.

The embroidery works of the Song Dynasty were not only practical products, but also devoted to embroidery.

Since the Jin and Tang dynasties, literati and officials have been fond of calligraphy and have applied it to painting. Calligraphy and painting were the highest artistic expressions at that time. In the Song Dynasty, they also used silk embroidery. The style of calligraphy and painting directly affected the style of embroidery.

There should be an inseparable relationship between embroidery and painting in all eras from the past dynasties to the Qing Dynasty.

The prosperity of the Song Dynasty was due to the rewards and promotion promoted by the court at that time.

According to "History of the Song Dynasty Official Records", the Palace Chinese Embroidery Academy was in charge of compiling embroidery.

During the reign of Emperor Huizong, an embroidery department was established, which classified embroidery into landscapes, pavilions, figures, flowers and birds. As a result, famous embroidery workers emerged one after another, developing painting to the highest level, and moving from practicality to art appreciation, bringing calligraphy and painting into embroidery.

, forming a unique ornamental embroidery.

In order for the work to achieve the expressive artistic conception of calligraphy and painting, it is necessary to have a plan before embroidering, and to measure the situation during embroidery, so as to be more delicate.

The composition must be simplified, and the choice of patterns and leaving blank space is very important. It is completely different from the all-over embroidery with or without patterns in the Tang Dynasty. Dong Qichang's "Jun Qingxuan Secret Records" of the Ming Dynasty records: "The embroidery of the Song Dynasty uses fine needles and threads, and uses velvet.

Only one or two threads are used, and the needle is as thin as a hair, and the color is exquisite and radiant. The mountains and rivers are far and near, the pavilions are deep, the characters are full of vision, and the flowers and birds are extremely charming and slanderous.

It is better than painting. The three interests are complete when you look at them, and the spring breeze with your fingers reaches this point."

This description roughly explains the characteristics of Song embroidery.