Architectural art of Tibetan Buddhism?

The earliest temple in Tibet is Samye Temple, which was built in Tufan Dynasty (AD 779), marking the birth of the first temple in Tibet. From 10 to 13 century, Buddhism flourished again in Tibet, and many big temples such as Tolin, Say and Coarse Cloth appeared one after another. In A.D. 1409, Gandan Temple was first built by the Yellow Sect, and then drepung monastery, Sera Temple and Tashilhunpo Temple were built one after another, and Tibetan temple architecture entered its heyday. According to the records of Shengwu, there were 3,477 temples of Yellow Sect reported to Li Fanyuan in the 11th year of Yongzheng.

Like many Tibetan temples, every form and aspect of them has profound symbolic significance. The overall layout and hall design of Sanye Temple are based on the Buddhist cosmology model and adopt a relatively unified method. In the center of the temple is the Wuzi Hall, which symbolizes Mount Sumi in the center of the world. The Nima Hall and the Dawa Hall in the north and south symbolize the sun and the moon; There are four pagodas around Ursa major, white, blue, green and red, symbolizing the four heavenly kings; The twelve buildings around the main hall symbolize four continents around Xu Mi and eight small islands in Weihai. The circular outer wall symbolizes the iron wall around the world; Several paths along the fence turn around to worship, which indicates the long turn of Falun Gong. The interior of the temple is treated with curtains and colors, creating a strange and mysterious atmosphere. The hall is generally dark, but the Buddha statue is very bright, which probably contains the mysterious meaning of "the world is dark, only the Buddha's light"

Temple architecture in Tibet can be roughly divided into two categories: Pingchuan architecture and mountain architecture.

Jokhang Temple can be regarded as a masterpiece of Pingchuan architecture. The glittering buildings in the Tang Dynasty, which are lined with buildings, combine the Han and Tibetan styles and create a new layout of Pingchuan temples in Tibet. The center of the main hall is surrounded by Buddhist temples, which is quite different from the symmetrical pattern of temples in China.

Jokhang Temple.

The main building of the main hall is divided into two parts. The dry wall below is granite, which is three to five stories high, with a big bottom and a small top. The side view is slightly trapezoidal, and the top floor is a platform. The hall of civil structure is built on the platform.

The roof tiles and surrounding decorations of the hall are different from the glazed tiles in China, which are made of copper skin and gold plating. Jin Lu on the Jinding is said to be the incarnation of the Bodhisattva, with his eyes fixed on the Falun, symbolizing that the Buddha said he was in the wild deer park. Sculptures such as lions, water beasts and * * * birds under the cornices of Jinding have a strong Indian and Nepalese temple style.

There are twenty huge pillars in the main hall, which support the three-layer main structure of the main hall. The beams, beams, columns and lintels in the main hall are covered with reliefs and paintings of birds and animals, and the reliefs on the stigma bucket arch include naked or clothed figures, swans and white elephants. The knife method is simple and refined, which is a first-class masterpiece.

Potala Palace. Of all the palaces and castles in Tibet, it is breathtaking. Potala Palace can be regarded as a typical Tibetan mountain temple. The Potala Palace, built in the 7th century, is regarded as a miracle in the history of human architecture, and is famous for its grandeur and brilliance. Rows of temples in the Vatican Palace are stacked all the way to the top of potala hill (Hongshan), and the Xu Jinbao architecture on the top of Miyagi shines like a flame, illuminating the whole Hongshan, just like a fairyland on earth.

the Potala Palace

On the red hill in the Lhasa Valley Plain, a thousand magnificent palaces have risen from the ground. Bugong Palace is more than 200 meters high, and the cornerstone of the palace wall several meters thick is directly built on Hongshan rock mass with giant granite, from the southern foot of Hongshan to the top of the mountain. There are two-color palaces on the 0/3 floor of the main building/KLOC-namely the Bonus Palace and the White House. It has three golden halls, including the main hall, the Buddhist temple, the Confucian classics courtyard and the Lingta. The winding paths of the cloister are staggered, like a maze. There are countless palace reliefs, round carvings, murals, paintings and gold and silver ornaments, which are exquisite and colorful. All colonnades, rafters, lintels and arches are carved with patterns, figures, birds and animals, colorful clouds, and especially the exquisite algae wells, which can be called masterpieces of oriental art patterns.

There are sitting pagodas of different sizes in the cloth palace. The most striking thing is the tower decoration of the Lingta Hall of the Fifth Dalai Lama. The tower body is all wrapped in gold skin, and the gold skin of the tower body is inlaid with pearls, precious stones, corals, amber and Madagascar, 18677 pieces. Potala Palace is a treasure house and art hall of Tibetan religion.

The Labrang Temple in Xiahe, Gansu Province is also this kind of Tibetan architecture.

Labuleng temple

Lasi Temple was built in 1709 (forty-nine years of Qing Emperor Kangxi). Its main buildings, such as Dajingtang, Siwen Academy, Maitreya Buddha Hall, Zhanyang Post Office, etc., are almost all concentrated in the height of the mountain, from the hillside to the river, the pedestal is from high to low, surrounded by large and small temples, and the three sides are uneven, which sets off the grandeur and majesty of the main building complex.

The style of Tibetan monasteries is reflected in that both Buddhist temples, Buddhist temples and monasteries attach great importance to the decoration of walls, and the walls are all made of dark brown wall strips. "Edge horse" means red willow, and the edge horse wall is to tie red willow strips into small bundles, dye them dark brown and hoe them together, with vertical wooden roots in the middle and fixed in the upper and lower walls; There is a crossbar Fang under the wall, and the white cake with black background is carved on the surface, which is called the moon Fang. The walls are often covered with bronze gilded Buddhist patterns and Sanskrit, which sparkle against a crimson background. The hidden window under the wall of the main hall is rectangular, with window eaves on the upper edge and cloth curtains hanging. The hypotenuse of the trapezoid echoes the outline of the oblique corner, and the fluttering curtains make the whole wall look lifelike.

The buildings in Lasi Temple, such as Dajingtang, Buddhist Temple and Academy, are in sharp contrast in space size and height. Through carefully arranged transfer and transition, they are combined into a meaningful series to create a different atmosphere. Entering the Faculty of Literature, from the front hall and vestibule to the lecture hall and back hall, the ground is getting higher and higher, and the light is getting darker and darker. Entering the big lecture hall, the space is depressed. A 1700 square meter hall, 5 meters high, with no windows around, a column net, a full moon building, and butter lamps flashing in the dark. The back hall is lower than the main hall, but the internal space rises abruptly, crowded with huge Buddha statues and pagodas. At this time, people's psychology has experienced depression and fear. Raise the sense of reverence and sacredness, and prostrate yourself at the feet of Buddha.

According to the doctrine, the dominant buildings in temples use red, yellow and dark brown, while large temples and towers are painted white, and the visible window frames and depressions around the door openings are painted thick black, with glittering golden tops and gilded decorations on the roofs, which further deepens the command function of the central building. The corridor around the temple unifies the rich and gorgeous colors in the center of the whole temple and the light and simple colors at the edge.

The temples combining Han and Tibetan are widely distributed in Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. This Sino-Tibetan temple has absorbed the characteristics of the central axis layout of China temples, such as Sanmen, Tianwang Hall and Daxiong Hall. The most important feature is that its main structure basically adopts the wooden frame of the Han nationality, and a Chinese-style sloping mountain roof is added at the top. However, several temples are often combined into a connected building complex, commonly known as "linked", and pure Tibetan or Sino-Tibetan buildings are staggered in the combination.

This is true of Ganzhuer Temple in Hailar, Inner Mongolia, Dajingtang Temple in Bailing Temple in Gudamao Banner, and Meidaizhao Dajingtang Hall in Tumd Right Banner, Baotou. Dajingtang consists of three temples resting at the top of the mountain, and the outer bottom of the middle hall is surrounded by Tibetan walls. The last temple is a towering pillar that reaches to the top. "Is for the Buddha, to build a second-floor cloister for viewing. In the details of these temples, in addition to kisses and horns, there are unique flame palms, lotus flowers, inverted clocks and so on. The Lama Temple is commonly used, and the four corners are also equipped with three halberds and a treasure house, which makes the building look flexible and light.

Ganzhuer temple

The most famous combination of Han and Tibetan is Ta 'er Temple in Xining, Qinghai. Ta Temple is one of the six monasteries of Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect) of Tibetan Buddhism.

The architectural layout and hall structure of Ta 'er Temple are very ingenious. It combines Chinese sloping roofs, bucket arches, Tibetan square pavilions with flat roofs and dense beams, trapezoidal windows and special-shaped columns. Vivid and harmonious, it constitutes the artistic style of combining Han and Tibetan.

Dajinwa Hall, Xiaojinwa Hall, Dajingtang Hall and Tanzong Hall all adopt courtyard form, and the main hall and pavilion are mixed. The arch and cornices retain the colorful and rigorous style of China architecture, and complement each other with the Golden Falun and the Treasure Tower on the Tibetan flat roof.

Especially unique is the golden dome of the Dajinwa Hall. 17 1 1 year (fifty years of the reign of emperor Kangxi of the Qing dynasty), the flat roof was changed to jinding, with gold 1300 taels and silver 12000 taels. 1740 (five years after Qianlong), 27,000 pairs of gold-plated tiles were used to install Jindingbao bottles, explosion-proof treasure bottles and Jin Lu; Lamaism ornaments, such as golden wheels, form a large golden tile hall with three eaves, which has a style of relying on mountains and rivers.

The most peculiar thing is that there are 168 columns in the Great Hall, covering an area of 2,050 square meters. Together with the cloister, it has a total area of 2,750 square meters, which can be used by 6,000 monks to chant Buddhist scriptures. This is a two-story Tibetan hall with a flat roof and dense beams. All the pillars in the hall are wrapped in colorful Tibetan carpets with a dragon pattern on them, and the sparrow pattern on the main beam is similar to the big sparrow pattern in China. The whole hall is covered with thangka and curtains; Buildings and piles of embroidery, together with colored paintings, carved beams and columns, algae wells and murals, present a unique deep and mysterious esoteric atmosphere in dim light.

Kumbum Monastery

A large number of Tibetan brick carvings are preserved on the doorframes, gables and zhaobi of Ta 'er Temple. Green glazed walls and brick walls have absorbed China's brick carving techniques, and figures, animals and flowers have obvious Tibetan Buddhist artistic style in Wutun, Huangnan.

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