Furniture structure with mortise and tenon structure

Combination of tenon and mortise of Ming furniture

There are nearly 100 kinds of mortise and tenon combinations of Ming mahogany furniture, including grid tenon, bracket tenon, corner tenon, dovetail joint, chuck tenon, shoulder tenon, dragon tenon, wedge tenon, shoulder tenon, fence tenon, sleeve tenon, hanging tenon, half tenon and zigzag tenon.

Shoulder tenon: Shoulder tenon is a tenon-mortise structure used when the legs and feet of waist-binding furniture are combined with waist-binding and teeth. It can also be said that it is a tenon-mortise structure in which the horizontal part and the vertical part of furniture are connected.

Shoulder tenon is a complex tenon-mortise structure, because it is necessary to solve the connection between legs and panels, legs and waist, and legs and legs. Take a square table with a waist as an example. Make two perpendicular but unconnected half tenons at the upper ends of the legs and feet, and connect them with the desktop. At the part connected with the girdle, a 45-degree oblique shoulder should be made, and a triangular mortise should be chiseled to connect with the 45-degree oblique tip and triangular tenon of the tooth strip. The inclined tip also has a "hanging needle" with a small top and a large bottom, and the cross section is half silver ingot-shaped, which is sleeved with the notch opened on the back of the rack.

In the waist-binding furniture in the early Ming and Qing dynasties, the teeth and the waist-binding were a whole board, so that the waist-binding, the teeth and the legs and feet were firmly connected by hanging nails. This is standard practice for tenons. After the middle of Qing dynasty, the practice of holding shoulder tenon began to be simplified, eliminating the hanging pin. In order to save materials, the teeth and waist are also made of two pieces of wood. By the end of the Qing dynasty, the practice of holding the shoulder tenon was further simplified, and even the tenon tongue on the tooth strip was gone, only glue was used. The firmness of the table is greatly reduced.

Overlord room: Overlord room is a mortise-and-tenon structure used for square tables and stools, which can also be said to be a mortise-and-tenon structure that does not need to be reinforced by transverse stirrups. When making a table, in order to increase the firmness of the four legs, it is generally necessary to add a crossbar to the upper ends of the legs. But sometimes it is necessary to make a table with exquisite shape. Considering that the four stiles are in the way, but at the same time, the firmness of the table should be considered, so the "overlord stile" can be used. The Wang Ba is S-shaped, with the upper end connected to the threading of the desktop and fixed with pins, and the lower end connected to the legs and feet (where it should be placed horizontally). The tenon at the lower end of the brick is in the shape of half a silver ingot. The mortises on the legs and feet are big at the bottom and small at the top. When assembling, insert the tenon of Wang Ba from the mortise of the leg, pull it up, then hook it and fix it with a wooden wedge.

Barrel tenon: it is a tenon-mortise structure commonly used to make box furniture. The legs and feet have tenons at the top and are combined with mortises at the bottom of the case. The upper ends of legs and feet are open and teeth are embedded, so the appearance of legs and feet is higher than that of teeth and teeth. In this structure, the rack is clamped by four legs and connected into a box to receive the case surface, so that the angle between the case surface and the legs and feet is not easy to change, and the weight of the case surface can be well dispersed and transmitted to the four legs and feet.

Shoulder tenon: it is the tenon-mortise structure for making box furniture. The top of the leg and foot is provided with a straight tenon with a half head, which is connected with the mortise on the big side of the case surface, and the front of the upper end of the leg and foot is also made into an angular inclined shoulder; The front of the tooth plate is also engraved with a notch with the same depth as the inclined shoulder; When assembling, the rack and legs and feet are embedded with inclined shoulders to form a flush surface; When the panel bears the load, the toothed plate is also under pressure, but the pressure can be transmitted to the four legs and feet through the inclined shoulders on the legs and feet.

Zongjiao tenon: Zongjiao tenon is named after it looks like Zongzi angle. Seen from three sides, it is a 45-degree diagonal line, also called the "triangle tip". Mostly used for frame connection. In addition, Ming-style furniture also has a "forty-style" table, and the joints of legs, feet, teeth and plates should be tenons.

Tenon planting: also known as "pile head" and "walking needle", it is a tenon-mortise structure used between detachable furniture parts. Because tenons are easy to be worn or even damaged due to disassembly, in order to facilitate maintenance and avoid the situation that furniture parts are scrapped due to tenon damage, it is generally made of another kind of wood, and then tenons are planted on furniture parts. Tenon mortise structure is often used. Dowels are often inserted between the rings of arhat bed and between the side rings and the bed.

Wedge tenon: used to connect round bar-shaped and arc-shaped furniture parts, such as the tenon-mortise structure of round handrails. Although the two round sticks are cut in half to make a palm-shaped lap joint, the front end of each tenon has a small stepped straight tenon that can be inserted into the groove on the other. This prevents the connecting member from moving up and down. Then cut a square hole with a slightly larger end in the middle of the connection part, and then make a long wooden wedge with the size of a quadrangular prism. After insertion, it can be ensured that the two small straight tenons will not come off back and forth. Wedge tenons should be used as handrails for round chairs and round furniture.

Checked shoulder: The horizontal and vertical materials of traditional furniture intersect, the outer half of tenon material is cut into isosceles triangle tips, and the other material is also cut into isosceles triangle notches at the corresponding half of mortise, and then spliced, commonly known as "plaid shoulder".

Angle tenon: Angle teeth mesh with leg and rack. Generally, notches are dug on leg and foot to mesh with the tenon of angle teeth. When forming a rack or face with legs and feet, the angle teeth and rack or face are mortises inserted into the pile head, so the "angle tenon" is a combination of mortises and tenons, not a single structural form.

Long and short tenons: Generally, when the leg is joined with the edge of the face, the tenon of the leg material becomes two tenons, one is long and the other is short, which are perpendicular to each other and combined with the mortise of the edge, so it is called "long and short tenon". Because the edging joint is made of grid tenons, the tenons on both sides of the plastering head collide with the tenons on the big side from the mortise leg, so only the long and short tenons can be firm.

Shoulder tenon: there are several forms of combination of teeth and legs and feet. The method of shoulder tenon is 45 degrees, and the tenon shoulder is tenoned and drilled. The embedded rack forms the same level as the legs and feet, which is a tenon-mortise structure commonly used in Ming and Qing furniture with waist.

Hidden tenon: The two ends of two wooden boards are butted, and dovetail joint joint is adopted, which is not exposed. It is called "hidden tenon" or "blunt tenon" and is a necessary tenon for making several boxes, cases and boxes.

Dowel: The chairs in Ming and Qing Dynasties were built without picks, and there was no need to use collet tenons at the joints with the legs of the chairs. Usually, the tenon is dug out with leg material, and the square tenon is dug in the brain-making part, hence the name.

Hanging tenon: Hanging tenon is a kind of wedge tenon. One side of the tenon is inclined, and the hole is chiseled in the same shape, but it needs to be twice as long to be chiseled straight. After the tenon is put into the straight hole, it cannot be pulled out by hanging or hanging. If it is disassembled, it can be moved into the straight hole again. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many vertical teeth had tenons. Because tenon is actually a loaded wedge, it is also called "hanging wedge". The craftsman in the north is called "riding a horse".

Hook tenon: the mortise is made into a right-angle terrace shape, and the tenon is also made into a corresponding right-angle terrace shape, but the lower bottom surface of the tenon is equal to the bottom surface of the mortise, and the inclined surface engages with the inclined surface after being embedded, resulting in the anti-hook effect. Then fill the gap of the tenon with wedge-shaped material, so that it will never come out easily, so it is called "hook tenon"

Mahogany furniture and tenon-mortise structure

In recent hundreds of years, China has been regarded as a national quintessence by overseas Chinese: one is the art of Peking Opera, and the other is mahogany furniture. China's traditional furniture has reached the peak of its skills since the late Ming Dynasty. It has been passed down from generation to generation and continues to this day. Today, China traditional furniture culture has become a part of the world cultural heritage. As we all know, Mika has been famous for a long time. The soul of traditional mahogany furniture in China is tenon-mortise structure. The whole set of furniture and even the whole house can be used for hundreds or even thousands of years without a nail, which is a miracle in the history of human light industry manufacturing. This traditional production technology in China is the reason why people at home and abroad pursue it.

First, the tenon-mortise structure has a long history. It is found that as early as the Neolithic Age in Hemudu, our ancestors began to use tenons and mortises. As a unique technological creation of the Chinese nation, tenon-mortise structure has a long history. China's traditional furniture (especially Ming and Qing furniture) has reached today's level, which is directly related to the application of this feature. It is also the application of this ingenious structure that enhances the artistic value of China furniture, especially by foreign furniture and architectural artists. Tenon and mortise structure is the core of China furniture, also known as traditional furniture.

2. Furniture with tenon-mortise structure is more durable than furniture connected with nails. This combination can effectively limit the distortion between wooden pieces in all directions. Nail connection can't be done. For example, if nails are used to make a T-shaped combination of two wooden roofs, the vertical roof and the horizontal roof are easy to distort and change their angles, but tenons and mortises will not distort. Secondly, metals are prone to rust or oxidation, while real mahogany furniture can be used for hundreds or thousands of years. Many Ming style furniture has a history of hundreds of years. Despite the vicissitudes of life, the wood is as hard as ever. If such furniture is combined with nails, it is likely that the wood will be intact, but the furniture will fall apart due to corrosion, fatigue and aging of the connecting metal.

Third, furniture with tenon-mortise structure is easy to transport. Many mahogany furniture is disassembled and transported, so it is very convenient to assemble and install it at the destination. If the furniture is connected by nails, it can be partially disassembled, but this cannot be done for furniture with many pieces in Xiao Mu, such as chairs.

Fourth, furniture with mortise and tenon structure is easy to maintain. Pure mahogany furniture can be used for hundreds of years, and there will always be problems, such as a broken brick that needs to be replaced. Nail-connected furniture is not as easy to disassemble and replace as mortise-and-tenon furniture.

Fifth, the tenon and mortise are of high quality. Mahogany wood is hard, and pushing nails in by squeezing and drilling hard wedges can easily lead to wood splitting, which carpenters know very well. Using mortise and tenon to connect mahogany furniture can greatly improve the internal quality of mahogany furniture, which is also an important reason why mahogany furniture made by traditional Chinese technology has value-added collection value.