Brief introduction of several popular folk song and dance forms in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Playing lotus fragrance, also known as Hua Gun, Qian Whip and overlord whip, is a popular folk song and dance in the north. Dancers dress up as Dan Ugly and perform with "overlord whip". Qing Mao Qiling's "West River Thorn": "Jin music imitates the system of Liao Dynasty's big music, and those who have so-called Lian Xiang Ci will sing and perform." In the Hundred Pictures of Folk Customs in Beijing painted by folk painters in Qing Dynasty, there is the word "Lianxiang" with the caption: "This flower is also a picture of Lianxiang. He is a troupe actor, dressed as a woman, holding a bamboo board and a colorful fan, digging a small hole with a bamboo pole, loading a few copper coins, and dancing in his hand, or singing independently on the bamboo board, called' playing lotus fragrance'. "

Ancient paintings are popular folk songs and dances in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Originated in Fengyang, Anhui. In the earliest days, farmers would sing drums when transplanting rice seedlings in the fields. Later, a more common form of performance was a man and a woman. The man knocked on a boring gong, and the woman played a small flower drum, singing and dancing, sometimes accompanied by other musical instruments. According to Li Dou's "Yangzhou Boat Painting" in Qing Dynasty, the early flower drums were "intoxicating with sad sounds". According to Zhao Yi's "Jade Cong Kao", "Every year, people from Fengyang will come to all counties in Jiangsu, old and young, men and women, and they will go to the village to beg for food ... They will sing,' They live in Luzhou and Fengyang, which used to be a good place. Since the birth of Zhu Yuanzhang, there have been nine famines in ten years. Gu, a adherent of the early Qing Dynasty, once painted the Flower Drum. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), Xu Yang drew a picture of a prosperous time, in which Suzhou presented a colorful stage, playing "Playing the Flower Drum", one of the legendary Hongmei Records of the Ming Dynasty, which was a popular "fashionable play" at that time.

Taiping drum. Originally, it was a song and dance form of Manchu people's sacrifice and blessing, and later it was used in folk entertainment activities and spread to Beijing and all parts of North China. The performer holds the Taiping drum and sings and dances while knocking. The shape of the Taiping Drum is based on Tsui Hark's "Clear the Barn Sample Banknotes": "The old drum is named Taiping Drum, with iron as the ring and wood as the handle. The handle is tied with an iron ring and the ring is covered. There is a twelfth lunar month in Beijing, and children are happy. " The singing of Northeast Taiping Drum absorbs the tunes of folk songs, duet and Northeast Drum, and its performance form is lively. There are also many elderly women who can play Taiping drum in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing Dynasty, the court and the people performed Taiping Drum on New Year's Eve and Lantern Festival, seeking its auspicious meaning of "peace". He Qing's "Yantai Zhi Zhu Ci": "Every time the hoop rings, the dance gradually becomes a group. It is said that Taiping has an image, and the songs are the same as the songs. " In the seventh year of Qianlong reign in Qing Dynasty (1742), the Taiping Spring City Map, the woodcut New Year Picture of Yangliuqing in Qing Dynasty and the New Year Picture of Taiping Drum all reflected the performance of Taiping Drum at that time.

Miao, Yao, Yi ("Luoluo"), Dai ("Jinya Baiyi"), Jingpo, Zhuang ("farmer", "sand man", "Zhongjia" and "Tuliao". ), the Lisu, Hani and Lahu nationalities in the southwest. These activities are closely related to their production, labor and living customs, with primitive style and rich national characteristics. For example, Miao people have "jumping on the moon" and Lusheng dance. Lusheng is widely popular in southwest ethnic areas with a long history. It was called "Lv Sha" in ancient times (see Gui He Zhou Qufei's Outside the Ridge by Fan Chengda in the Southern Song Dynasty). Miao people have song and dance activities, often accompanied by Lusheng. According to Ni Mingti's Nanzhao unofficial history, the Miao people in central Yunnan "dance on Meng Chunyue every year, with men playing lusheng and women singing, shoulder to shoulder, tireless all day long". There are music and dance pictures of Miao nationality in books such as Guang Yu Sheng Lan in Qing Dynasty. The text in the picture indicates that the Miao nationality "Meng Chun, every year, chooses the flat land as the moon field, where men play lusheng and women ring bells and dance circles, which is called Yueyue".

The Yi people, then known as "Luo Luo", often play lusheng, flute and oral string (also known as "harmonica" and "chime"), singing and dancing for entertainment. The Tongzhi of Yunnan in the light years of Qing Dynasty quoted the Palace Map of Qing Dynasty: "Qi Yi" (a branch of Yi people at that time) "likes singing and drinking, and men play bamboo sheng and women play piano, which is harmonious and pleasant". Li Mi (another branch of Yi people at that time), published in the light years of Qing Dynasty, said, "Every autumn, sacrifices are made to the gods, and blowing sheng dances and dances, which is called the sacrifice of crops". In the frescoes of the Yi people in Weishan, Yunnan Province in the Qing Dynasty, there were songs and dances under the trees, which reflected the scene of the Yi people playing the flute and meeting under the trees.

The Qing dynasty also painted a picture of Dong playing the pipa and singing. Accompanied by the Dong pipa, the performers improvise and sing short love songs or tunes with other themes. This is a popular singing method in Dong areas since Qing Dynasty.

Dongba religion is popular in Naxi nationality area in northwest Yunnan. This is a primitive witchcraft, and the wizard's name is Dongba. This religion regards natural phenomena such as mountains, water, wind and fire as gods. Lijiang also preserves Dongba's scroll "The Road of God", which contains a portrait of Ding Bashiluo, the founder of Dongba religion. Dongba music and dance are painted under the portrait. Some of them play instruments such as horns, horns and conchs, while others dance with swords, single-sided cymbals and drums. It reflects the song and dance image of the ancient Naxi nationality.

Tibetan Qing Dynasty cloth painting (color satin mounted scroll painting) "Sanye Temple" music and dance map. Sanye Temple is located on the north bank of Yarlung Zangbo River in Zhalang County, southern Tibet. This painting depicts the joyful scene of people singing and dancing when the temple was completed and opened. Others play trumpets, drums and cymbals. In the Ming Dynasty, the painting "The Journey of Xianzong" showed the performance scene of song and dance acrobatics during the Lantern Festival in the 21st year of Chenghua, Ming Xianzong (1485), which had the nature of walking. One of them is a picture of Zhong Kui. There are five people playing music in front of them. Their musical instruments are Zheng-rolling face, beat, pipa, sheng and pipe. On another screen, there are four people standing on bamboo horses and performing with knives and guns. The middle three people accompanied the dance with flat drums, flutes and clappers.

In the Qing Dynasty, the game of "going to court" was more common in the north, and it was a common folk art form, which was mostly held during traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival or temple fair. Mainly performing folk dance, acrobatics and martial arts, it is a synthesis of various folk skills. The Chronicle of Yanjing Years Old records: "All the people who attended the meeting (went to the meeting) were tourists from Beijing, dressed as pioneers, banners, boxers, five tiger sticks, drums, cymbals, stilts, yangko, juggling jars, lions and so on. In case of city god patrols and temple fairs. In the Miaofengshan Temple Fair in Beijing painted in the 20th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 15), there were walking scenes: several people dressed as Peking Opera figures. Perform martial arts movements with accompaniment. The Walking Map in Beijing painted in Qing Dynasty and the Meeting Map in Tianhou Palace painted in Tianjin more vividly depict the performance images of various walking programs.

Funeral music is a kind of folk music with a long history, and its forms vary with the times and regions. Rulers and wealthy families hold funerals, pay attention to ostentation and extravagance, and invite monks and Taoist priests to work in the Dojo, which has a set of funerals. In some places, nocturnes, funeral songs and crown songs will be sung, and teams will be invited to play gongs and drums and "funeral tunes". Folk "Drum Tower" and "Bar" specially recruit folk artists and organize bands to undertake such affairs. The funeral ceremony of the upper class in Beijing in Qing Dynasty was very complicated, and there were different specifications according to their identities. There is a picture of a funeral procession in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty, with 32 porters. The ceremonial ceremony in front of the coffin was a queue of dozens of people, with two groups of bands playing in the middle.

Many weddings are accompanied by bands. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), Xu Yang painted a picture of a prosperous time, in which a couple paid homage to their elders in class and had a wedding scene that advocated fun. Another picture in the picture shows a float carrying a sedan chair in the river around Zhong Shi and Xiatang in Suzhou. There are lanterns with the words "Hanlin Academy" and "Champion" written on the boat, which seems to be the wedding boat of Champion House. Accompanied by the float is an advocacy band composed of more than ten people.