How did the elderly in ancient China retire?

Truthfully, how to old age is not a problem only in ancient times. In ancient China, in addition to the "filial piety rule the world" concept of governance, there are more "old and old people as well as the old" and other traditional virtues of respect for the elderly. Pre-qin period of the "rites - the king's system" record: more than 50 years old old white man can supply coarse food; Han dynasty, "the king staff edict book" rules: more than 70 years old white man even if the offense of the criminal law, "although guilty not to increase the sentence"; Tang dynasty, "Tang big edict set" rules white man can arrange the caretaker, "all the common people eighty years and ailments Give service Ding a person"; Song Dynasty has been presented "Fukuda Hospital", "JiuYuanYuan", "YangJiYuan", "orphanage "various types of institutions for the elderly?

The Zhou Dynasty rules family has 90-year-old white man hundred mouth can not flat labor

As early as the ancient three generations, "white man" point of view and norms have been understood. "Li Ji - Qu Li on" record: "sixty said Jie, abet; seventy said old, and pass; eighty-nine ten said eighty?" About the meaning is that people to the age of 60, even if the elderly, able to direct people to work; 70 years of age, the body of the performance of the further health, should be handed over to the family, the arrangement of the arrangement of the arrangement; 80 years old, 90 years old, has been counted as a fashionable white man?

How to age during the pre-Qin period? First of all, the diet of the elderly. As for the 90-year-old white man, because of the ease of movement, food consumption has not been disciplined, probably at any time to eat and drink, to serve in the white man's bedside manner, if the white man traveled, it is best to bring food with him? In the Xia and Shang dynasties, the court will also be in February and Mengdong two seasons to the widowers, widows, orphans, alone to the distribution of food and other necessities of life.

In order for their children and grandchildren to better support the white man, the Zhou Dynasty implemented a policy of reducing or eliminating corvée service for families with white men. If there is a white man over 80 years of age, one of the children and grandchildren can not equal the corvée; if there is a white man 90 years of age, the hundred mouths can not equal the corvée, that is, "eighty, a son does not from the government; ninety, the family does not from the government" said.

The above is secondary to the "family pension" form of rules, pre-Qin period also put forward the "state pension" point of view. Can enjoy the state pension compensation if four types of white men: one is equivalent to the people's moral example of the "three bachelor"; two is equivalent to the righteous family members of the "old man at home"; three is equivalent to the retired cadres of the "old man"; four is equivalent to the five old man "The fourth is equivalent to the "old man of the common people" of the five guaranteed households.

The pre-Qin period of "fee medical" out of the "affordable", that is, the Zhou Dynasty from the implementation of the "policy of raising the disease". Prior to that, in the government system set up a dedicated "palm disease" position, as the white man "ask the sick". According to "Guanzi - into the country", palm disease to visit the old man on a regular basis, regular inspection: public office, 70 years old and above 3 days a question; 80 years old and above 2 days a question; 90 years old and above every day a question; to the official old man, every 5 days a question.

On the suffering from sinking? White man, palm disease to real-time report to the king of the country, the king of the country will set out the time, personally to visit the white man. However, this track system in the syncopated name is not true, became a kind of hope for the white man.

The Han Dynasty presented China's earliest "elderly protection law"

The Han Dynasty was a major period of ancient China's old-age pension system and the development of a set of absolutely complete track system, especially for the "family old-age pension", there are very strict rules and requirements for the father and mother. Rules and requests, to father and mother, father and mother and other elders do not respect and do not raise, in the Han Dynasty counted as a felony.

In order to ensure the implementation of the family pension, Han law rules, do not serve the old man or be "abandoned". The average life expectancy in the Han Dynasty was only 30 years old, and it is not easy to live to sixty or seventy years old, "life is seventy years old", used in the Han Dynasty is more appropriate. Therefore, the Han Dynasty will be "old man" specification 4 years earlier, that is, to 56 years old even if the old man. The old Han rituals" in the "not twenty-three for the weak, over fifty-six for the old", is the meaning of this.

People over the age of 56 are able to enjoy the rights and benefits of the white man, such as tax exemption. Han Dynasty rules, 13?56 years old adult men and women, each year to pay 120 money poll tax, to 56 years old, will be exempt from paying this money. Regarding the 90-year-old white man, even his family members were able to enjoy exemption from the corvée.

In addition to the tax exemption, the court would also indirectly give food to the official white old man (common old man) every year. For example, Liu Heng, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, that is, the imperial edict: 80 years of age or older white man, each month to give a stone of rice, meat, 20 pounds, wine, five buckets; 90 years of age or older white man, each person and then give the two silk, wadding three pounds.

The Han Dynasty, the most dignified white man, think lucky place, should be issued "old age certificate". Of course, this kind of old age certificate is not today so small book, but a kind of application called "Hat staff".

Dove cane, also known as the "king's staff", looking at the meaning of the emperor to bestow the use of the old man's crutches, it is a special right means. From the historical and archaeological inventions, to the old man "give cane" track system in the Han Dynasty was formally established, the founding son, Han Gaozu Liu Bang had made a dove cane gift to the old man, opened the Han Dynasty to give the cane of the precedent. Han Xuan Di Liu Xun then make it a track system, the rule but all white men over 80 years old, are awarded by the court to the king's staff. But from the Zhangjiashan Han Jane in the relevant laws and regulations, the Han Dynasty was earlier "seventy give staff".

Dove cane first

In order to ensure the authority of the dove cane, the Han Dynasty introduced a responsive legislation. 1959?1981, from Gansu Wuwei Mazui Zi Han Tomb unearthed before and after the eight king's staff (dove cane), but also unearthed the "king's staff of the ten Jane" and "the king's staff of the Imperial Decree Book" wood briefs.

The full text of the king's staff edict book nearly 600 words, the rule of 70 years of age should enjoy the survival of the old man and political compensation, some scholars call the earliest China's "old people's protection law". One of the rules: even if the white man over 70 years of age offenses the criminal law, as long as it is not the first offender can be exempted from prosecution, inherited the pre-Qin period of the old man, "although guilty, not to increase the penalty" track system.

Tang Dynasty has been concerned about the elderly physical fitness

Wei-Jin and North-South Dynasties period, the pension system has shown new breakthroughs. Such as the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first created a "deposit to raise relatives" track system, this track system continues to influence the late Qing Dynasty.

Keeping relatives, is a judicial probation track system: if the death row prisoners, exiled prisoners have immediate blood relatives at home to help, promised death row prisoners at home "to serve relatives probation", exiled prisoners at home "the right to keep relatives", and so on the death of the old man at home and then serve his sentence. The government has been working on the issue for some time now, but it has not been able to do so.

In the Tang Dynasty, the old age pension system by the son of God focus. According to the "book of Yuan turtle" on the information listed in the statistics, the Tang Dynasty, the number of times the emperor issued edicts about old age as many as 73 times, in which the Tang Emperor Taizong for the most, 23 years under the reign of the "old age edict" 28 times. And "the book of Yuan turtle" is not full, the practice of more than 73 times.

The Tang Dynasty inherited the Han Dynasty to the old man "give cane", "tax exemption" and many other practices. According to the "Tang Da Zhao Order Collection", Tang Taizong in the "reign pardon" in the special proposed, "more than eighty years old to give rice two stone, five sections of silk; more than a hundred years old to give rice four stone, ten sections of silk; still add the version of the award, in order to shine the teeth." The so-called "still teeth", is the meaning of respect for the elderly.

The Tang Dynasty also had a "complementary service Ding" track system, the government charges to the official white man arranged escort (service Ding). In the seventh year of the new millennium (719 AD), the Household Order rules of rationing norms are: "Where the people of eighty years and serious illnesses, to the service of the Ding a person, ninety to two people, three people 100 years old." In the twenty-fifth year of the Kaiyuan era (A.D. 737), the number of attendants given to centenarian white men was increased to five.

The Tang Dynasty, and even another "physical old age". Before that, there was a term called "colorful raising". The so-called "color", to put it plainly and complexly, is to support the father and mother to be amiable, not less than the white man unhappy. A generation of famous prime minister, then serving as the empty room Xuan Ling, not only for the minister competent, to feed the old man is also a "role model", in the past room Xuan Ling "color to raise" the old man is extremely in place, "chaste view of the government - filial piety and friends", said room Xuan Ling "things to follow the mother The "Zhenguan Political Briefs - Filial Piety" said, Fang Xuanling "thing following the mother, can be raised in color, respectfully over the person".

In ancient times, the offspring to the white man look, not filial piety, are deviant work. Probably in view of this, the Tang law rules: "the ancestors father and mother, father and mother in, and the children and grandchildren do not belong to a different property, in three years." Meaning, if there is a white man at home, the children and grandchildren are not less than far away from home, to stay beside the white man, or be convicted, this rule better deal with the "empty nest" scene.

Shaoyang Xiaoyan, Emperor Wu of Liang during the North and South Dynasties, had built a nursing home "Lonely Garden"

Ancient dynasties in the focus on old-age pension at the same time, but also all based on the practice of the dynasty, introduced a number of specific methods of respect for the elderly and the elderly. In terms of tax exemption, Song Renzong Jia? Four years of imperial decree rules: more than 80 years old white man, exempt from the tax of one of his son; Ming and Qing dynasties pension rules are similar, but the age of 70 years old earlier. And, from the beginning of the Song Dynasty, also presented a nursing home and other compassionate institutions.

Built "nursing home" originated in the North and South Dynasties period, the age of the emperor Liang Wu Di Xiao Yan had in general two years (521 AD), in the national capital of Jiankang (today's Nanjing), the construction of the "lonely garden". To the Tang Dynasty, so the elderly institutions were implemented, in the Wu Zetian period, the Tang Dynasty, that is, the main acceptance of the poor, sick, orphaned, sick people "sad Tian Yang hospital".

But what really made the "nursing home" method of retirement popular was the Song Dynasty. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the opening of a nursing home called "Fukuda Hospital", followed by the "Jiuyao Hospital", the Southern Song Dynasty is called "Yangji Hospital" and so on. Certainly different names, but are compassionate nature of the nursing home; discharged white men's teeth, but also relaxed to more than 50 years old. At the same time, the official nursing home is also widespread decline. Such as Hong Mai "Yijian A Zhi" "Liu box make wife" article, in the Jin Xingzhongfu with the Southern Song stalemate, there is a Han Chinese called Liu box make, dissolved home slaves, take out the whole wealth to build "orphanage".

The Yuan dynasty also focuses on old age, Yuan Shizu Kublai had adopted the initiative of the Han minister Liu Bingzhong, gradually set up and perfected the Yuan dynasty's adoption of the rescue track system, beforehand, the road were set up to raise a hospital, rescue, adoption, "widows and widowers, orphans, the old and weak, poor, and no one to tell".

Ming and Qing dynasties, the nursing home is still as the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, known as the "hospital", the court continued to carry out government-run, privately-run, and other types of methods of social institutions for the elderly. The Ming dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang also restored the Han dynasty railroad "give staff" and "give the title" railroad system, in the material relief, the Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang had twice before and after the promulgation of imperial edicts, the implementation of the orphans and poor white old man lifelong pension.

The Qing Dynasty focused on the ancient "food" system, repeatedly invited the world's old man to the Forbidden City to eat a meal, and named "Thousand Old Men Banquet", in which the Qianlong period the most abundant.