Asked urgently, "Why should I believe you?" -The current crisis of trust and its countermeasures.

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Why should I trust you —— The current crisis of trust and its countermeasures

Peng Siqing (Peking University)

In recent years, counterfeiting, cheating and corruption have become extremely harmful viruses and penetrated into society.

It will bring great harm to individuals, families, enterprises and institutions and the whole society. The spread of this virus

Work fills the society with distrust and leads to a serious social disease, which is the crisis of trust.

Trust is as important to social life as air is to life. Ensuring the normal operation of society requires that people are right.

Everything in life has a basic trust. Otherwise, people will feel scared and scared. Imagine if I

When children see wine, the first thing they think of is not sweetness and good taste, but whether it will make people blind; If we see a smile,

The first kind of association is not friendly, but hides the knife in the smile; If we step on the magnificent bridge, our first reaction is not to be idle.

The tension of taking a easy step, but treading on thin ice (afraid of sudden collapse); If you go to the hospital for appendectomy, it always hurts.

Afraid of being cut off; If we help a stranger in a car accident on the road, but his relatives and friends regard him as the perpetrator. ......

So, can we still live a normal life? Unfortunately, these incredible "ifs" are already one.

A well-known true story happened around us.

Six manifestations of trust crisis

There are two aspects to the crisis of confidence. One is the proliferation of forgery, deception and corruption, that is, in our country.

In our life, many things and people have low credibility and are not trustworthy; Second, the universality of distrust mentality,

It is that people don't trust many things and individuals, including those who should. This distrust

Mentality is the psychological consequence of fraud, deception and corruption, which may be more harmful to social life than this.

These phenomena themselves are more serious. This paper mainly analyzes various manifestations of distrust mentality.

1 distrust of goods and services

Nowadays, the first reaction of many people to buy goods is often: is this a fake, whether it is from a street shop or not?

People are worried about state-owned stores. In society, there are also many people who make a living by making and selling fakes.

The technology is becoming more and more sophisticated, and some fakes have even reached the level of confusing the real with the fake. The means of counterfeiting are becoming more and more ingenious, and some

The circulation of counterfeit goods is unimpeded, even smoother than the genuine ones. Some local officials condone fraud for local interests.

Therefore, some law enforcement officers protect counterfeiters for their own benefit. 1March, 992, an article in Guangming Daily. 1992。

"Crazy Kuroshio" was once used to describe counterfeiting activities all over the country. In recent years, although the country has continuously increased the intensity of "counterfeiting"

Efforts have been made to carry out activities such as "100,000 shops have no fakes", but this Kuroshio has not been fundamentally curbed.

Business households are getting more and more prosperous. It is worth noting that the scope of counterfeiting has become larger and larger, from daily consumer goods.

Fake cigarettes, fake wine, fake brand-name clothes, fake cosmetics, fake electrical appliances, etc. ), to the means of production (fake seeds, fake fertilizers, fake pesticides,

Fake steel, etc. ); From small commodities to large-scale projects (such as the bridge collapse accident in Chongqing that shocked the whole country not long ago, the inferior dikes in Hangzhou,

There are still many bean curd projects that have brought disaster to the country and the people); From material products to spiritual products (such as pirated books and some genuine ones)

But a book full of mistakes); From deceiving ordinary people to deceiving the country and the whole society (for example, some people use

Using fake diplomas and certificates to defraud employment, some enterprises use fake customs declarations to defraud foreign exchange and fake joint venture certificates to defraud preferential policies.

Tax evasion with fake invoices. In addition, the problem of counterfeit money has become quite serious.

Fake and shoddy products also exist in the service field. Advertisements of unlicensed "quacks" can be seen everywhere in China.

In Beijing, people often distribute all kinds of "small advertisements" in residential buildings and sell them in the name of state-owned gas and natural gas companies.

Sell high quality and low price services. Even the services provided by regular manufacturers or institutions have problems such as unreasonable charges and poor quality.

Objectively speaking, in recent years, there are more and more brand-name products and quality services, not less and less, but because of falsehood.

Counterfeiting spreads widely, and because it is difficult to distinguish between true and false, it is difficult to distinguish between good and bad, and many people have to hold on to all goods and services.

An attitude of distrust.

The distrust of those who provide products and services further extends to the distrust of all outsiders.

The distrust of goods and services leads to people's distrust of the providers of products and services, such as manufacturers and sales and service personnel.

Do not trust. Deception by some lawless elements and unscrupulous manufacturers has damaged consumers' market cognition to some extent.

Confidence has ruined the reputation of many industries, and many enterprises and individuals who insist on standardizing production and operation have also been affected.

What's more, this situation makes many people feel that "people's hearts are not ancient" and that many people in society are mercenary now.

Figure, resulting in a general distrust of strangers. There is a sentence that typically reflects this mentality:

"In the 1950s, people helped others; In the sixties, people were moving; In the 1970s, people fought for civil air defense. In the 1980s, people cared about each other. In the 1990s, people were moving.

Slaughter people. "

3 distrust of acquaintances and even relatives and friends

This distrust is related to the increasing involvement of acquaintances and relatives and friends in economic exchanges. For a long time, people have been

Believe in "relying on parents at home, relying on friends when going out", and regard friends and relatives as trustworthy forces. People also like acquaintances.

I believe that "rabbits don't eat grass beside their nests" and that there will be no deception between acquaintances. Today, however, people suddenly

Finding acquaintances or even relatives and friends is not so reliable. The phenomenon of "killing acquaintances" is not uncommon, and a partnership company is a good friend.

Stories of friends turning against each other are also heard from time to time. Perhaps the most serious damage to the simple trust between acquaintances and relatives and friends is biography.

Marketing activities. MLM was originally a good marketing method, but after it was introduced into China, due to the lack of effective supervision,

Abnormal development has caused a bad social impact. The network of MLM is often established by acquaintances, relatives and friends, which is morbid.

Many people are cheated by pyramid schemes, and the direct swindlers, that is, online pyramid schemes, are often acquaintances or relatives and friends.

4 distrust of managers and law enforcers

The proliferation of forgery and deception complements the corruption of some managers and law enforcers.

In some areas, "counterfeiting" has become "counterfeiting", and some corrupt elements collude with counterfeiters to rob society.

Some officials neglect their duties, abuse power for personal gain and cronyism. There used to be a saying in society called "ten kinds of people".

Describe corrupt elements in different fields: "The first kind of people engage in contracting, eating, drinking, whoring and gambling are reimbursed, and the second kind of people block people from eating."

The plaintiff eats the defendant, ... "Although this sentence is somewhat exaggerated, it reflects people's concern for some people.

The distrust of managers and law enforcers.

5 distrust of laws and regulations

In the past twenty years, great progress has been made in China's legislative work, and various local and industrial laws and regulations have been gradually established.

The internal systems of similar enterprises and institutions are becoming more and more perfect. However, due to the imperfection of laws and regulations and the enforcement of laws and regulations,

In the process of implementation, there are some problems such as disobeying the law and having more power than the law. This makes it difficult to implement laws and regulations in many cases.

The local and legal systems are just a dead letter. There are many laws and regulations, but the rule of law is still far from us. Some people always think the system is dead.

Yes, people are alive. The authority of the law has not yet been established. Accordingly, many people hold different views on laws and regulations.

A trusting attitude.

6 distrust basic values

This is the deepest distrust. When people think that people are not ancient, they will also have doubts about human nature. Some past

The values taken for granted will also be shaken. For example, since ancient times, China's culture has been characterized by honesty, kindness, mutual assistance and great harmony.

Emotion and law-abiding are regarded as essential basic personal morals, but in recent years, these moral concepts have become a mockery of some literary works.

Some scholars have pointed out that there is a mentality of "longing for depravity" in society;

Some people put forward the slogan "men are not bad, women don't love"; Some people try to develop a set of values that deviate from the original values.

Lifestyle.

A benign society will inevitably have distrust, but its distrust is often aimed at being clear and white.

Object, limited to a specific scope, will not be expanded. As can be seen from the above description, in the current China, there is no

Trust has spread to all levels of social life, from shallow distrust to deep distrust, from local to individual.

Other distrust has expanded to universal distrust, from rational and evidence-based distrust to perceptual and unconscious distrust.

Unconditional distrust. It is this deepening and expansion of distrust that makes us think that China society is facing a crisis of trust.

Yao, why does distrust deepen and expand? Before answering this question, let's take a look at what trust is like.

How to produce and maintain.

Second, the generation and maintenance of trust.

The problem of trust has been valued by thinkers since ancient times. However, for a long time, trust was regarded as air.

Of course, existence has always appeared as a silent face in social sciences and has not become the focus of scholars' attention.

In 1960s and 1950s, psychologists began to conduct experimental research on interpersonal trust. In recent decades, trust has become a western social science.

In recent years, some scholars began to make theoretical and empirical research on China people's trust behavior.

Research shows that there are two different types of trust, one is interpersonal trust and the other is social trust.

Based on factors and personal relationships, based on the rational investigation of others' credibility and emotional connection with others.

The trust of students. Its influencing factors include their understanding of each other's personality and ability, their familiarity and their personal background.

Social trust is the product of social system and cultural norms, based on jurisprudence (law)

Rule system) or ethics (social and cultural norms) as a social phenomenon. There are two different understandings of social trust.

Some people regard it as the product of laws and regulations, and think that people are trustworthy because they are restricted by laws and regulations and dare not.

Act treacherously and trust others because they believe in the effectiveness of these social mechanisms. Others think.

Social trust is the product of cultural values. People keep their promises or trust others, because culture contains advocating honesty.

The moral norms and values of faith are recognized and internalized by people. These two understandings actually correspond to two different categories.

Types of social trust, the former is legal social trust, the latter is moral social trust.

In traditional society, the main forms of trust behavior are interpersonal trust and moral social trust. Obviously, interpersonal trust

Ren can only exist among acquaintances, so its scope is relatively small and often confined to a small circle. In the traditional agricultural society,

People basically live in the circle of acquaintances, and the benign luck of society can only be maintained by interpersonal trust and simple moral norms.

All right. Goods and services in traditional society are often provided by manual workshops, and trust in them is also based on interpersonal trust. human

We value the reputation of producers and operators, and often pay attention to "old brands" and "old masters" with personal characteristics.

In the process of social modernization, the trust mechanism generated by the legal system has been more and more widely used, and people can be based on impersonality.

Social rules and regulations, such as professional qualifications, bureaucratic organizations, intermediaries and various laws and regulations.

In modern society, the degree of socialization of commodity production and service provision is very high, and the color of personalization is very light, so is the trust in them.

It cannot be based on interpersonal trust, but must rely on standardized management and strict supervision. Today, people also pay attention to it.

To reproduce the reputation of operators, enterprises are also trying to build famous brands, but the way to establish reputation is different from that of traditional society

Mainly institutional factors, such as higher and stricter management and supervision than industry standards. Therefore, in modern society, no matter for people

Trust, or trust in things, must rely on legal means. Of course, interpersonal trust has not disappeared from modern society.

Trust between individuals, especially in intimate relationships, is still based on mutual understanding and emotional connection. however

To some extent, legal factors have penetrated into modern interpersonal trust, for example, for marriage and family relations, tradition

Society is mainly restricted by customs, while modern society has a series of laws to regulate it. Some modern couples not only have mountains, alliances and seas.

Swear, and marriage contract.

Third, the root of the crisis of confidence.

The above discussion shows that there are three main mechanisms to establish and maintain trust: one is personal factors and personal relationships, and the other is

Laws, regulations and ethics. In modern society, these three mechanisms have their own uses and are needed in many occasions.

Children's mutual cooperation. Whether these three mechanisms are sound and effective determines the degree of social trust. Go to the China Association.

Judging from these trust-building mechanisms in the meeting, it is not difficult to find the main source of the current trust crisis. Let's take a look at China's biography first

Trust model in a unified society.

Characteristics and Problems of China 1 Traditional Trust Model

In the traditional society of China, trust is mainly established through personal relationships, with interpersonal trust as the core, which is a moral society.

Social trust is often based on interpersonal trust, while legal social trust is rare.

China's traditional interpersonal trust is very distinctive. It depends on the obligation connection in the relationship between the two parties to ensure interpersonal trust, and it depends on individuals.

Strive to fulfill obligations, expand obligations and develop trust. In traditional interpersonal communication, the status of both sides is often not

On the other hand, people should be taught to be "strict with themselves, be lenient with others" and "sincerely contribute and be ashamed of taking" instead of actively expressing.

One's own wishes and demands for one's rights. This moral standard is very demanding of individuals. In real life, if there is no

Cooperating with other measures may bring about two negative effects: First, the rights of sincere devotees may not be effectively guaranteed.

Protection, and do not abide by the norms of people may enjoy success, that is, the so-called good people suffer, the villain gains, its actual effect is often

Encourage violations of norms; Secondly, if there is great social pressure for individuals to abide by this norm, some moral standards can't reach this.

A high-level person may be duplicitous and duplicitous, and become a so-called hypocrite. Because it's hard to tell the truth from the outside,

People take "it is necessary to harm people, and it is also necessary to prevent people" as a countermeasure. This prevention makes interpersonal trust regular.

It takes a long time to set up, and it is limited to a small area.

In China's traditional trust behavior, universal social trust is not established by laws and regulations, but by trying to establish it through Tao.

It is necessary to form a demonstration of moral models such as "gentleman", "saint", "hero" and "model". This mechanism should be effective.

To operate successfully, many conditions must be met. For example, the leading role model must be selfless and sincere devotees and win the masses.

Recognition; The behavior of an example must be the most influential, that is, there is no other opposite force to compete with the example; Volkswagen must

Sincerely learn from heroes and watch actions. This mechanism certainly has its advantages. If it is effective, it has great social mobilization.

However, this mechanism relies too much on the self-sacrifice behavior of individual moral elites and operates with high morality and purity.

As an important foundation of trust, it is often too idealistic. In real life, this mechanism may be quite fragile.

On the one hand, it is too demanding of moral elites, which makes them bear great moral pressure and may get ahead in society.

Molecules get the worst treatment, which leads to extremely absurd injustice. As a result, most people dare not become real moralists.

Britain has hindered the improvement of the moral level of the whole society. On the other hand, when people who play the role of moral elite in society have problems,

The whole trust system may collapse, and individual moral problems may lead to moral crisis and trust crisis of the whole society.

There are many laws and regulations in the traditional society of China, but only the rule of man, not the rule of law, so there is a lack of legal system.

Social trust. In a society that pays attention to the rule of man, whether rules and regulations can be deeply rooted in people's hearts is often formulated and implemented by laws and regulations.

Morality of personal behavior. The authority of laws and regulations has not been established independently. Therefore, people are right

Trust in basic values and laws and regulations is based on personal trust in law makers and executors.

According to China's traditional political ideal of "inner saints and outer kings", these people should be moral elites to some extent. however

Reality and ideal are often far apart.

2 the main reasons for the current crisis of trust

Simply put, the main reason for the current crisis of trust is interpersonal trust based on personal relationship and traditional morality.

In China, sexual social trust can no longer meet the needs of social development, while legal social trust has not been effectively established.

Get up.

First of all, traditional interpersonal trust mainly exists in long-term, stable and incomplete acquaintance relationships.

In the process of social transformation from tradition to modernity in China, great changes have taken place in interpersonal relationships, and people make friends with strangers.

There are more and more opportunities in the future, and this kind of communication is often temporary and changeable, and the interests of both sides may be competitive.

In the acquaintance relationship, the motivation and way of communication are also different from the past. Therefore, in the traditional society, the emphasis on personal obligations is abrupt.

The trust development model based on individual rights is no longer applicable to today's interpersonal relationships. However, in the new interpersonal relationship,

How to build interpersonal trust, people still lack preparation and public opinion lacks practical guidance, so many people will inevitably make mistakes.

Go astray. Some people, out of the instinct of self-protection, have stepped up their guard against people. Some people think that since "people-oriented" always has to eat.

If you lose money, you will simply "put your ancestors before yourself" and be more self-interested; Others believe in "larded learning", which breeds harm to others.

Heart.

Secondly, in today's market economy, the way of establishing moral social trust by setting an example has been satisfied.

A severe challenge. The premise of market economy is to recognize the differentiation of individual interests of social members and the legitimacy of equal exchange.

Therefore, although the market economy does not oppose the moral behavior of selfless dedication, it pays more attention to social fairness and emphasizes rights and justice.

According to this logic, people who have made great contributions to society should get more awards and prizes.

Reward, not self-sacrifice Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese government has implemented the policy of letting some people with outstanding skills or good management "go first"

The "get rich" policy is the embodiment of this logic. Unfortunately, moral construction in China lags far behind economic construction.

The reality of social development has not yet formed a feasible new moral standard suitable for the socialist market economy.

Third, social trust based on the rule of law is still very scarce. In modern society, morality alone is far from enough.

Only by perfecting the legal system and implementing the rule of law can society operate healthily and social trust be fundamentally guaranteed. Broadly speaking,

The rule of law is a way of managing society. Some people blame the current crisis of confidence on the so-called moral decline. This statement is wrong.

That makes sense, but if we have a perfect rule of law, the moral decline will not be so severe, to say the least,

If the moral level is reduced to the lowest point, people's behavior will not decline because of the constraint of the rule of law. It can be said that laws and regulations are not perfect.

And the failure to implement the rule of law are the most important reasons for counterfeiting, fraud and corruption, for example, counterfeit and shoddy places.

Repeated bans are not only related to the low standardization level and imperfect supervision mechanism of many industries in China. In developed countries,

Carrying out standardization is an important measure to ensure the quality of products and services. If all aspects of production and service are formulated,

Specific, strict and unified national standards or industry standards will be strictly inspected by the quality and technical supervision department.

And supervision, then counterfeiting can be effectively curbed.

4. Countermeasures to rebuild trust

According to the above analysis, the reconstruction of trust needs to solve the following basic problems.

First, strengthen the institutionalization of various fields and establish the independent authority of laws and regulations. For products and services, we should

Carry out standardized management in an all-round way; For the providers of products and services, it is necessary to formulate industry norms; For managers and law enforcers, it is necessary to make

Formulate detailed work regulations. Moreover, these standards, norms and regulations should be made public to the whole society and let people know. only

Only in this way can we change from relying mainly on human moral self-discipline in the past to relying mainly on objective restrictive measures.

It must be pointed out that China has made great progress on this issue. For example, it is being implemented in some places.

"Government procurement" adopts an open and transparent bidding method to purchase materials needed by government departments, which eliminates this field from the system.

The corruption in this middle school was welcomed by the masses.

Second, improve the supervision mechanism. There are two kinds of supervision: internal supervision and external supervision. Internal supervision includes self-supervision, such as health.

The manufacturer's own quality monitoring, as well as the inspection of the superior to the subordinate in the system. External supervision refers to credibility and

At present, external supervision is particularly needed. Without effective external supervision, there is no internal supervision.

Supervision may become a mere formality. For example, in the past, the identification of medical accidents in China was mainly carried out by hospitals themselves or health guards.

The health authorities are responsible, because some hospitals and their authorities should be responsible for protecting their own interests.

In recent years, some places have carried out reforms in this regard, which has caused strong dissatisfaction.

"Outsiders" such as forensic doctors, deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, together with the medical side, formed an appraisal team, which greatly improved the fairness of the appraisal.

In addition, the special inspector work initiated in China last year ensured the inspector's institutional independence, such as direct

The State Council leaders, during the inspection, all accommodation and transportation were solved by themselves, and they were not allowed to accept any "benefits" from enterprises.

It has achieved good results and become an effective external supervision mechanism. It must be pointed out that external supervision should be multi-level.

Yes, supervisors should also accept supervision. This requires strengthening the supervision of public opinion and expanding the breadth of people's participation in and discussion of state affairs.

And depth.

Third, establish morality on the basis of reality. In social life, if moral norms are too ideal, it is to seek.

If people reach an unattainable state, then this morality will be very fragile and even false. If morality is based on

On the basis of an ideal, the most likely situation is that a few elites are struggling to pursue noble morality, but they are big.

Most people are duplicitous in appearance, and their actual moral level is very low. Only by establishing practical moral standards can we make great progress.

Most members of society have reached a normal moral level. The realistic moral basis for adapting to the market economy is equality and mutual benefit, not

It is selfless dedication. Selfless dedication is a noble character, individuals can demand themselves, but society should not treat it this way.

Ask everyone.

Fourth, adjust the rules of interpersonal communication and establish interpersonal trust that meets the requirements of the times. Under the new conditions, interpersonal trust

It is difficult to set an example by one party, and it is impossible to rely on traditional interpersonal resources in many cases. we should

Establish a sense of equality and mutual benefit, stress the equality of rights and obligations, and increase interpersonal trust on a new basis.

How to solve the trust crisis and rebuild the trust of China society is a very complicated problem. It is more necessary to change the distrust mentality.

This requires our long-term efforts. Only when the social environment and social atmosphere are fundamentally improved can the trust level of the whole society be restored.

Back to normal.