What does Mandarin grammar mean?

Mandarin is the national language of China, the lingua franca of modern Han people and the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new styles of poems, novels and plays. It should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China. " "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, should be used in all parts of China, with modern" people's words ",polyphony and ending ..."

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Character Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the Chinese homonym was officially named "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". The article mentioned: "The language of China people is the same, that is, Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation." 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition clarifies the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, which makes the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough. Among them, the word "Putonghua" means "universal" and "accessible".

Mandarin is a homonym of modern Chinese, with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. This was decided at 1955 National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese. This definition essentially puts forward the standards of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, so how to understand these standards?

"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" means taking the phonetic system of Beijing dialect as the standard, and not copying all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Putonghua is not equal to Beijing dialect. There are many local accents in Beijing dialect. For example, old Beijingers regard the conjunction "he (hé)" as "hàn", "butterfly (húdié)" as "húdiěr" and "tell (gàosu)" as "gàosong". These local accents are difficult for people in other dialect areas to accept. In addition, there are different pronunciations in Beijing dialect, such as the word "aggression", some people pronounce "q τ nLü è" and others pronounce "Q τ NLü è"; Some people pronounce the word "nearby" as "fǔ j ? n", while others pronounce it as "fǔ j ? n", which also brings a lot of trouble to the popularization of Putonghua. Since 1956, the pronunciation of Beijing dialect has been revised many times, and the standard pronunciation of Putonghua has been formulated. Therefore, at present, the phonetic standard of Putonghua should be based on the Pronunciation Table of Putonghua with Different Pronunciation published by 1985 and the Modern Chinese Dictionary published by 1996.

As far as vocabulary standards are concerned, "dialect based on northern dialect" in Putonghua is based on the common sayings in the vast northern dialect areas, and at the same time, it is necessary to absorb the vocabulary it needs from other dialects. There are also many dialects in northern dialect words. For example, Beijingers describe "evening" as "being late for a long time", "cursing" as "whispering" and "being stingy" as "being stingy". In many northern areas, corn is called a stick, soap is called a pancreas, and steamed bread is called a steamed bun. Therefore, we can't treat all the words in the northern dialect as words in Mandarin, so we should have a choice. Yes ... >>

What is the grammatical standard of Putonghua? What are the main contents?

Judging from the definition of Putonghua, its grammar is based on typical modern vernacular works. However, this is actually not very clear. When most people speak, grammar is generally correct, and there are many variants of grammar, such as inverted sentences, etc. There is no need to delve into it.

What is standard Mandarin?

Mandarin, that is, standard Chinese. Putonghua is the common language for communication among all ethnic groups in China, with Beijing accent as the basic pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. Mandarin is a language with northern dialect as its basic dialect and Beijing dialect as its basic pronunciation. This is mainly due to the following reasons:

1. Northern dialect is the main dialect, mainly considering that Beijing is the capital of New China, and Beijingers speak Mandarin. Moreover, as an official dialect, it has a certain promotion history and foundation. Although the Han nationality in the north has its own dialect, it can also speak a little Mandarin. Therefore, in order to stabilize the overall situation, New China adopted Putonghua as the official language.

Second, China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and different ethnic groups have different languages. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other. In order to avoid the joint strangulation of foreign hostile forces, New China urgently needs a kind of * * * homonym to realize the communication between New China citizens in different regions, so that the people of the whole country can jointly fight against foreign enemies. Mandarin has been popularized by Manchu people for more than 200 years in the Qing Dynasty, so it continues to be used as an official language.

What are the standards of Putonghua in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar?

Mandarin in China, that is, Chinese, Mandarin and Mandarin. It is a common tool for communication between different ethnic groups in China.

China's Putonghua takes Beijing accent as its basic pronunciation, northern dialect as its basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as its grammatical norm. It is the lingua franca used by Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, China, Macau, China, China, Hongkong and overseas Chinese. Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province, is the place where standard Mandarin speech is collected. In fact, Mandarin in any language is based on the pronunciation of the capital of the country where the language is located, on the dialect of the capital, and on the modern vernacular of this language as the grammatical norm. English, known as "International Mandarin", is a tool for communication between different nationalities in the world.

Mandarin is the official language of China and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.

Putonghua has different names in different parts of China: * * * (including Hong Kong and Macao): Putonghua; Taiwan Province officials: Mandarin; Southeast Asian Chinese: Chinese; Academic circles: modern common Chinese.

The characteristics of Putonghua pronunciation are as follows: the initials have no voiced sound except the fricative sound, nasal sound and marginal sound behind the tip of the tongue; Vowels are polyphonic, and nasal vowels are divided into two types: front and back; Voiced initials have no opposition, no entering rhyme, sharp group confluence, few tones, simple mode, and also light tones (equivalent to unstressed syllables in American English, Russian, German, French, etc. ) and vowels.

1. The syllable structure is simple and the sound is loud. In Putonghua, there are only four phonemes in a syllable, among which the vowel is the main one, which is an indispensable component in general syllables. There can be several vowels (up to three) in a syllable, such as "huài". There are no consonants in Mandarin syllables, that is, there are no "lightning" in English and "встреча (meeting)" in Russian.

2. Clear syllables and strong sense of rhythm. Chinese syllables are generally composed of initials, finals and tones. The initials come first, the finals come last, and then a tone runs through the whole syllable, so there is an obvious syllable boundary. From the perspective of phoneme analysis, consonants and vowels appear regularly at intervals, which gives people a sense of circulation and is very convenient for syllable segmentation.

3. Tone cadence, expressive. The tones of Putonghua have obvious changes, such as rising, rising, turning and falling, which can strongly express one's feelings.

According to the phonetic system of Chinese Pinyin, its phonological system * * * has 23 initials (including two semi-finals of Y and W), 24 finals and 4 tones.

Open call: there is no intermediate sound, which refers to vowels starting with a, o, e, etc.

Tip-to-tooth communication: starts with /i/.

End the call: use /u/ as the initial sound.

Wearing a green hat: with /y/ as the initial sound.

The vowels of the words "knowledge, jealousy, poetry, Japanese, endowment, female and thinking" are called "empty rhyme". Phonetic symbols are ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, ㄒ respectively, and the Chinese phonetic alphabet is uniformly marked with I.

Modern standard Chinese has the rhyme of "er", and the phonetic symbol will independently mark the word "er" as "ㄦ"; Chinese pinyin is written as r, which forms a syllable with the previous word.

The vowel ㄜ(e) is usually pronounced in diphthongs in some places (such as Beijing).

The changes of the middle tone in Putonghua are mainly divided into tone sandhi, Hua Er and light tone.

If the rising tone is followed by a non-rising tone, that is, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and light tone, and the rising tone is not at the end of the sentence or in the state of emphasis, it is often pronounced as a semi-rising tone.

When two consonants are read together, the tone of the first word becomes close to the rising tone.

Before removing syllables, "one" is pronounced in an ascending tone, such as "certain".

Before unstressed syllables, the word "one" is pronounced unstressed, such as "one day", "one year" and "together".

Between words, "one" is soft to read. But when representing ordinal numbers or counting, "one" reads the original flat tone.

"No" is just a tone change to an ascending tone before the sound elimination, such as "Can you hold it?" "No" means rising tone. Don't read between the lines.

When modern standard Chinese is pronounced, some words lose their original tone and become light and short, which is called light tone. A soft voice without tone.

I hope it can help you solve the problem.

...& gt& gt

What's the grammatical difference between local dialect and Mandarin?

There are many differences. Take Wu as an example.

Mandarin: I'm looking for something in the refrigerator.

Shanghainese: I'm looking for something in the refrigerator.

How to understand the grammatical standards of Putonghua

Compared with pronunciation and vocabulary, grammar is very abstract and can be said to be invisible and intangible. Therefore, grammatical norms are the most general and vague in the standard of Putonghua. Grammatical standards contain four meanings:

First, grammar is based on "writing", that is, written language. Why should grammar be based on written language instead of spoken language? This is because of the following reasons: ① Written language itself is refined on the basis of spoken language, which is an advanced form of spoken language, excluding those random and unstable components in spoken language, rigorous and refined, with relative standardization and demonstration; Oral English is mostly improvisation, so it is not allowed to spend time on deliberation, and it is not easy to improve because it cannot be carefully processed; 3 oral English is unstable, invisible and intangible, and inconvenient as a standard.

Second, the grammatically standardized written language is based on vernacular works. The vernacular here refers to the written language formed on the basis of spoken language, excluding classical Chinese and new classical Chinese. Although classical Chinese is also written, it is not vernacular and cannot be used as a grammatical standard.

Thirdly, written language with grammatical norms should take modern vernacular works as grammatical norms. There are many works in vernacular Chinese, some of which are ancient and some are modern. The former, such as Outlaws of the Marsh, A Dream of Red Mansions and The Journey to the West, belong to the old vernacular Chinese in modern Chinese, which has a certain gap with modern Chinese grammar and cannot be used as a grammatical standard. The "modern vernacular" here refers to the vernacular works that appeared after the May 4th New Culture Movement.

Fourthly, as a grammatical norm, written works must be exemplary. Not all vernacular works can be used as the standard of grammatical norms. The "model" in Modern Vernacular Works can be understood as follows:

(1) extensive, representative, talked for a long time, can be used as a model for the use of language;

On the basis of modern spoken language, using the literary language of modern Han nationality and absorbing the essence of people's language practice will play a guiding role in the healthy development of modern Chinese;

(3) The language used is accurate, complete and correct, among which the general use cases are normative and typical, not all the use cases in the works, not to mention special use cases, because even the typical works are personal works after all, reflecting the personal use of language, and it is inevitable that there are irregular words and expressions. The so-called mode refers to the whole work, not a specific sentence;

④ The following works can be regarded as typical modern vernacular works: the works of party and state leaders, the important documents of the party and state, the works of Lu Xun and Guo Moruo, On Contradiction, the works of Ba Jin, Lao She and Cao Yu, etc. These works belong to the times and the people. These modern vernacular works are examples of written language application and typical representatives of people's language practice. Their rich written language materials constitute the grammatical norms of Putonghua.

The above four standards are comprehensively investigated, especially the understanding of classic works. We should not be biased, nor should we pay attention to others. We should mainly look at the mainstream of its norms, not at its local language defects. Even some new vernacular Chinese at the beginning of the New Culture Movement, influenced by the long-term use of classical Chinese, are also mixed with some classical Chinese words, bearing the brand of the times.

What is the grammatical standard of Putonghua? Please elaborate.

Putonghua is the common language of the Han nationality with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. Grammatical norms are a model of modern vernacular Chinese.

Explain the difference between Putonghua and dialect from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

Phonetically, the word "going to the street" is called gai (one sound) in the northeast countryside, and lexically, the sun is called the sun in some places. Grammatically, I'll speak first, and some places say: I'll speak first.

How to understand Mandarin?

Everyone should be able to speak Mandarin, which is a common language form with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

Putonghua is the first step for us to learn to speak and be a civilized person. If a person can't even speak the most basic Mandarin, how can he communicate with others?

Mandarin has penetrated into our daily study and life. No matter what we are doing, Mandarin echoes in every corner around us. Some people may ask, "Why do you speak Mandarin?" Because China is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-dialect country, according to the famous linguist Mr. Zhou Guangyou, 56 ethnic workers in China have more than 80 different languages and regional dialects. It is impossible for each of us to live in the same place all our lives, stand still and not see the outside world, so once we are in a foreign land, we will encounter language barriers and be unable to communicate with others. At this time, if we can all speak a common language-Putonghua, then we don't have to worry about the language barrier and be at a loss.

Speaking Mandarin has brought a lot of convenience to our life. Generally speaking, speaking Putonghua can enhance exchanges between countries, safeguard national unity and promote social civilization and progress.

In class, the teacher asked me to answer questions. Every time I say a word and answer a question, I will try to make it clear. During the period, I often talked to myself in front of the mirror and spoke a lot of Mandarin. Gradually, I told myself my usual troubles. Because of this, I feel that it is easier for me to see things.

Speak Mandarin, start with me, and from now on, I will try my best. Everyone comes to speak Mandarin. Let Putonghua become the tradition of the Chinese nation and a beautiful landscape in our city! Speaking Mandarin is your need, mine and the requirement of the times. Speak Mandarin well, please start with me!