What disease is hepatitis B? Why so many people have to? 1, what is hepatitis B? What is the brief pathogenesis? Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by HBV infection. HBV itself has no obvious damage to the liver, and it mainly causes liver cell damage through human immune response. HBV infection can stimulate the body to produce a series of antibodies and cellular immune responses. If the body's immune response is normal, the infected virus can be removed and cured. Immune response is not enough to clear the virus, and the virus can persist and become chronic hepatitis B. What is the route of transmission of hepatitis B? How to avoid contracting hepatitis B? There are three main ways of transmission: blood transmission; Vertical mother-to-child transmission; Sexual transmission. Hepatitis B does not spread through the digestive tract and respiratory tract, so daily contact such as shaking hands, hugging, working together, eating, etc. Generally does not spread hepatitis B, so there is no need to talk about liver discoloration. The simplest and most effective way to avoid hepatitis B infection is to inject hepatitis B vaccine, and attention should be paid to avoiding the damage of the panel and mucosa when contacting with hepatitis B patients. Special reminder: incomplete disinfection of medical devices such as filling teeth, shaving, pedicure, needles, dental instruments and endoscopes may also cause the spread of hepatitis B. Immunization of newborns is the focus of hepatitis B prevention in China. In China, most hepatitis B virus infections begin at a young age, especially mother-to-child transmission. Infants and young children are more likely to be infected with hepatitis B due to lack of self-protection, delicate and fragile panels, and are more likely to become chronic due to imperfect immune function. According to statistics, 90% of young infected people develop chronic diseases, while only 5- 10% of adult infected people turn into chronic diseases. Therefore, it is the fundamental way to solve hepatitis B at present. Since June 5438+February, 2002, the government of China has included hepatitis B vaccine in the planned immunization of newborns, and provided hepatitis B vaccine for newborns free of charge at several hundred million yuan every year. The goal is to reduce the HBV carrier rate from165438+ 10% in 1992 to below 1% through the efforts of two generations (about 50 years). The focus of hepatitis B immunization is in rural areas. According to the existing data of the Ministry of Health, the coverage rate of hepatitis B vaccine in cities in China has reached 90%, and that in rural areas is about 40%. There is still too much work to be done. 4. How to prevent mother-to-child transmission? Mother-to-child transmission is the main mode of transmission of hepatitis B in China. Women should check HBV-DNA before pregnancy, and it is best to consider pregnancy when DNA is negative. Children of HBV-DNA positive mothers should be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin immediately after birth, as soon as possible. The success rate is about 95%, so it is necessary to check whether antibodies are produced in time. Children of DNA-negative mothers can only be injected with hepatitis B vaccine, and hepatitis B immunoglobulin can also be injected for safety reasons. At present, whether mothers should inject hepatitis B immunoglobulin is still controversial, so routine injection is not recommended. If the father is a big three-yang or a small three-yang but the DNA is positive, it is also recommended to inject hepatitis B immunoglobulin at the birth of the child to avoid close contact and transmission after birth. 5. Can patients with chronic hepatitis B get married and have children? The vast majority of patients with hepatitis B can get married and have children if their liver function is stable and the virus does not replicate. The other party should be injected with hepatitis B vaccine to produce protective antibodies. Female patients with hepatitis B should pay special attention to prevent mother-to-child transmission. For chronic patients with severe symptoms and obvious abnormal liver function, it is not appropriate to get married for the time being, and should be actively treated before getting married after the condition is stable. 6. Routine examination of hepatitis B and its significance? Five items of hepatitis B: the basic basis for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection. HBsAg(+) indicates infection with hepatitis B virus, but it does not indicate virus replication and infectivity; Anti -HBs(+) refers to the protective antibody and immunity to hepatitis B. After injecting hepatitis B vaccine, anti -HBs can be produced after natural infection is cured. HBeAg(+) is an indicator of hepatitis B virus replication, suggesting that it is contagious. Anti-HBe(+) generally means that hepatitis B virus has low or no replication, and in a few cases, it is combined with DNA detection to determine whether there is virus variation; Anti-HBc indicates infection with hepatitis B; Anti-HBc-IgM(+) indicates virus replication. Positive HBVDNA indicates that the virus is replicated and infectious. At present, DNA should be quantitatively detected by PCR, which has high sensitivity but high false positive rate. DNA must be tested in a large regular hospital to avoid mistakes. Liver function: transaminase, especially ALT, is a sensitive sign of liver cell injury; Serum total protein is divided into albumin and globulin. Decreased albumin indicates liver cell damage. Chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis often appear albumin decrease, globulin increase and A/G ratio inversion. B-ultrasound: Liver imaging examination has certain prompt and diagnostic function for chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, ascites and liver cancer. The above results should be comprehensively analyzed by professional doctors, not blindly guessed. 7, diet, life precautions: diet is mainly to abstain from alcohol, avoid spicy food, some such as "can not eat chicken, mutton, seafood" is not scientifically based; Avoid overwork, stay away from chemical toxins, and use drugs with caution, especially those harmful to the liver. When the liver function is abnormal and the illness is active, pay attention to rest, light diet and balanced nutrition. 8. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: At present, the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is still a worldwide problem, and there is no specific medicine to cure it. Therefore, all drugs and treatments that promote "curing hepatitis B" and "changing three yang into yin" on the market are complete liars. Pay attention to identification and don't take chances. Your cheating will encourage the social atmosphere of cheating. Go to a regular hospital for specialist treatment, make a treatment plan that suits you, review it regularly, and adjust the treatment plan in time. Good living habits, reasonable diet and living, and optimistic mental state are favorable factors for treatment. On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2003, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Health and state administration of traditional chinese medicine issued the Notice on Standardizing Medical Advertising Activities and Strengthening Medical Advertising Supervision. Medical advertisements for 1 1 diseases including hepatitis B are temporarily not allowed to be published, so all advertisements involving hepatitis B are illegal! How to treat hepatitis B and avoid failure? At present, the only effective anti-hepatitis B drugs recognized by experts at home and abroad are interferon α and lamivudine, and oxymatrine has also been introduced into China in recent years. Several other anti-HBV drugs, such as arabinoside monophosphate and foscarnet sodium, also have certain anti-HBV effects, but due to many side effects, they are not widely used in clinic, and some drugs abroad have been eliminated. The criteria for evaluating anti-HBV drugs are firstly effective (inhibiting and killing hepatitis B virus), and secondly, the side effects are small and patients can use them for a long time. However, there are not many drugs that meet the above conditions, and doctors and patients should cherish the existing anti-HBV drugs. Chronic hepatitis B is a very complicated disease. Even if anti-HBV drugs are used, the treatment may fail. The main reasons are as follows. Improper indications Both interferon and lamivudine have strict indications, and not all HBV-infected people can apply them. The indications of these two drugs are chronic hepatitis B patients. The transaminase is 2 ~ 10 times higher than the upper limit of normal value, and the liver inflammation is obvious. At this time, the patient is in the "immune clearance period", that is, the immune function in the body is started and the hepatitis B virus is eliminated by encirclement and suppression. At this time, antiviral drugs are used to assist, and the effect is remarkable. In the "immune tolerance period", transaminase is normal or slightly higher than normal, and liver inflammation is slight or absent. For example, hepatitis B virus carriers "turn a blind eye" to hepatitis B virus, and it is useless to apply any antiviral drugs at this time. In this regard, the role of interferon and lamivudine is extremely limited. If the indications are selected accurately, the curative effect will be obviously improved. If the indications are not properly selected, it will not only fail to receive satisfactory curative effect, but also dampen patients' confidence in treatment, or cause resistance to antiviral treatment, resulting in "antiviral ineffectiveness theory" and affecting the normal medication of hepatitis B patients. Anti-HBV drugs have limitations. Neither interferon nor lamivudine can be used for chronic hepatitis B, and it may not be recovered after medication. In fact, anti-HBV drugs have their limitations. At present, all antiviral drugs are ineffective against the original template (cDNA) of HBV replication. Once the drug is stopped, hepatitis B virus will continue to replicate with this cDNA as a template, and as a result, a large number of new hepatitis B viruses will be rampant again, leading to the recurrence of liver diseases. Physicians point out that only by persisting in long-term medication, inhibiting virus replication in the body to the maximum extent, and participating in their own immune function, can the virus be finally eliminated and patients be recovered. When patients with chronic hepatitis B take drugs, they should eliminate the concept of quick decision and make preparations for long-term medication. The "quick-acting theory" is deceptive and cannot be believed. Another limitation of anti-HBV drugs is that the "response rate" of patients is not 100% (response means that after taking drugs, -HBeAg turns negative, anti-HBeAg turns positive, HBVDNA turns negative and transaminase is normal). The "effective rate" of interferon in treating chronic hepatitis B is about 40%, while the long-term effective rate is only about 30%. When lamivudine is used to treat chronic hepatitis B 1 year, the negative conversion rate of HBeAg is less than 20%, and the positive rate of anti-HBeAg is only about 15%. Although the negative rate of HBVDNA is as high as 96% ~ 100%, it is easy to relapse if HBeAg does not turn negative or anti-HBeAg does not turn positive. Therefore, we should not only see the effectiveness of antiviral drugs, but also understand their limitations and correctly understand these drugs. We should not abandon them because of their limitations, nor should we be blindly optimistic because of their effectiveness. The toxic side effects of drugs are "three-point toxicity", and anti-HBV drugs also have toxic side effects, which often vary from person to person. The application of interferon can not only cause influenza-like syndrome, but also cause leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, alopecia and depression, and sometimes the treatment is frustrated due to toxic and side effects. Lamivudine sometimes causes gastrointestinal reactions. Hepatitis B virus mutation Chronic hepatitis B is a complex and changeable disease. Under the action of antiviral drugs and human immune pressure, viruses often mutate, which leads to treatment failure. During the treatment, the patient's condition often fluctuates and repeats, which is not necessarily attributed to the application of antiviral drugs. In addition, the immune dysfunction of patients with chronic hepatitis B may lead to "mixed infection" during the treatment process, such as hepatitis B+C, hepatitis B+D, hepatitis B+A, or hepatitis B complicated with fatty liver. Sometimes, the illness is complicated and the treatment is more difficult due to drug abuse and drinking, which is not the fault of antiviral drugs. Analyzing the reasons for the failure and taking measures will still achieve the curative effect. In the process of applying anti-HBV drugs, careful observation and analysis are needed in many aspects. Anti-HBV drugs are not "panacea", and other drugs such as anti-hepatic fibrosis and adjuvant drugs for regulating immune function are also very necessary. The failure of hepatitis B treatment cannot deny antiviral drugs, and everyone should not ask for antiviral drugs. Since the development of hepatitis B therapeutics, the biggest progress has been the establishment of a comprehensive treatment strategy based on antivirus. If you don't go anti-virus, you will go back. Millions of hepatitis B patients are at a loss. Of course, scientists have long been aware of the shortage of antiviral drugs, and now they are deeply researching and developing more effective antiviral drugs. It should be said that the prospects are optimistic.
What kind of animal is man? Why are there so many doubters that people are a part of nature? First of all, he is born with natural desires. The fundamental attribute of human beings is sociality, which is bound to be restricted by social norms and legal ethics. Suspicion is caused by people's demands. Hehe, just say it, never mind.
What is love like? Why are so many people sad about this? If you really touch it, then you will understand the meaning of love! You can even die for him! Like I do! ,
Why do computers have so many viruses? The question is ... too broad.
What is the red rice mobile phone like? Why are there so many bad reviews? Dear, the price-performance ratio of red rice mobile phone in thousand yuan machine is still very high, which can be seen from the market sales of red rice mobile phone. The market has proved everything. Thank you for your support of Xiaomi mobile phone.
Why is there so much frustration and helplessness in life? Why on earth is this? In order to encourage you, exercise you, make you mature and make you a responsible and courageous person, frustration and helplessness are relative. Maybe now, when you reach a certain height, looking back, it's just something you have to understand when you grow up.
Why do mints have so many flavors? What's the smell of mint? Hello, mints have so many flavors because the manufacturers add many additives. The taste of mint is very fragrant and special. Please adopt it. Thank you!
Why are there so many third parties? Maybe there will be too much pressure after marriage, which is unexpected before marriage. Before marriage, it is a vow of eternal love. I found that there were too many unrealistic things after marriage. Women are born romantic, and men need comfort after a hard day. Married women cook and wash clothes every day and become nagging and don't like dressing up. Before marriage, they were faced with a self-reliant girl, after marriage, they were housewives, and their feelings were very fragile, so they had a third party.
Why are there so many tragedies! I have been surfing the internet. A popular phrase on the Internet these days is "anything can happen", which is very correct. This sentence is a truth, which is mentioned many times in the book Dialogue with God. For dark things, everything is possible; Similarly, anything is possible for the freedom and happiness of mankind. Many people have lost their faith and only believe in money, and some even believe in the product of practical jokes. Lack of money and energy is one of the root causes of tragedy.
The progress of society is inseparable from the efforts of each of us. Everything is cause and effect, and every thought we make will change this society, because the people who create tragedies are also members of the crowd, and our industry has created such people. At the same time, some people are voting for the tragedy. As long as everyone has more good thoughts, the occurrence of tragedies will be much reduced.
Many popular sayings in reality are the cause of tragedy. The dominant ideology of human beings already contains seeds that lead to tragedy and moral decay, and these seeds will take root and sprout one day. For example, many people think that "the poor must have something hateful", which is unsympathetic, mocking others deserves it, and they deserve it. Under this wrong premise, no matter what, we will be attracted by this progress and feel that we are right, so the tragedy continues and the grievances are reported.
As long as everyone is more sympathetic, the truth will soon appear in front of us.
I sincerely hope that the next tragedy will not happen to you. . . . .
Why are there so many typhoons this year? The formation of typhoon needs a vast atmosphere with high temperature and humidity. The temperature and humidity of the bottom atmosphere on the tropical ocean surface are mainly determined by the sea surface temperature, and typhoons can only form on the warm ocean surface where the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ and the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ within 60 meters. Typhoon is a strong cyclone caused by tropical depression. Only in summer can the tropical depression be strong enough and the temperature conditions be sufficient.
It is my happiness to help you. The team born for dreams wishes you progress in your study. If you don't understand, please ask. If you understand, please adopt it in time! (*^__^*)