A Primary Exploration of the Waterscape and Cultural Connotation of Typical Water Cities in Ancient China

Chen Xingru

(China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research)

Water city is one of the many types of cities in China, which is famous for having more water surface. Water cities appear more often in various cultural carriers in China, such as movies, architecture, and poetry, and have become the focus of attention in all walks of life. People in different fields pay attention to its different perspectives, such as architects are more concerned about the unique architectural style of the water city due to water, poets are more concerned about the unique context of the water city formed under the unique humanistic mood, etc., the study of the water city by the water workers to pay attention to the cause of: China's accelerated urbanization is facing more and more pressures and challenges, the shortage of water resources has become an important problem in the city.

One, about the water city

(a) the definition of water city, the basic characteristics, value

1. The definition of the water city

city or rely on a large river, a large river, a large lake, or a dense water network, or a large river, a large river through the city, the city of the river is well developed, the area of the water area of at least 10% of the city area; the city of the people's life, production and water have a close relationship with the main mode of transportation; water transportation is the main mode of transportation. Water transportation is the main mode of transportation; the city from the beginning of the establishment of the water system planning as an important element of urban planning [4]; personalized waterscape and cultural characteristics of the city's image representation; the city has a long history of contact with the water, water for the city site selection, establishment, development of the role of a huge; urban river planning to comply with the "unity of man and nature" guiding ideology, man and man are in harmony. The urban river planning follows the guiding ideology of "the unity of man and nature", and man and nature get along harmoniously.

2. The basic characteristics of the water city

(1) or by the big rivers, rivers, lakes, or water network is dense, or big rivers, rivers, lakes through the city or is located in the city, the city's water area occupies a certain percentage.

(2) From the beginning of the city, water system planning has become the main content of urban planning. Personalized water ecology and water landscape, water culture became the symbol of the city.

(3) The production and living activities of urban residents are closely related to water.

(4) Unique water-related customs and water culture have been formed.

(5) Towns and cities are mostly located on both sides of rivers, and markets are often located near rivers.

(6) It has both land and water transportation systems.

(7) Abundant water resources and favorable natural conditions.

(8) Urban planning and design focus on the overall idea of "unity of heaven and mankind", emphasizing the harmony and coordination between man and nature.

(9) Water plays an irreplaceable role in the history of urban construction and development (military defense, fire prevention, water supply, landscaping, transportation, aquaculture, flood control, water recreation, etc.).

3. The value of the water city - the Jiangnan Water City as an example

(1) rich historical and cultural value. Jiangnan Water City has become affluent and civilized due to its economy and culture in the forefront of the country, and has integrity and continuity in the history of urban development due to fewer wars and rare calamities, therefore, it is a direct object to study the social conditions such as productive forces and relations of production and the cultural connotations such as philosophy, morality and ethics in a specific historical period, and has a very high historical and cultural value.

(2) Excellent planning and architectural art and cultural value. The high degree of harmony between man and nature embodied in Jiangnan Water City is formed on the basis of people's continuous integration and coordination with nature and society, and has reached a very high level. A large number of well-preserved buildings in the Water City are witnesses to the harmonious relationship between man and water in the Water City, which has an important value in China's town planning and architectural history.

Jiangnan culture is a product of the combination of a specific history and a specific region, which reflects the "unity of heaven and man" urban planning ideas, is an important part of China's culture.

(2) The basic connotation of the water city

(1) The water system is the basis for the existence and development of the city. Water city is a unique pattern of high development of rivers and waterways in the city, and waterway transportation is the main form of transportation in the city [5]. Water system is the foundation of the existence and development of the city, is the lifeblood of the city's survival. In order to pursue the superiority of living near the water, people use the direction of the water system to plan the distribution of residential and commercial areas, so that the water system plays a decisive role in the shape of the city. Without the water system, the location of the city may change, and the development of the city may not be so rapid. The reason why human beings like to "live near water" is that the abundant water network provided many convenient conditions for people under the conditions of the productivity level at that time, such as drinking water, irrigation, transportation, washing, military defense and other basic problems that had to be solved for the survival of human beings.

(2) The layout of the city is based on local conditions. China's ancient philosophy is the product of simple materialism, pay attention to "heaven, earth, people" three unity. The so-called "in the sky into the image, in the ground forming", is the requirement of a variety of buildings to correspond to the sky, "heaven and earth unity" of the idea of China's ancient city site selection and layout are reflected. The idea of "unity of heaven and earth" is reflected in the location and layout of ancient cities in China. "Relying on the mountains and the water" is one of the most basic principles of architecture, especially in ancient times, the mountains and the water were regarded as treasures, and the ancients believed that the mountains were the skeleton of the earth, and the water was the source of vitality of all things. According to the results of archaeological discoveries, the primitive tribes were almost all on the river terraces. This corresponds to the historical situation of hunting, fishing and fruit picking at that time. In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of the city construction climax, this construction idea is more mature and perfect, specifically expressed in: "Guanzi - multiply the horse" "Where the state capital, not under the big mountain, must be in the wide river above, high not near the drought, and water use enough, down not near the water, and ditch defense province, due to the heavenly material, on the location, so the city does not have to be in the rules, the road does not have to be in the quasi-coincidence. " Guanzi's assertion shows a strong scientific nature, and is still noticed and praised by many scholars.

(3) water culture is rich in content. Culture is a record of the historical development of a country and nation, which reflects the connotation and connotation of a country and region with its own characteristics. The characteristics of the water city determines its history is a human constantly and water long-term contact and mutual coordination of history, therefore, the water city has a rich water culture content, compared with other cities, its connotation is richer, more diverse forms.

(4) The history of urban development is a history of water harmony. Water city is a "double-edged sword", can bring great convenience to life, but also may bring greater flooding, the key is how to use water, and coordinate the relationship between people and water. At the same time should not violate the laws of nature under the conditions of active transformation of nature. The successful operation of the water city is the embodiment of the harmonious relationship between people and water.

(5) water landscape colorful. Water landscape has a multi-angle, multi-season, multi-level changes. Water City due to the close relationship between people and water, the cityscape has a strong sense of life. Water city's architecture, layout are to water as a starting point, different natural conditions of the water city landscape is ever-changing. Because there is a lot of water, there are a lot of bridges, and the bridges with different forms are another beautiful scenery of the water city. The water landscape and the composite landscape of water and other existences are fully displayed in Water City.

(6) The city has distinctive features and outstanding personality. Water city because of the water and other city differences are obvious, water city and water between the different forms of existence and each has its own characteristics. For example, Suzhou has the reputation of "paradise on earth" because of its rich living atmosphere; Shanghai has become a major place for foreign trade because of its proximity to the Huangpu River, which has become a world-famous international metropolis; Jinan has the reputation of "spring city" because of its rich underground water.

(C) the study of the significance of the water city

Water city is China's urban development history of a flower, its formation is the ancient people of China's effective use of nature, and actively transforming the results of nature, water and human harmony in the water city has been a concrete embodiment. Water City is called China's ancient urban water conservancy work "museum", is a modern water workers, especially urban water workers to learn and learn from the sample. Today's cities in the face of water pollution, water ecological quality decline, landscape change, people and water tension, re-advocacy of the ancient simple water management ideas and thoughts, so that in the water ecosystem restoration, water environment improvement, water landscape remodeling, rational planning and utilization of urban rivers, coordination of people and water relations and other aspects of the role it should play.

This paper analyzes the ideas and modes of ancient urban river planning and governance in Suzhou, a representative water city in China, to reveal the great role of urban river planning on the survival, development and prosperity of the city, and to provide experience for urban river governance.

Two, ancient Suzhou's urban river construction

(A) Suzhou Overview

1. Suzhou's modern natural geographic conditions

Suzhou is located in the Taihu Lake, the Yangtze River downstream, the southeastern part of Jiangsu Province, the city's watershed area of 3,609.40 square kilometers, accounting for the city's total area of 8,488.42 square kilometers of the 42.5 percent of the city's jurisdiction over six districts ( Pingjiang, Canglang, Jinyan, suburbs, new districts, parks), 6 cities (Wu County, Wujiang, Zhangjiagang, Taicang, Kunshan and Changshu), the city *** there are 162 townships, 22 street offices, 3323 administrative villages. The region is located in the southern bank of the Yangtze River estuary, is part of the Yangtze River alluvial plain, the north pillow of the Yangtze River, east of Shanghai, south of Zhejiang, west of Taihu Lake, with unique geographical conditions. There are many rivers and lakes, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal runs through the north and south, and the Beijing-Shanghai Railway and the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway run through the east and west. Suzhou is located in the temperate zone, with four distinct seasons, a mild climate and abundant rainfall, and is known as the "paradise on earth".

2. Cityscape

Suzhou city was built in 514 years ago, although after more than 2,500 years of vicissitudes, but the city is still situated in the Spring and Autumn Period, basically maintaining the Song Dynasty, "parallel land and water, river and street adjacent to the" double checkerboard pattern, "three longitudinal, three horizontal and one ring" river and waterway system. Basically, it maintains the double checkerboard pattern of "parallel land and water, neighboring rivers and streets", "three longitudinal, three horizontal and one circular" river system and "pink walls and tiles, small bridges and rivers, people pillowed by the river" and other unique features of the city of the water town. The total length of the river in the ancient city of Suzhou is 35 kilometers, and there are more than 170 bridges, which is the city with the most rivers and bridges in China.

3. Water system in the city

Suzhou is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake, with many lakes and rivers. The city is located in the middle of the city area, the western part of the city is near Taihu Lake, the east has Jinji Lake and Yangcheng Lake, the south has Shi Lake and Tantai Lake, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal passes around the city from northwest to southeast. The ancient city is surrounded by the Ring City River, which is 15.7 kilometers long. The rivers flowing into the River include Xujiang, Shangtang River, Shantang River, Cross Yang River and Yuanhe Pond; the rivers flowing out of the River include Dalonggang, Turnip Pond, Loujiang River, Waidang River and Old Canal. The river is fed by the Grand Canal and Taihu Lake, and drained into the Yangtze River, and there are "three horizontal and three vertical" shapes in the ancient city, which are connected with the river. Urban river is not deep, under normal water level, the main channel for the 2 ~ 3.5 meters, non-navigational channel of the river is generally between 1 ~ 2 meters, the width of the river varies, the width of the inner city river river 3 ~ 10 meters, the widest section of the Ring River up to 135 meters, the narrowest place is only 9 meters.

(2) Suzhou's camping pattern -- Interpretation of "Pingjiang Tu"

In the late Spring and Autumn period, King Helu of Wu ordered Wu Zixu to build the great city of Helu. "Zixu made Xiangtu taste the water, and built a big city in the image of heaven and earth. The circumference was forty-seven miles, with eight land gates to visualize the eight winds of heaven; and eight water gates to legalize the eight cong of earth." [5] the city rivers and canals, is the first well-planned typical water city in China's history [6].

Suzhou city was built on the theme of "water". This can be reflected in the Pingjiang Map (Figure 1), which was carved from stone tablets by Li Shoupeng, the governor of Pingjiang County, in 1229. It vividly records the appearance of the city after 100 years of reconstruction and reflects the idea of urban planning in Pingjiang, which is the earliest preserved urban planning map in China so far. Guanzi - Multiplying Horses says: "Because of the materials of heaven and the advantages of earth, the city does not need to be in the rules, and the roads do not need to be in the guidelines." Pingjiang is a typical example of this idea. The orientation of the city of Pingjiang is not north-south, but off by 7°54″, which is well thought out. Because of this, the prevailing southeasterly wind in summer can blow smoothly into the city, lowering the temperature, while in winter it can raise the temperature a little.

Another viewpoint is that the discrepancy was artificially caused by the discovery of magnetic declination during the Tang and Song dynasties. Pingjiang City was not built as a square according to the tradition, but was built as a rectangle to adapt to the natural terrain, and also made full use of the natural river as a moat, and took into account the direction of the river and the water flow of the city was built in a zigzag pattern, only the southeast corner was built at right angles. Pingjiang city gate is water and land coexistence of dual gates, in accordance with established practice, the city gate should be set in the north-south, east-west axis, but Pingjiang City in order to adapt to the topography and water requirements, the city gate, the avenue to take the asymmetrical layout. To the north of the city, the shortcut to the land and water transportation system goes through a defile between the hills, which will determine the location of the northwest gate avenue. The south gate was skillfully arranged to allow control of the river and the road, situated at the nearest point where the Grand Canal led to the city. The other three asymmetrical gates were also designed to complement the river and road system. The walls of the old city of Suzhou are generally regular in plan, but their four corners were designed to take different shapes as needed. The moat in the north of the city has a strong current, so the corners of the city wall in the northeast and northwest were made into straight lines to increase the curvature of the river, so that the water flowed smoothly and did not collapse the corners of the city wall or the river bank. In order to avoid the positive impact of the Taihu Lake flood, the southwest wall corners into a convex shape, the Panmen from the southwest direction to face the southeast, so that the Xujiang River, the Canal water around the curved corners of the wall, mainly along the Canal flow to the southeast, part of the incoming water through the Panmen, the water gate into the city river. In this way, the water flowed smoothly at the corners of the wall, the lower part of the wall was not subjected to the strong scouring of the flood water, and the pressure of the flood water on the Panmen and Shuimen was also reduced. The southeast corner is still made into a right angle due to the smooth flow of water [7].

Figure 1 Pingjiang map [6]

Suzhou the whole city to the river as a skeleton, the road layout and the river with the effective integration of both land and water transportation system. The total length of the river is 82 kilometers, which is 78% of the total length of the city streets, and the width of the river is generally not less than 10 meters, and its depth is between 3 and 5 meters [4]. The city has 6 north-south rivers, 14 east-west rivers, and many tributaries **** with constitute the river network. The river system enables the city to guarantee water for domestic use and production, and can be used as a natural drainage and water storage system, reducing or avoiding the occurrence of urban flooding. River layout to the north of the city's residential areas for the most dense, crisscrossing, shaped like a chessboard; followed by the city's commercial areas; the south of the city due to the official large-scale buildings more, the river is more sparse. River water network planning and the city's residential, temples, gardens, gates, post offices, warehouses and other types of architectural layout closely integrated to form a beautiful water city environment. There are 285 famous bridges in the city, plus 314 bridges outside the city***. In addition, the river system to improve the ecological environment also has an important role. The large area of water in the river has the function of heat absorption, dust absorption, ventilation, etc., which is very favorable to the improvement of the environment. The large amount of evaporation of water vapor on the river surface increases the humidity of the air and provides good growing conditions for plants, which is to a certain extent conducive to urban ecological construction. Pingjiang had larger private gardens such as Canglang Pavilion before the Song Dynasty. By the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, the gardens had a considerable scale, and later developed into the unique style of Suzhou garden art. Pingjiang city has many rivers and bridges. According to records, Pingjiang Southern Song Dynasty, there are 359 bridges. The number of bridges can be seen, spectacular, fully demonstrating the unique charm of the water city.

Water is the skeleton of the city of Suzhou, the city buildings, although destroyed by fire, but the foundation of the river still exists, a little refurbishment and can be used, not to arbitrarily relocation. Wu Zixu, the founder of Suzhou, creatively planned and constructed a "double checkerboard" transportation system with the water system as the vein, the river as the skeleton, and the road as the dependence of the land and water. The planning and layout of the water city not only solved the problem of urban transportation, but also made a series of problems such as water supply, drainage, fire prevention, military defense and urban landscape. Wu Helu large city by Wu Zixu "phase earth taste water", choose the city site, the city site is slightly higher than the surrounding ground, reducing the threat of flooding. Its urban flood control facilities are quite complete, there are city walls, trenches, city river, water gate, dykes and weirs, etc., outside the flood can be discharged, inside the water can be discharged, storage and drainage facilities, do not worry about water and drought, so that is located in the water countryside of suzhou from flooding. Its appearance, marking the Spring and Autumn period of China's urban flood control science and technology has reached a considerable level [5]. Water is the lifeline of Suzhou city, this is because the river water system throughout the city streets and alleys, is conducive to greening, is conducive to storage and drainage, is conducive to fire fighting, but also can effectively regulate and improve the microclimate of the city, thus creating a good ecological environment.

(C) the important position of urban rivers in the construction of Suzhou city

1. Stabilizing the position of the city

Since the city is everywhere for the longitudinal and latitudinal network of the river system of communication, penetration and infiltration of the distribution of various types of urban buildings and the organic combination of the river network of the water system, so that the city of Suzhou's position and pattern of the time-honored. Therefore, Suzhou is known as the "living fossil" among the cities, and it is an important reference value for the study of the capacity of the ancient city rivers to resist war, natural disasters and other external forces, to stabilize the city site, to improve the life of the people, and to develop the economy.

2. Water intake, drainage and catharsis

To determine the shape of the city according to the trend of the water system, first of all, to ensure the smoothness of the water system. With a systematic and complete waterway, the city's rainfall, production and living drainage can be smoothly discharged outside the city, in the ancient conditions without serious pollution, it is indeed more practical, reasonable and economical, but also more advanced and scientific. The famous scholars of the Song Dynasty Zhu Changwen in the book "Wu County map by the sequel" within the also have praised: "view in the city, the crowd flow through the state, spit and suck Zhenze (Lake Taihu, also known as), the small Hamlet faction, the side of the folder road and street, cover is not as good as it is, there is no leakage of flooding an inhabitants also. Therefore, although there is a country of ze, and the city has not tasted pad drowning swings analysis of the problem, non-wisdom to create in the front, the ability to heel in the back, and can lead to this?" Although Suzhou is located in the water online, but rare waterlogging disaster, and collect the benefits of water conservancy.

3. Transportation

The ancients liked to live by the water, and the water's edge often became the birthplace of cities. The reason for this is mainly because Suzhou, as an important city in Wu, the waterway is not only necessary for transportation within the city, but also to link the urban and rural areas, communicate with the Wu and even the country's channel. Because in the watery Wu, the waterway is not accessible, its convenient transportation, economic convenience is obvious. At the end of the Ming Dynasty presided over the drawing of the "Su City waterway map" of the Jiangnan Fu Zhang Guowei, in the map "map" on the role of waterways in Suzhou once pointed out: "Wu soil to water according to win, water line is the gas transport Henry, more with the lanes and streets, oars and boats through the sailing, all the carrier transportation pay corn, no burden of trouble, Yin Yin affluent to have to be. "

4. fire isolation and defense

Inexhaustible, inexhaustible waterway to provide adequate water for firefighting, until today's waterway firefighting, isolation role still exists. The waterway also has a defense function, the ancient moat is an example. At that time, most of the city government offices, government schools, grain warehouses, temples and rich and huge rooms around the river, these waterways are also the boundary river, used to separate, and play a defensive role. To date, there are many important warehouses, engineering roads built near the river, is also derived from this reason.

5. Regulate the climate, air purification and beautification of the urban environment

Water has a large heat capacity, the water system can regulate the local temperature, so that the city is warm in winter and cool in summer, but also has to increase the humidity of the air, beautify the environment, and cultivate the role of sentiment. Therefore, from ancient times to the present human beings or actively use the natural water surface, or artificially increase the area of water surface, promote the mobility of the urban river, so that it can better serve mankind.

(4) Suzhou water culture characteristics and its causes

1. Water culture is rich in content

Suzhou is the birthplace of Wu culture, and since ancient times, it is also the place where literati originated and gathered, and it has an important political, economic, and cultural status in history. Therefore, Suzhou's culture is rich in content. Suzhou has a lot of water, a lot of bridges and a lot of people, and the synergistic effect of the three has promoted the development of Suzhou's water culture. During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan built the Ruiguang Pagoda for his mother, the famous gardens represented by the "Humble Administrator's Garden" and "Canglang Pavilion", Shantang Street, a representative of Suzhou's old streets, the "Pingjiang Picture Tablet", and the ancient poets' description of Suzhou's landscape The famous poems and lines such as "the boat is moored outside the door of every house", "the neck of the water fluctuates and breaks up the buildings", "the smoke and water of Wudu Guo, the gate of Gate of Heaven is framed by the blue stream, the green poplar and the shallow alleys are deep and shallow, and the blue Han is in and out of the boat" [8] are all the representatives of the water culture of Suzhou. Representatives of the water culture of Suzhou.

2. The formation of the characteristics of Suzhou's water culture

(1) Behind the prosperity of Suzhou's water culture, Suzhou's favorable geographical conditions play an important role. Because of its favorable geographical position, Suzhou developed rapidly in agriculture, transportation and fishery, and soon became an economically rich and culturally advanced place. One of the origin centers of the famous "Jiangnan Phenomenon" in China's cultural history was Suzhou. The advanced culture cannot be separated from the developed economy, and the developed economy cannot be separated from the favorable geographical location. In the final analysis, the geographical location of a city plays a crucial role in its development. As one of the most typical townships in China, Suzhou's urban location and layout have always been talked about, and provided a good model and reference for later city planners. Suzhou's unique natural ecological conditions play an important role in the stability of the city site, the prosperity of the city, the people living and working in peace and happiness, and the cultural prosperity. Suzhou's urban characteristics are closely related to its natural ecology, and presents a unique water city quality. As the old saying goes, "the spirit of the bell yuxiu", from the material point of view, the geographical environment, especially the water network environment can influence the development of a region or city culture. Suzhou has many rivers and lakes, lush grass and trees, and is blessed with a lot of water. This natural situation itself lurks a cultural spectacle, for the development of urban water culture to provide the prerequisites.

(2) Suzhou is the result of the mutual promotion of economy, politics and culture. In the ancient conditions of inconvenient transportation, water transport is an important determinant of the city's economic prosperity. Therefore, the economy of Suzhou was more developed. With the economic prosperity, Suzhou's tax was one of the main sources of the government at that time, so it was gradually emphasized by the imperial court and its political status gradually rose. The rise in political status in turn contributed to further economic prosperity, and culture also grew stronger with the gathering of literati and artists, economic prosperity, and the rise in political status.

(E) Ancient Suzhou's experience in water control

(1) City site focus on flood control. In ancient China, there are many kinds of doctrines on the location of cities, and the doctrine of "Guanzi" on the location of cities for flood control can be taken as a representative of many doctrines. Guanzi - horse" cloud: "Where the state capital, not in the mountains, must be in the wide river above, high not near the drought, and the water with enough, down not near the water, and the ditch defense province". It points out the principle of city site selection, that is, the city site is not a mountain or water, not only is conducive to the city's security needs (against foreign invasion), but also the convenience of water transportation; city location should not be too high, easy to access to water; at the same time, the city site should not be too low, in order to avoid the harm of flooding. Suzhou, located in the middle of the Taihu Lake Plain in the Water Country, the elevation of its northern and eastern plains is mostly below 4 meters (Wusong Elevation), and the city is generally 4.2 to 4.5 meters, slightly higher than the surrounding terrain. The historical maximum water level of the Grand Canal, which passes around the city, is 4.37 meters, and flooding is rare in the city [2].

(2) The concept of urban river planning for local conditions. Ancient people talked about "due to the material of heaven, on the geographical advantage". Suzhou's city site is chosen on the water network, water more for its development to lay sufficient water conditions, but also increased its risk factor of flooding. Suzhou city builders according to the current situation of the city of Suzhou, actively building moats, communication between internal and external water systems to facilitate urban drainage, according to the direction of the water system to arrange the direction of the city wall, according to the conditions of the flow of water to plan the shape of the city, according to the shape of the water system in the city to develop the city residents of the residential, roads, production methods, etc., are the ancients to change the harm for the benefit of the people to change the human behavior to adapt to the natural conditions around the embodiment of the.

(3) Emphasis on water management. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, Suzhou water conservancy has become, to the Ming Dynasty has been very developed. This is inseparable from the Suzhou local officials Fan Zhongyan, Hai Rui, Zhang Guowei and so on. In the Song Dynasty, Suzhou's main problem is the territory of the Tongpu obliteration, Taihu Lake is overflowing, the water can not flow into the sea, and, the tide backed up, entrainment of sediment for the harm. Fan Zhongyan organized manpower to dredge the ponds around Changshu and Kunshan, so the water could be injected into the Yangtze River in the north, and into the Wusong River and the sea in the east, and the flooding was treated. Ming Longqing three years (1569), Hai Rui in the Jiangnan governor and governance of Suzhou waterways. Suzhou city waterways, bridges to draw the most detailed labeling of the "Suzhou city waterways map" is the end of the Ming Dynasty Jiangnan Governor Zhang Guowei "Wuzhong Water Conservancy Book" in a map. According to Zhang Yinglin statistics, the map to three horizontal four straight river as the backbone, long and short waterways intertwined more than a hundred, 340 bridges; labeling the name of the 338 bridges, 20 Yamen, 10 grain silos, 6 gates, as well as the mountains, continents, rivers, rivers, lakes, pools, pools, etc. * * * 389 places. Zhang Guowei "all over the lake and sea, to find the source of the waterway", "drawing pictures", different from the paper. He attached importance to the construction and management of urban waterways, "Wuyang to the water according to win, the water line is the gas transport Henry, more with the lanes and streets, oars and boats through the sailing, where the carrier of fuel and corn without the burden of trouble, Yin Yin affluent to be." At that time, Wu County Governor Niu Ruolin compiled "Gate of Heaven to rebuild the Rainbow Bridge," recorded that Zhang Guowei Fu Wu during the period, had "dredging four vertical and three horizontal within the canal, all through the transmission of the people and the benefit of the people, sparing no effort." To this day, the stone statue of Zhang Guowei is carved on the wall of the City God Temple together with the stone tablets of several good officials who had been governors in Suzhou in ancient times. In fact, Zhang Guowei did not have the political influence or literary level of the others, and was later killed in defeat. But the juxtaposition of these men, also offered in the temple along with Chenghuang - the god who protects the ancient city of Suzhou - shows that much importance was attached to water system management at that time.

(4) attach importance to river management. In the Ming and Qing dynasties **** dredged the city's rivers 11 times. Suzhou since the Song Jia Ding sixteen years to the end of the Qing Dynasty (1223 ~ 1911) nearly 700 years without the disaster of flooding, and river management is inseparable. As early as in the Song Dynasty Zhu Changwen has pointed out the role of the drainage of the city's rivers, and the importance of management "view in the city, many streams through the state, spit and suck Zhenze, Hamlet faction, the side folder road and street, cover is not as good as it is, there is no leakage of flooding an inhabitants also. Therefore, although the name of the State of Ze, and the city has not been pad drowning in the problem of the analysis of the swing".

Three, summary

Ancient water city construction to live in harmony with nature, maximize the adaptation to nature, the use of nature as the basic principle, it is our country's ancient thinking of simple materialism in concrete practice in the successful application of the model, is our country's ancient wisdom of the crystallization of our country's valuable cultural heritage of urban river governance. From this, it can be concluded that human beings can only plan and utilize the water system rationally to make it serve human beings better, thus promoting the closeness and harmony of human-water relations. Ancient water city construction for the modern urban construction sector and the water sector in the "harmony between man and nature", "building a harmonious society" and other concepts of work in the context of exploring new ideas and methods of work provides a reference experience.

References

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