What were the official positions of ancient foreign countries?

Titles, which first appeared in the Middle Ages, are still used in some modern countries. Generally, the level of title is determined by the amount of land occupied, which is divided into five categories: duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron. Oq8s"g*uSf b

Duke: Among the nobles, the duke is the first rank and has the highest status. There are three sources of this title: one is the military leader of the Germanic tribe when the European clan society disintegrated; Second, the military leaders of ancient Roman tribes; Third, the frontier generals in ancient Rome, later referring to local military and political officials, Latin means "commander in chief." With the development of feudal relations and the strengthening of kingship, the duke became an upper-class figure in the ruling class. In Britain, dukes were originally enfeoffed by King Edward III of England in14th century, and all dukes were members of the royal family. It was not until the 15th century that this convention was broken, and a few non-royals were made dukes. U.` l，j~+m ~

Marquis: Marquis is the second rank of nobility. When Charlemagne was in power, he referred to the chief of the border areas with special powers, which was equivalent to a vassal. After the Charlemagne Empire split, it became an independent feudal Lord. After the strengthening of feudal kingship, Marquis became a title between Duke and Earl, and its status was equal to that of other Ors. It was not until the tenth and fourteenth centuries that the Marquis was recognized as above Bo.

1g:y3sP7Ely$Vp Earl: In the Roman Empire, the Earl was an attendant of the emperor, in charge of military and political financial power, and sometimes served as a local official. After the feudal system was strengthened, the earl could become a hereditary feudal Lord. Later, the status gradually declined, between the marquis and the viscount, and it was the third rank of the nobility. In Britain, the title of Earl has the longest history, and it was the highest title in Britain before black prince Edward was made Duke in 1237. This title comes from Denmark in Scandinavia.

%d%J.G)` X4a Viscount: Viscount was originally the official name of the Frankish kingdom. It was first sealed by King Charlemagne in the eighth century and later spread to other continental European countries. Viscount was the count's deputy at first, but later he existed independently and could be inherited. Viscount was not introduced to England until15th century. Beaumont John was the first person to be awarded the viscount of England in 1440, ranking higher than baron.

q . Y i0v6S-rW3Q； Baron: Baron is the lowest rank among nobles. In the 1 1 and 12 centuries, it was a direct vassal of the kings or feudal lords of European monarchies. In English, the word Baron was introduced by the Normans when they conquered the European continent. Its original intention was "just an ordinary person", and later it evolved into "a powerful person". At that time, the large sharecroppers in Britain who directly obtained land from the king could be called barons, but this was not enfeoffed by the king. It was not until 1387 that Richard II and John Beacham became barons that barons became the official titles of British aristocrats. ~)H4p:q#v J

Among the above five noble titles, according to whether they can be passed on to future generations, they are divided into hereditary nobles and lifelong nobles. Hereditary aristocrats can be inherited by the eldest son after death, and lifelong aristocrats can only hold them when they are alive, and sons can't inherit them after death. Byron's uncle is an English poet and a hereditary aristocrat. After his death, his nephew Byron was awarded a hereditary title.