List the new development of fine arts in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

Arts and Crafts in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

Song Li

The characteristics of China's arts and crafts creation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period began to take shape after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period and reached maturity in the Warring States Period. Its aesthetic performance is to appreciate the beauty of exquisite and rich decoration. Due to the development of social productive forces, the unprecedented activity of social thoughts and the improvement of people's value, arts and crafts have broken through the restrictions of etiquette system, showing an unprecedented tendency of lively and free creation, and some outstanding representative works have appeared in various arts and crafts. The main achievements are in bronzes, lacquerware, jade, glass, ceramics, gold and silver, silk embroidery and so on. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the center of handicraft manufacturing was transferred from the Zhou royal family to the vassal state, including official industry and folk handicraft industry. The production of important articles such as ritual vessels and weapons is controlled by government industries. The monograph Kao Gong Ji appeared in the late Spring and Autumn Period, which summarized the skills of Baigong, including its social status and division of labor, craft ideas, cities, palaces, utensils system, technical experience and many other aspects. The division of labor of the main handicraft departments described at that time included six parts and 30 tasks: knocking wood, knocking skin, coloring and scraping. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the arts and crafts of different countries showed different regional characteristics. Various regions communicate with each other and influence each other to form a unified cultural identity. The cultural areas with independent regional characteristics mainly include: the Central Plains cultural area represented by Zhou and Sanjin Dynasties, the northern cultural area represented by Yan and Zhao, the Lu cultural area represented by Qi and Lu, the southeast cultural area represented by wuyue, the southern cultural area represented by thought, the Guanzhong cultural area represented by thought, and the Ba, Shu and Dian cultural areas in southwest China. After the Warring States period, Chu culture and Qin culture had great influence.

Bronze craft in the early Spring and Autumn Period, bronze craft followed the Western Zhou style, and important changes took place from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, which became the second peak of bronze art development. New changes have taken place in bronzes and their combination relations. The main types of utensils are ① containers: cookers are Ding, Wei, □, □,

Bean, Dun, etc. Ding is still the most distinguished bronze ritual vessel. It is used together with □, and the number varies according to the social status of users. D is singular, followed by 9, 7, 5 and 3. □ Configure in plural. The supreme ruler uses 9 Ding and 8□. However, the phenomenon of □ crossing occurs from time to time. Wine vessels are mainly pots, boats, birds and animals. In the past, the popular titles of Jue, □, Yi, Sui, Zun and Fang in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were all replaced by new utensils. The container for holding water includes a mirror, a plate, a bowl, a basin, etc. (2) Musical instruments: mainly chimes, braids and instruments. The number of chime groups is the largest, and the well-preserved chimes in Zeng Houyi's tomb unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province are 19 button bell, 45 permanent bell and 64 * * *. Another □ 1 According to their size and spacing, they are arranged in 8 groups and hung on a square clock frame with three layers of copper and wood structure. At the terminal and corner of the middle and lower floors of the bell stand, there are six bronze statues of bell dummies. (3) Weapons: mainly include ge, spear, spear, halberd, sword, crossbow machine and arrow. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars were frequent and there were many kinds and quantities of weapons. The weapons used by some nobles are inlaid with gold and silver, beautifully decorated with patterns and patterns, or painted with lacquerware, which also have independent aesthetic value. The famous lightsaber of the King of Wu and the sword of the King of Yue have been specially treated to produce flame-like or diamond-shaped patterns, which are extremely exquisite. ④ Household utensils: The most representative utensils are bronze mirrors and hooks. Bronze mirrors were first discovered in the cultural sites of Qi State. In the late Warring States period, bronze mirrors were made in great quantities, with the largest number of bronze mirrors in Chu. The arts and crafts value of bronze mirror lies in that it has created a series of unique patterns which are different from those of ordinary bronzes, and it shows outstanding creative ability in the design suitable for patterns. A hunting mirror made in Jincun, Luoyang, Henan Province, with gold and silver on the back, rides a warrior and wields a sword to fight tigers and beasts. There are also bronze mirrors inlaid with jade and glass, all of which are fine products of bronze mirrors in the Warring States period. Hook is a kind of clothing appliance introduced to the south by nomadic people in the north, which has been widely popular in aristocratic life since the mid-Warring States period. Some are cast in the shape of animals, and some are inlaid with jade and gold, which are very delicate. In addition, there are horses and chariots, tools and so on.

Chunqiu Caihou Tongding

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the development of productive forces and the competition for luxury by nobles, the number of bronzes increased greatly, and many large vessels and various special-shaped vessels appeared. For the purpose of production, practical function has occupied the main position, the progress of manufacturing technology is mainly manifested in split casting, and welding technology has made new development. spring

Investment casting technology began to be applied in the middle and late autumn. Bronze ware, bronze lamp, etc. As early as the late Spring and Autumn Period, the copper pieces of Si Xia Chu Tomb and Zeng Hou Yi Tomb in Xichuan, Henan Province were all cast by lost wax method. Copper bars are composed of exquisite through-air moire with decorative patterns on the surface and multiple layers of copper stems inside. Zeng Houzun has animal-shaped decorative patterns on his neck, four dragons on his abdomen and feet, four square ears picked by hands on the edge of Zeng Houpan, and four dragon-shaped hoofs and feet on the bottom. The dragon-shaped fittings on the two vessels are composed of many small curved spines, and their tails extend outward, which makes the appearance of the vessels feel floating and psychedelic, and the mouth edge of the vessels is connected with the hand of the dish.

Through the air, layers of small flat clams form a three-dimensional pattern, which is not connected with each other and supported by two layers of copper stalks.

After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the popular bronze patterns mainly include dragon patterns and dragon patterns, which are the patterns formed by winding two or more dragons. In addition, there are feathers (wavy lines), □ lines, scallops, drooping leaves and so on. Inscription fonts are sometimes patterned and become part of decorative patterns. The gluttony that was popular before.

The lines remain, but the ugly colors have faded and become more decorative. The innovation of decorative techniques and the appearance of new decorative patterns are synchronized with the development of casting technology. For example, the wide application of fine flat and feather pattern is directly related to the popularization of impression method. When making a pattern, the unit pattern of this pattern is used.

Connected from top to bottom, left and right, printed into two-way continuous or four-way continuous patterns, forming an unusually fine and dense large-area pattern. For another example, the dislocation of gold and silver and the popularity of metal inlays of different colors not only caused multicolor decorative effects, but also contributed to the emergence of new decorative patterns such as hunting patterns. Since the late spring and autumn period, there has been a relationship with

In the past, completely different people and animals tended to be realistic. At first, it was mainly a hunting mode, and later it developed into a feast, shooting, mulberry shooting, even land and water attack and war, as well as a simple description of the environment. There are three main forms: one is a line-carved image carved on a hammered thin-walled bronze with a sharp blade; One is a silhouette image embedded with copper or other dissimilar metals. On the screen, people's activities are arranged at multiple levels. There is also an image with reduced bottom lithography.

After the mid-Warring States period, plain bronzes became popular gradually, highlighting the beauty of materials and modeling design. Some simple bronzes are gilded or painted.

The representative works with outstanding artistic value in the bronze wares of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period include the square pot of standing crane unearthed in Xinzheng, Henan Province in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (see Color Picture of Square Pot of Standing Crane).

The Spring and Autumn Period unearthed in Xinzheng, Henan Province), the Fu-fork sword of Wu Wang unearthed in Huixian, Henan Province in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the dragon-patterned sacrificial pot of birds and animals in the early Warring States Period unearthed in Li Yu, Hunyuan, Shanxi Province, the plain square plate of turtle and fish in the Warring States Period in the Palace Museum, the dragon-phoenix figure and deer-eating device unearthed in Zhongshan National Tomb, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, and Anhui Shou

The county played the wrong silver lying cow in the middle and late stage, Jiangsu Lianshui played the wrong gold and silver moire rhinoceros in the middle and late stage, and Shaanxi Xingping played the wrong gold and silver moire rhinoceros in the middle and late stage. There are two main types of bronze figures with sculptural significance: object seats and humanoid lamps. His representative works are "The Bronze Man in the Tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sanmen, Henan".

There are humanoid lanterns painted in the middle and late period of the canyon, as well as bronze lanterns unearthed from Baoshan Tomb in Hubei Province.

Lacquer craft reached a high level in the middle of Shang Dynasty. In the Shang Dynasty ruins in Taixi, Gaocheng, Hebei Province, most of the pieces of residual paint on wooden boxes, plates and other utensils were made of thin sheets, painted with vermilion paint and then painted with vermilion patterns. Some carved gluttonous patterns on wooden tires, and then painted with cinnabar paint. The eyes of the patterns were inlaid with pines.

Stone, some with gold foil. Decorative patterns include gluttonous patterns, Kuiwen, Yun Leiwen, dots, burnt leaves and herringbone patterns. And the paint surface is dark, which shows that he has mastered the skills of baking paint, color matching and painting at that time. The residual lacquer pieces found in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province were originally beans and containers, and also had decorative patterns similar to bronzes. The painted lacquer cup found in Maojiazui, Qichun, Hubei Province in the early Western Zhou Dynasty was also a thin plate tire. Yun Leiwen, the eye pattern and the circular vortex pattern are painted black and brown with vermilion.

Bronze lamps in the Warring States Period

After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, lacquer crafts became increasingly prosperous. During the Spring and Autumn Period, lacquerware began to use metal accessories, and works with gold shells and embossed gold foils appeared. During the Warring States period, the number of lacquerware increased greatly, and it was found in a wide range of areas. The most common lacquerware is Chu lacquerware from Henan, Hunan and Hubei, and Qin lacquerware from Qingchuan, Sichuan in the late Warring States Period. Northern lacquerware is less preserved, but it also has its own unique style.

Lacquerware was widely used in the Warring States period, including daily utensils such as daily diet, ear cups, plates, cans, cases, boxes and coffins, musical instruments such as drums, harps and chimes, as well as weapons, chariots and horses. The figurines in the funerary wares and the unique tomb animals inlaid with antlers, the hanging drums of the phoenix bird in the tiger seat, the bird in the tiger seat and the carved small screen are also sculptures that reflect real life or are full of magical and fantastic colors. The surface of the instrument is painted with black paint as the background color. Gold, yellow, red, ochre, green and white patterns are painted with pigments or oil paints. Common patterns include various moire patterns, geometric patterns, hook patterns, animal and plant patterns, and images showing hunting, dancing, tourism and other activities. Colorful and vivid patterns. There are also some lacquerware decorated with needle carvings, which show a high level of painting. Lacquer tires are mostly wooden tires, and there are also sandwiched tires and bamboo tires. In addition, lacquerware and painting are also used in copper, pottery and other articles, and lacquer inlay has also developed greatly. There were also □ vessels in the middle and late Warring States period.

Warring States lacquer painting

The representative work of large-scale lacquer painting is the tomb and coffin of Ceng Houyi in the early Warring States period. The outer coffin consists of 10 copper columns and 10 wooden boards with the same size, and is 3.2 meters long. The outer coffin is based on black paint, and the spiral pattern, variation pattern and □ pattern are drawn in vermilion and gold. The inner wall is painted with vermicelli. The inner coffin is 2.49 meters long and the inner and outer walls are painted with red paint. Outside, the panes are painted in gold and black with coffin documents and sides, and guards with horns and wings and long weapons are painted on both sides. The rest are painted with countless grotesque images such as monsters, dragons, phoenixes and snakes. Painted lacquer coffins unearthed from Baoshan Tomb in Jinan City, Hubei Province in the late Warring States Period were painted with 18 dragon and phoenix patterns on five sides, with black, red and yellow as the main colors, supplemented by crimson, brown, gray and white colors and a lot of gold powder, which produced gorgeous effects, and the whole frame area reached more than 4 square meters. The hunting and talking images on the painted gold foil of Changtaiguan 1 Tomb in Xinyang, Henan Province, and the etiquette picture on the lacquer mound in Baoshan, Hubei Province are all fine lacquer paintings in the Warring States period.

Lacquer beans in the Warring States period

Jade Craft During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the extensive use of iron tools, jade carving tools such as implements were reformed, which made the carving skills of jade articles unprecedentedly improved. The custom of wearing jade is popular among aristocratic men and women, which links the beauty of jade materials with social moral norms, and takes different shapes of ritual jade as the standard to distinguish aristocratic status.

Monuments and precious jade articles are widely used in social occasions, etiquette activities and international exchanges, and valuable jade articles are priceless. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the jade carving art pursued complicated and exquisite carving, and a large number of hollow-out techniques were used to carve patterns of yin and yang, which was absolutely exquisite. Popular decorative patterns mainly include dragon and phoenix patterns, cattail grass patterns, valley patterns, nail patterns and various deformed Yun Leiwen patterns. Jade carving is often combined with gold and silver to produce three-dimensional carvings, containers, hooks and other things, with different materials and colors, forming a luxurious and rich aesthetic effect. Jade-making craftsmen belong to scraping workers in various types of work.

The representative works of jade carving in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period include the gold chain dancing jade ornaments unearthed from the Eastern Zhou Tomb in Jincun, Luoyang, Henan Province, the jade headdress and snake body ornaments unearthed from the Huang Tomb in Guangshan, Henan Province, the jade beast ornaments unearthed from the Chu TombNo. Xichuan 1 in Henan Province, and the tombs of Tiger-shaped Huang and Zeng Houyi.

There are many pieces, such as four pieces of jade by Pei. The jade yellow unearthed from Wang Wei's tomb in Huixian village, Henan province in the middle of the Warring States Period, the various reliefs and carved boards of Sanlong and Dragon unearthed from Zhongshan National Tomb in Pingshan County, Hebei Province in the middle of the Warring States Period, and the hollowed-out dragon and phoenix patterns unearthed from the township tomb in Changfeng County, Anhui Province in the middle of the Warring States Period. Among them, Yu Pei, a gold chain dancer unearthed in Jincun, Luoyang, is composed of a jade dancer, a tooth punch, a double yellow and a jade tube. The two dancers are paired, with long sleeves, smooth clothes and beautiful shapes. The jade animal face plate unearthed from the Chu tomb in Xichuan is 7. 1 cm long and 7.5 cm wide. The whole sculpture has hidden animal face patterns, moire patterns and dragon's toes and claws, and its structure is rigorous and lively, showing novel design conception ability and production skills, which represents the new trend of jade carving art development after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The multi-section Yu Pei unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi is 48.5cm long and 8.5cm wide. Five jade pieces are cut into 16 jade pieces with movable rings, which are wall-shaped, ring-shaped, square-shaped, rectangular and round, and some are combined together. Jade articles are decorated with bas-reliefs, hollowed-out dragons (snakes) and birds. In addition to the eight rings cut from jade as a whole, there are four metal tenons of movable rings, which can be disassembled and decomposed into five groups. Its exquisite workmanship can only be seen in contemporary jade articles. The jade yellow in Guwei Village of Huixian County is 20.2 cm long and consists of seven jade materials and two gold-plated bronze animal heads. It is arc-shaped, and the main part is composed of five pieces of Shuanglong jade. There are hidden moire patterns on the body, and a lying beast is carved in the middle. It is also a fine product among large-scale ritual vessels and jade articles. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were many images of dragons and phoenixes with extremely vivid shapes in jade articles. Representative works include the jade carving with dragon pattern in Jincun, Luoyang, Yu Pei with dragon pattern, and Yu Pei with dragon and phoenix hollowed out in Yanggong Township, Changfeng, etc. , or carved into a dragon and phoenix, or as an additional decoration on the vessel, the image is lively and vigorous, the outline is smooth and full of twists and turns. Xiao-shaped round carvings generally belong to small jade ornaments. Jade headdress unearthed from Huangmu Tomb in Guangshan County, two naked children riding animals unearthed from Xiaotun Village Tomb in Luoyang, and jade unearthed from Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Pingshan County, about 3 cm high, is wear-resistant and durable. Image processing tends to be realistic. This jade bird from the ancient city of Qufu in Shandong Province is 5.6 cm high and 4.8 cm long. The miniature jade carvings of cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and ducks in the tomb of Zeng Houyi, some as small as rice grains, all have their own real and vivid meanings.

Pan Guo Wen Slate Sculpture in Warring States Period

There are not many stone carvings. Two large stone slabs with a length of 45 cm and a width of 40.2 cm were unearthed from the No.3 tomb of Zhongshan State in Pingshan, which were made up of many small stone slabs. Surrounded by vortex patterns, the decorative patterns such as tiger, animal face and flat fin are carved inside, interspersed with ingenious changes and beautifully made. There is a stone lying cow from Zhujiaji, Shou County, Anhui Province. Although the shape is simple, it has a strong sense of integrity.

Silk weaving technology China silk weaving technology started from Liangzhu culture in the late primitive society. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties reached a high level. From the impressions of Shang silk unearthed from Taixi site in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, we can see that there are plain wan, plain crepe □ and skein Luo, etc. We also found fine linen. In Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, there are embroidery marks with diamond-shaped jacquard patterns in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and embroidery needles with scarlet and yellow braids.

During the Warring States period, silk products and embroidery achieved great success, and the most physical remains were found in the southern Chu area. One of the most important discoveries is that 35 clothes were found in a small tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province in the middle and late Warring States period. The owner of the grave is a middle-aged woman. There are two kinds of textiles unearthed: silk and hemp. Silk fabrics include silk, silk, yarn, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk and silk. Brocade comes in two colors and three colors. In order to pursue the rich variety of colors and patterns, the two-color brocade adopts the methods of partition color matching and step continuous. Brocade patterns include tower patterns, phoenix geometric patterns, various diamond patterns, stripes and so on. Tricolor brocade has compact structure and large pattern composition. Among them, the jacquard of dancers and animals is woven with 143 jacquard heald, which shows that there were advanced jacquard machines at that time and the weaving skills were mastered. There are two kinds of tapestries: weft tapestries and knitted tapestries. Weft jacquard has hunting patterns, dragon and phoenix patterns and hexagonal stripes. The structure of knitted tapestry is complex, and jacquard technology is adopted, including animal pattern, cross pattern and star pattern. There are also 2 1 embroidery works in the same tomb, which are based on silk or Luo, with dragons and phoenixes as the theme and some flowers. The pattern changes are extremely rich and vivid, either for dragons and phoenixes, or for dragons chasing dragons, or for dragons and phoenixes fighting against tigers, reflecting that craftsmen at that time had mature experience in dealing with pattern composition. The colors of embroidery thread are brown, reddish brown, crimson, vermilion, orange, light yellow, golden yellow, khaki, yellow-green, cobalt blue and so on. , are drawn with light ink or cinnabar before embroidery.

Nine-color embroidered quilt of silk books in Warring States Period

Other handicrafts, such as gold and silver wares, ceramics and glass, also had new development in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Gold wares were discovered in Shang Dynasty. A gold rod with a length of 1 42 cm, a mask molded with gold skin and a tiger-shaped ornament molded with gold foil were found in the sacrificial pit of Sanxingdui1in Guanghan, Sichuan.

All have the characteristics of Bashu culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, gold and silver wares were popular in aristocratic tombs. For example, among the five gold wares unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi, the golden bowl is 10.7 cm high and weighs 2 150 g, which is the largest and heaviest known gold wares in the same period. Many gold and silver wares have also been unearthed from Zhou Mu's tomb in Jincun, Luoyang and Zhongshan's national burial tomb in Heping Mountain. The silver figurines and jade hooks made by Jincun are representative. At the same time, nomadic people in the northern grassland also use gold and silver utensils, such as the golden crown decorated with tiger and cow patterns unearthed from the Xiongnu tomb in Hangjinqi, Yikezhaomeng, Inner Mongolia.

Eagle-shaped gold crown top decoration, four tigers eating cattle pattern gold medal, gold decoration of No.2 tomb in Xigoupan of Zhungeer Banner, gold, silver tiger, Lu Jin-shaped monster and silver deer in Xiongnu tomb in Nalin Gaotu village, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, all reached a high artistic level in design and production.

In addition, bronze gilding and gold and silver inlaying techniques are also very popular.

Sheng, and there are many outstanding creations.

The development of ceramic technology is highlighted in the development of printed hard pottery and primitive porcelain in southern Guyue area, the tendency of gray pottery to imitate celadon bronzes and lacquerware, the prevalence of pottery ritual vessels, the application of decorative techniques such as polishing, dark flowers, Zhu Hua and line engraving, the strengthening of decorative artists' modeling of utensils, and the development of architectural pottery. Kuaishimian road

Brick shapes have various geometric shapes and bird and beast patterns. Wall brick decoration and railing brick also appeared in the Warring States period. Ceramic tile patterns in different countries have their own local styles and characteristics, and various suitable patterns have been successfully created. The animal-shaped drainage head of Yanxiadu is a good example of the combination of decoration and practical function.

Glass products first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in addition to the common pearls and tubes, there were jade works such as jade, rings and yellow, as well as wine glasses, sword ornaments and seals. Glazes in the Warring States period had many transparent or opaque colors. Glass beads often have fisheye patterns composed of blue dots and white circles.

The beautiful pattern of color matching is commonly known as "dragonfly eye". Its material is lead-barium glass, which is different from soda-lime glass in ancient Egypt and Rome.

philology

Li Xueqin: Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qin Civilization, Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing, 1984.