What is a flat voice, what is a squeak, and what is a alto?

In Chinese, flat tone refers to one or two tones, and voiced tone refers to three or four tones.

Alto means that you can fill in any pronunciation, regardless of the flat tone. That is, when reading the word "Zhong", you can read it horizontally or continuously.

Detailed:

Flat is flat.

"Flat and even" generally refers to the rhythm of poetry.

To distinguish a flat tone, you must first know the four tones. Four tones are four tones in ancient Chinese. Tone refers to the level, fluctuation and length of sound.

[Edit this paragraph] The level tone in ancient Chinese

The tones of ancient Chinese can be divided into four tones: flat, rising, going and entering. "Ping" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including Yin Ping and Yang Ping. "Wrong" refers to the mistake of four tones, including the upper, lower and middle tones.

According to tradition, a flat tone is a flat tone, a rising tone is a rising tone, a falling tone is a falling tone, and an entering tone is a short tone. In the Ming Dynasty, jade melody was released.

Flat voice, flat road, mo di ang,

The voice above shouted fiercely and strongly:

It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan,

The urgent voice is short and urgent.

Simply put, the key to equality is "inequality is equality".

[Edit this paragraph] Flat and even words in modern Chinese

In modern Chinese, there are four tones: even tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone.

In modern Chinese, the tones of ancient "Pingsheng" can be divided into Yin Pingping and Yang Pingping, namely the so-called first and second tones.

In modern Chinese, the tone of the ancient "Shang Sheng" is partly disyllabic and partly Shang Sheng. Shangsheng is the third sound of modern Chinese Pinyin.

In modern Chinese, the tone of "Qusheng" in ancient times is still the fourth tone.

The ancient "Rusheng" tone no longer exists in modern Chinese. It has become a flat tone, a rising tone, a falling tone.

The four tones of modern Chinese are Yin Ping (Shang Sheng), Yang Ping (Second Tone), Shang Sheng (Third Tone) and De Sheng (Fourth Tone).

For example:

BRIC

(flat tone) (rising tone) (rising tone) (falling tone)

In short, among the four tones in modern Chinese, the first and second tones are flat tones; The third and fourth sounds are ligatures.

[Edit this paragraph] Nine tones in Cantonese

Modern Cantonese also has four tones of "Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru", which are subdivided into nine tones, namely Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yang Ping, Yang Qu, Yin Ru, Zhong Ru and Yang Ru.

The nine tones of Cantonese are as follows:

cloudy

sun

Yin is in the middle and Yang is in the middle.

Go flat, go flat, go in and out.

si 1 si2 si 3 si 4 si 5 si 6 si 7 si 8 si 9

Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Xi Shi Shi

Among the nine tones of Cantonese, the first and fourth tones (flat tones and rising tones) are flat tones, while the other seven tones (rising, falling and entering tones) are Nuo tones.

When you look up a dictionary (such as a business dictionary) in the future, just look at which number 1-9 is on its phonetic notation (usually in the upper right corner) and you will know whether it is flat or not.

Postscript:

The ancients recited poems with ancient sounds. Reading the ancient couplet of this kind of sound is easy to misunderstand that the level and level of the ancients do not conform to the law. For example, "suck the river to make new tea; Sell Qingshan as a painting screen. "

Press four tones in Mandarin,

Suck into the river to make fresh tea;

Very flat, very flat.

Sell all the green hills as painting screens.

It is flat. It is flat.

According to the ancient four tones,

Suck into the river to make fresh tea;

Flat and light, flat and light.

Sell all the green hills as painting screens.

Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.

Judging from the above arrangement, the use of ancient sounds is the law of linking sounds, while the use of modern sounds is inconsistent (at least the law of upper and lower levels is inconsistent). Therefore, when we talk about Lianzhong Pingzhuan in the future, we must first find out whether the creator is based on ancient sound, modern sound or local dialect; Otherwise, it will make a joke.

[Edit this paragraph] Four tones and even tones

Four tones, here refers to the four tones of ancient Chinese. To know the four tones, the heart must first know how the four tones are formed. So let's start with the tone.

Tone is the characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). The tone of Chinese is composed of the ups and downs and the length of the voice, and the ups and downs are the main factors. Take Putonghua as an example, * * * has four tones: the flat tone is Gao Pingtiao (it is called flat if it doesn't rise or fall); The upper voice is a rising tone (not high or low); The rising tone is a low rising tone (sometimes a low flat tone); Voiced is a high tone.

Ancient Chinese has four tones, but it is not exactly the same as Mandarin today. The ancient four tones are:

(1) flat voice. This tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in later generations.

(2) on the sound. Part of this tone will become unvoiced in future generations.

(3) sounding. This tone is still unvoiced in later generations.

(4) if you are born. This sound is short. Modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other places still preserve the milk sheng. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where raw milk is preserved.

The tone of entering tone in Hunan is not short, but it also retains the tone category of entering tone. In most spoken languages in the north and southwest, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some entering tones are flat, some are flat, some are rising and some are falling. As far as Putonghua is concerned, the entering tone words become the most disyllabic, followed by the upper tone, and the upper tone words become the least. In the southwest dialect (from Hunan to Yunnan), the entering tone is changed to Yangping.

What is the shape of the ancient four-tone ups and downs? Now we can't know in detail. Traditionally, the flat tone should be the middle tone, the rising tone should be the rising tone, and the falling tone should be the falling tone.

The entering tone should be short. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division". It says "smooth voice, smooth road, Modion",

The voice above shouted fiercely and strongly:

It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan,

The tone is short and urgent.

This narrative is not scientific enough, but it also gives us a general understanding of the ancient four tones.

The relationship between four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme.

It is very clear in the rhyme book that what words belong to what tune. It is quite clear that a word belongs to a certain tone in Chinese dialects that still retain the tone of entering tone today. Pay special attention to reading one word and two words. Sometimes, a word has two meanings (often different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, the word "for" is used as "because" and "for". In ancient Chinese, this situation is much more than that in modern Chinese. Now give a few examples:

Ride, flat voice, verb, ride; Disyllabic, noun, cavalry.

Thinking, flat voice, verb, absence; Out of tune, nouns, thoughts and feelings.

Fame, flat voice, verbs, praise; Disyllabic, noun, reputation.

Dirty, flat voices, adjectives, filth; Voiced, verb, dirty.

Number, consonant, verb, calculation; Disyllabic words, nouns, numbers, fate; Such as sound (read like new moon), adjective, frequent.

Teaching, desensitization, noun, enlightenment, education; Life, verb, make, let.

Command, silence, noun, command; Life, verb, make, let.

Forbidden, silent, noun, forbidden, forbidden; Life, verb, can stand.

Kill, Rusheng, transitive verb, kill; De-sounding (sounds like Sun), intransitive verbs, fade.

Some words, originally pronounced in a flat voice, were later changed to disyllabic, but their meanings and parts of speech have not changed. Words such as "Wang", "Han" and "Kan" all belong to this category. "Wang" and "sigh" have been pronounced in Tang poetry, and the word "Wang" always has pronunciation. There are more complicated situations: for example, when the word "Guo" is used as a verb, it is sometimes read twice. As for the use of nouns, when they are interpreted as wrong, they have to be read again.

Distinguishing four tones is the basis of distinguishing flat tones. Next we will discuss the problem of leveling.

[Edit this paragraph] Smooth and even

Knowing what four tones are, it is easy to understand the flat tone. Flat tone is a term of poetic meter: poets divide four tones into two categories, flat tone is flat tone, and flat tone is three tones. Well, literally, it means uneven. What makes it possible to divide it into two categories? Because the flat sound does not rise or fall, it is long, while the other three sounds do rise or fall (the incoming sound may also slightly rise or fall), and it is short, so it forms two types. If these two tones are interlaced in poetry, they will make the tones diversified instead of monotonous. The so-called "sonorous voice" of the ancients is one of the important factors, although there are many stresses.