The significance of the industrial revolution

1 the industrial revolution greatly improved productivity and consolidated the rule of capitalist countries.

The industrial revolution caused great changes in the social structure, which split the society into two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

The industrial revolution also promoted the rise of modern cities.

The industrial revolution has greatly strengthened the ties between all parts of the world, changed the face of the world, and finally established the bourgeois rule over the world.

Britain, which took the lead in completing the industrial revolution, soon became the world hegemon, enslaving local people and aggravating local poverty and backwardness, and the East was subordinate to the West.

At the same time, they also objectively spread advanced production technologies and models, violently impacting old concepts and systems.

the second industrial revolution

The influence of the second industrial revolution can be described in four aspects:

First of all, the large-scale application of new energy sources such as electricity and coal has directly promoted the great strides of heavy industry, enabling large factories to obtain sustained and effective power supply conveniently and cheaply, thus making large-scale industrial production possible and laying the foundation for subsequent economic monopoly.

Secondly, the invention of the internal combustion engine solved the problem of insufficient power that has long plagued mankind. The invention of the internal combustion engine promoted the emergence of the engine, which solved the problem of transportation, promoted the rapid development of automobiles, ocean-going ships and airplanes, made human footprints spread all over the world, and facilitated cultural and trade exchanges in various regions.

Third, the invention of communication tools. Since Bell invented the telephone in the 1970s, the communication between people is not limited to face-to-face conversation.

Finally, the rapid development of chemical industry. The invention of explosives greatly promoted the progress of military industry and eventually led to the outbreak of World War I.. Various compounds extracted from coal, plastics and man-made fibers have been put into practical life.

The above four great inventions played a decisive role in the second industrial revolution. Humans began to acquire pure knowledge through scientific research, and then in turn promoted the application of theory.

The characteristics of the second industrial revolution are different from those of the first industrial revolution:

(1) The vast majority of inventors are scientific researchers, and the quality of talents is higher than that during the British industrial revolution, which was dominated by workers and technicians;

(2) The new discoveries of natural science are mostly applied to industry, and the scientific research results are guaranteed in quality and quantity; The first industrial revolution was mostly a summary of production experience and technical improvement;

(3) From the very beginning, it showed a diversified trend, and countries promoted each other, with the United States and Germany as the most; The first industrial revolution was mainly concentrated in Britain, and then developed to other countries;

④ Focus on developing heavy industry, electric power industry and energy industry; First started in the cotton textile industry;

⑤ It started when most countries had not finished the first industrial revolution, and formed the intersection of two industries.

(3) New features of the third industrial revolution:

① Science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in promoting the development of productive forces. The transformation of science and technology into direct productive forces is accelerating, and science and technology are making more and more contributions to the improvement of social labor productivity and economic growth.

(2) The scale, depth and influence are far ahead of two times. Science and technology are closely integrated and promote each other, and all fields promote each other.

(4) inspiration:

Political change is the premise of the development of science and technology, which liberates the productive forces, so we should boldly reform all aspects of production relations that are not suitable for the productive forces;

(2) Science and technology are the primary productive forces, so we should vigorously develop science and technology;

③ While vigorously developing science and technology, develop the market economy, raise the funds needed for the development of science and technology, and cultivate high-quality talents.

2. Problems related to the three scientific and technological revolutions

(1) The scientific and technological conditions and social reasons of the three industrial revolutions.

The formation of modern natural science provided conditions for the industrial revolution. The booming workshop handicraft industry has accumulated a lot of production technology knowledge and backbone for the industrial revolution; The expanding market urgently needs the change of production mode; The new breakthrough in science and technology, represented by electrical theory and its application, provided conditions for the second industrial revolution. The in-depth development of machinery industry needs more advanced means of electricity, transportation and communication; Major breakthroughs have been made in the scientific theory represented by the theory of relativity; The development of science and technology has a better material and technical foundation; The urgent demand for science and technology during and after World War II contributed to the third scientific and technological revolution.

(2) The most representative symbol of innovation in the three industrial revolutions.

(1) the invention and use of computers; ② The widespread application of electric power; ③ A series of high-tech applications represented by atomic energy technology, aerospace technology and electronic technology.

(3) The three industrial revolutions have the same impact on world development.

(A) has greatly promoted the development of social productive forces and brought about new changes in industrial layout.

(2) Both of them have caused great changes in social relations: for the first time, two opposing classes have appeared in modern society, namely, the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and the process of urbanization has begun. The second time, monopoly organizations came into being and were combined with state power. The transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism. Third, strengthen state monopoly capitalism and increase the proportion of tertiary industry.

(3) It has a great influence on the world pattern; Capitalism's rule over the world was established for the first time, and colonial expansion made the East subordinate to the West. The second time, the capitalist world system and the colonial system were finally formed, and the world became an inseparable whole. The third time, it has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure, and the economies of all countries in the world are interdependent and increasingly closely linked.

(4) The influence of the last two industrial revolutions on East Asia.

The second time: Japan's two industrial revolutions crossed, monopoly organizations emerged and became a powerful Asian country. Other eastern countries became colonies and semi-colonies, and the powers stepped up their capital exports to various countries.

Third time: Japan became the second largest economy in the world. China established a socialist market economy through reform and opening up. South Korea has actively developed high-tech industries and become the fastest-growing region in the world economy. The economic development of East Asian countries is particularly striking, injecting new vitality into the world economy, but opportunities and challenges coexist.

(5) The biggest difference between the third scientific and technological revolution and the previous two.

Science and technology play an increasingly important role in promoting production, and the speed of transforming science and technology into direct productivity is getting faster and faster.

(6) The reasons why the United States took the lead in the second and third scientific and technological revolutions and its influence on American politics and economy.

The United States was one step ahead in the second scientific and technological revolution. Because: ① The victory of the industrial bourgeoisie in the civil war provided political guarantee for the development of the industrial revolution. (2) The development of the western region has expanded the demand for commodities. (3) European surplus capital. ④ Eurasian immigrants brought advanced science and technology. Many inventions of Edison, Ford, Wright, Bell and others led the United States in the fields of electricity, transportation and telecommunications.

The reasons for being one step ahead in the third scientific and technological revolution are as follows: ① At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a major breakthrough in the theory of atoms and electrons. (2) After World War I, the United States gradually mastered the world economic hegemony, and World War II did not affect the United States, so it had a solid material foundation for scientific and technological revolution. The urgent need to win the war in World War II made its government and capitalists pay attention to the investment in science and technology. The second world war pushed the United States to first break through the application of atomic energy and invented the electronic computer. ⑤ The recovery of western European countries and the development of emerging countries after the war objectively provided a broad market for the United States.

* * * The same influence: ① It has greatly promoted the development of productive forces. At the end of 19, American industrial output value ranked first in the world. From World War II to the early 1970s, the world economic structure was centered on the United States. (2) led to the adjustment of production relations. /kloc-In the late 20th century, the United States produced a monopoly organization with highly concentrated production and capital. After World War II, the state monopoly capital has been strengthened day by day. ③ Changes in the superstructure. /kloc-in the late 0/9th century, the United States entered the stage of imperialism and was called trust imperialism. The transition to state monopoly capitalism after World War II. It has created conditions for the United States to compete for the world. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, the United States pointed the finger of aggression from Latin America to the Asia-Pacific region. After World War II, the United States dominated the capitalist world in an attempt to establish hegemony in the world.