What was the formation and development of ancient etiquette in China?

In ancient China, there was a saying of "Five Rites", in which the sacrificial ceremony was auspicious, the wedding ceremony was a ceremony, the guest ceremony was a guest ceremony, the military ceremony was a military ceremony, and the funeral ceremony was a fierce ceremony. According to folklore, etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, coronation, wedding and funeral. Actually, etiquette can be divided into politics and life.

Politics includes offering sacrifices to heaven, land, ancestral temples, sages of teachers, drinking ceremony in the hometown of respecting teachers, meeting ceremony, military ceremony and so on. Xunzi believes that the origin of life etiquette is "three books", that is, "the foundation of heaven and earth", "the foundation of ancestors" and "the root cause of teachers" In etiquette, the funeral is the earliest. Funeral for the dead is to appease their ghosts, and for the living, respecting the old and loving the young, filial piety and virtue have become a kind of etiquette.

In the process of the establishment and implementation of etiquette, the patriarchal clan system in China (see the patriarchal clan system in China) was born. The essence of etiquette is the way to govern people, and it is a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People think that everything is manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and performing etiquette is to please ghosts and gods to get happiness. Therefore, etiquette originated from the belief in ghosts and gods, and it is also a special embodiment of the belief in ghosts and gods.

The appearance of "Three Rites" (Yili, Li Ji and Zhou Li) marks the mature stage of etiquette development. In the Song Dynasty, etiquette was combined with feudal ethics and moral preaching, that is, etiquette and ethics were confused and became one of the effective tools to promote ethics. Salute serves to persuade morality, and red tape makes full use of it.

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China's ancient etiquette encyclopedia "Book of Rites Qulishang" has made many very detailed regulations on daily etiquette, such as "sitting without basket". Sitting on the floor and sitting on the table is one extreme to the other. The so-called sitting on a dustpan means sitting with your feet stretched forward and your knees slightly bent, which looks like a dustpan, hence the name.

This is extremely impolite behavior. Most people who sit on the floor are arrogant, arrogant and arrogant. In The Warring States Policy Yance, it is recorded that there is a man with a will, that is, the famous Jing Ke who stabbed the king of Qin in history.

"I know something is wrong, but I laughed and cursed in the column." "If you don't succeed, if you want to grab it, you must make a contract and report it to the prince!" Laughing, squatting and cursing-these three words remind me of the image of Jing Ke who is desperate and full of lofty sentiments.

Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records and Biography of Zhang Er that Zhang Ao said when he met Liu Bang, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, "The emperor sat on his back slowly and easily." What kind of person is Liu Bang? It is rude to be rude to others, and he is simply the best in the world.

Sima Qian cherishes words like gold, but every sentence is right. It is conceivable that when Zhang Ao saw Liu Bang's humiliation, he must have "bitten his teeth and pointed out the blood". Liu Bang is also very cunning towards Ying Bu. He first defeated Ying Bu's pride by "washing the bed", then surprised him and let Ying Bu be used by him. No wonder Lu Xun said, "Han's great grandfather, who was said to be a dragon in history books, was actually a hooligan."

Looking back today, there are more and more phenomena. It is not only a patent for men, but also a patent for women. This is by no means that I have any preference for boys. According to "Biography of Han Poetry", Mencius ran into his wife, and suddenly his brain and blood rushed to the top, becoming angry from embarrassment. Immediately report to my mother and say, "My wife is disrespectful and immoral. I want to divorce her immediately."

Meng Mu is very sensible. After asking the reason, he quoted the classics and criticized his son for not saying hello when he entered the house, which caught his wife off guard. "It's you who are really rude, not your wife. Instead, you want to divorce your wife. Isn't this insulting her? "

If this plot appeared today, we would definitely think that Mencius was having an affair and wanted to find an excuse to divorce his wife. Actually, it is not. The ancients despised Chrysanthemum morifolium very much, especially thought that female Chrysanthemum morifolium was immoral. In fact, what is a woman's sin? Strange clothes worn by ancient women.

"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "Put it on, put it on." In ancient times, dresses were skirts, not trousers. The so-called petticoat under the coat, take off the blouse and belt. Some lengthen skirts and cut them into triangles, which is particularly elegant;

And skirts are mostly made of coarse cloth. In summer, in order to escape the heat, skirts are very fat, and ancient people rarely have underwear. Therefore, it is easy for women to "spring at first", so they are not allowed by the secular.

References:

On China's Ancient Etiquette Culture, China Net: Cultural Psychology Behind Kneeling.