Food, clothing, housing and transportation in China

Colorful costumes (writing on the blackboard)

① During the period just after the founding of the People's Republic of China-the old and the new alternate, with revolutionary features (writing on the blackboard)

When New China was just founded, people still kept the style of the Republic of China on their costumes. Urban residents generally wear robes with side buttons and buttons, while women wear cheongsam. Rural men generally wear Chinese-style double-breasted blouses and trousers, while women wear left-sided open blouses and trousers, and some even wear a long skirt. At that time, the fabrics that people made clothes were mostly woven "foreign cloth", coarse cotton cloth and linen. In addition, suits and Chinese tunic suits are fashionable. In his later years, Sun Yat-sen often wore clothes that stood out among robes, jackets and suits. People called this kind of clothes Zhongshan suit, and linked its style with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary beliefs and principles. For example, four pockets symbolize the four dimensions of the country, namely, courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame; The three buttons on the sleeve represent the three people's principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood, and the Zhongshan suit has become a symbol of the national revolution. In fact, the Kuomintang has already rebelled against the revolution.

After the founding of New China, dressing and dressing are closely linked with the revolution. Suits and cheongsam are regarded as bourgeois sentiment, and they have gradually disappeared in people's lives for nearly 2 years. Zhongshan suit and Lenin suit have become the common choice of the people. In founding ceremony, the leaders of the new China made their collective appearance on the Tiananmen Gate for the first time, and the image of Mao Zedong and the leaders around him in Chinese tunic suit attracted the world's attention. Men wear Chinese tunic suit, which looks solemn and energetic. The tunic suit is very orthodox, with many buttons and four flat pockets, but the style is too rigid and lacks innovation. Later, it evolved into a people's costume with certain improvement. That is, from then on, a double-breasted uniform from the Soviet Union-"Lenin suit" became popular among working women. It was named after Lenin used to wear it before and after the October Revolution. Its style is suit with open collar, double-breasted buttons, three buttons each, and a cloth belt tied around the waist. This dress later became the most admired and favored "fashion" by countless women in China. Among them, almost all revolutionary female cadres must wear Lenin clothes to show their revolution.

② Before the reform and opening up-simplicity and monotony (writing on the blackboard)

People in the 195s advocated the most glorious work, and simplicity was fashion. Young girls once fell in love with men's overalls and plaid shirts. In 1956, the three major transformations began to be carried out vigorously. When people's lives improved day by day, the popular colors changed from blue to gray. The dress "Blagi" imported from the Soviet Union became the most popular dress. The popularity of Blagi skirts in China is attributed to a Soviet leader. When the leader visited China, he pointed out that China's clothes did not conform to the image of a big socialist country, and that "all women should wear flowered clothes to reflect the prosperous face of socialism". As a result, colorful Blagi skirts have become the most beautiful scenery in major cities.

In the age of thrift, most beautiful clothes are made by families. Skillful girls and mothers do it themselves according to the pattern of clothing cutting in pictorial, so that the military uniform becomes fit and the cotton shirts become beautiful. At this time, the Chinese tunic suit has become the most solemn and common dress in China. At that time, it was enviable to own a woolen Chinese tunic suit, and inserting one or even two pens in the upper right pocket of the Chinese tunic suit was a sign of knowledge and culture. Later, according to the characteristics of Zhongshan suit, some people designed more concise and lively "people's clothes", "youth clothes" and "student clothes". There is also a slightly improved Zhongshan suit, that is, the neckline is enlarged and the lapel is changed from small to large, which is very popular with people. At that time, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Republic of China, especially liked to wear this style of Chinese tunic suit. Later, some people abroad called this style of Zhongshan suit "Mao-style Zhongshan suit". Since then, the popularity of Zhongshan suit has lasted for nearly 3 years.

The early p>6s was the most difficult period in the history of New China. Due to three years of natural disasters, the cotton production was greatly reduced from 1959 to 196, and the cotton quantity was 21 feet per person. People buy clothes, cotton cloth and daily textiles on the basis of cloth tickets. In order to save as much as possible, the standard of buying clothes is wear resistance and stolen goods resistance. Gray, black and blue have become popular colors in the streets, and clothing styles that are the same in thousands, regardless of seasons and men and women are more popular. A cartoonist once vividly described the scene that "everyone is dressed in blue".

during the "cultural revolution", owning a military uniform was the ideal of countless young people at that time. Teenagers like to wear a grass-green military uniform, a grass-green military cap and a grass-green schoolbag on their shoulders. This suit was very luxurious and stylish at that time. Of course, hard work and plain living were still the most mainstream fashion at that time. In order to show their hard work and simplicity, some people even make old clothes they bought in the water, or put several patches on clothes that are not damaged. This kind of behavior seems quite ridiculous today, but it was popular for a while in the decade of the Cultural Revolution. At that time, the jingle went like this: new three years, old three years, sewing and mending for another three years ... There is also a song, which is also floating in the streets and alleys in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China: thrift is our good tradition, and socialist construction is inseparable ...

However, even in the era of single color, people's love for beauty will still be revealed, and a photographer called this outpouring ".

since the reform and opening up-colorful and fashionable (blackboard writing)

since the reform and opening up, the colors and styles of clothing have become more diversified, and the fabrics and textures have also undergone great changes.

198 was the third year of China's reform and opening up. With the development of the times, people wear more and more clothes, and the colors have changed from a single blue-gray to colorful. Romance on lushan mountain, a domestic feature film released at that time, became a favorite film for young people. The long-lost love story, coupled with the novel fashion of the heroine in the film, makes people feel refreshed. How many sets of clothes she changed in the film became a hot topic for young people to discuss at that time. During this period, wearing sunglasses, long hair, bell bottoms and bat shirts became fashionable. Many people were not used to it, but young people found their personality and sense of self.

The first fashion model team in Chinese mainland was established in p>1981. Although it only enrolled students in the name of "Fashion Advertising Art Performance Class" at that time, to the surprise of the organizers, the number of applicants was four times as expected. Three years later, the performance team visited Europe and caused a sensation. Western public opinion exclaimed: "Children in Mao Zedong are wearing fashion!" The fashion whirlwind from China has brought an open new image to the world.

In p>1984, when the girls of China Women's Volleyball Team achieved "three consecutive championships" at the Los Angeles Olympic Games, sportswear became popular in Beijing. Colorful sportswear has become the first choice for people who love beauty. People wear sportswear almost anytime and anywhere, and even become school uniforms for students and factory uniforms for workers.

in the 199s, people's lives turned to a well-off society, and their ideas became more open. People's clothing is changing rapidly, and dressing is personalized and changeable. It is difficult to summarize the fashion trend with one style or color. Emphasizing individuality and not chasing fashion has become a fashion itself.

From the change of clothing, we can see the progress of the times and the change of people's inner ideas. The change of clothing is based on the development of economy, and it also reflects that people's ideas change with the changes of the times, from "conformity" psychology to "pursuit of individuality". The change of clothing is a manifestation of the improvement of people's quality of life.

2. Increasingly rich diet (writing on the blackboard)

There is a saying that "food is the most important thing for the people". It can be said that people regard "food" as the minimum standard of life, and at the same time people regard "food" as the highest pursuit and enjoyment of life. From the change of "food", we can reflect the rise and fall of the rich and the poor in a society and appreciate the changes of social history.

① During the period just after the founding of the People's Republic of China-living in poverty, having insufficient food or having scanty food (writing on the blackboard)

② Before the reform and opening-up-there was great improvement, but food was monotonous, tickets prevailed, people were undernourished, and some rural areas did not solve the basic problem of food and clothing (writing on the blackboard)

Food stamps were the product of planned economy. In the early 195s, China was short of grain. In October 1953, the Central Government Council issued an order: the whole country implemented planned grain supply and adopted the method of quantitative grain sales with vouchers, and food stamps appeared. Since August 196, the catering industry in Beijing has been eating by ticket, and the supply of cooking oil, poultry, eggs, meat, bean products and vegetables has also been limited. During this period, there were many kinds of bills. Apart from grain, oil and cloth tickets, there were additional subsidized bean tickets, pastry tickets, oil tickets for senior mental workers and holiday tickets. In some places, coal ball tickets, popsicle tickets, tobacco and alcohol sugar tickets and tofu tickets were also issued. In the era of ticket prevalence, it is also an era of material shortage. Only on holidays can people buy some cakes, sweets and dry fruits with tickets, and the weight is very small.

Question: Why do people use tickets on page 112 of the book?

student a: because the level of productivity is not high and the material supply is tight, people need to use tickets to limit their purchasing power.

during the three years of natural disasters, food and vegetables were in short supply, and people often used carrots to satisfy their hunger when they were not full. Due to the lack of the most basic nutrition, people are a little bloated.

③ Since the reform and opening-up-not only have enough to eat, but also eat well, with balanced nutrition and matching thickness, green food has been deeply rooted in people's hearts (blackboard writing)

Since the 199s, food supply and demand have entered the market, and the disappearance of food stamps has become a historical necessity. In May 1993, Beijing finally stopped using food stamps, and food stamps completely withdrew from the historical stage. Some cloth tickets, oil tickets, meat tickets and tofu tickets symbolizing the shortage economy have also withdrawn from people's daily lives. Now these symbols of the times have become treasures in the hands of collectors.

Today, our material life has been greatly enriched, with food markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets and a wide variety of foods. People's demand for food is getting higher and higher, not only to "eat well", but also to eat healthily, and the concept of scientific hygiene is deeply rooted in people's hearts. People pay attention to balanced nutrition, matching thickness and light taste. They should eat more fruits and vegetables and eat less foods with high fat and cholesterol. Wild vegetables and coarse grains, which used to be used to satisfy hunger because of insufficient food, have now become healthy food on the table.

"Think": Why have wild vegetables and coarse grains, which used to be used to satisfy hunger because of insufficient food, become delicious on the table now?

health answer: because people were short of food in the past, there were only wild vegetables and coarse grains, and people had no choice to solve the problem of food and clothing. Now that the food supply is abundant, people should not only eat enough, but also eat well. People pay attention to balanced nutrition, fine-grained collocation and choice of green food.

The improvement of people's living standards reflects the further development of social productive forces and the prosperity of socialist market economy since the reform and opening up.

3. Residential buildings with a new look (blackboard writing)

① During the period just after the founding of the People's Republic of China-extremely poor living conditions (blackboard writing)

Most residential buildings of urban residents are small in area and have simple facilities. For example, the courtyard in the north and the pavilion in the south are very crowded and messy, and the houses are too small to give people a sense of oppression. In rural areas, most of the inland areas in the north are adobe houses and caves, and most of the houses in the south are thatched houses. The houses are dilapidated and in disrepair. People and animals sometimes live in the same room, and the sanitary conditions are poor.

② Before the reform and opening up-continuous improvement, but the living conditions were still poor (blackboard writing)

Flat houses with uniform and monotonous style replaced the dilapidated houses in the early days of the People's Republic of China. Pieces of fish-scale tiles have replaced the dilapidated roof, and the walls are no longer made of Shi Zhuan, but flat and white walls made of lime. However, there is little decoration inside the house, only basic furniture such as beds, tables, chairs, etc. It looks simple and tidy, and it is full of harmony and tranquility.

③ Since the reform and opening-up-the living area has been expanded and the living conditions have been obviously improved (writing on the blackboard)

The old-fashioned ordinary houses can no longer meet the people's living needs, so new residential quarters have sprung up, and buildings are row upon row, just like a new city.

since 1998, affordable housing has been built in Beijing, which has provided affordable choices for residents undergoing reconstruction and low-income families in Beijing. Through affordable housing, people understand what is called "breaking the old and establishing the new". A large number of residents walked out of the old houses without kitchens, toilets and sewers and moved into new buildings with guaranteed housing quality, beautiful residential environment and convenient shopping and transportation.

Today, people have more choices to live in, including high-rise residential areas, duplex buildings, garden communities and even characteristic villas with single-family houses. When we climb a tall building and overlook the colorful scenery of the city, we can also appreciate the lofty sentiments of the ancient people "once climbing to the top of the peek, one would see, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.". With the improvement of people's living standards, decoration has also become a hot spot. Various styles of decoration have enriched our lives and also reflected the improvement of people's quality of life.

4. Transportation extending in all directions (blackboard writing)

① During the period just after the founding of the People's Republic of China-inconvenient transportation (blackboard writing)

In big cities (such as Beijing and Shanghai), trams and cars are more common, and rickshaws and bicycles are more common means of transportation. In ordinary small and medium-sized cities, there are a few bicycles and rickshaws. In rural areas, there are horse-drawn carriages and rickshaws in the north, and boats and ox carts in the south. Walking is the most common way to travel.

② Before the reform and opening-up-some improvement, but mainly bicycles (blackboard writing)

baoji-chengdu railway and yingtan-xiamen railway were built during the First Five-Year Plan period; The new Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet and Sichuan-Tibet highways have been built to the "roof of the world", which has closely linked the mainland of the motherland with the frontier and facilitated economic and cultural exchanges; In 1957, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed, connecting the traffic between the north and south of the Yangtze River. The overall transportation level of the country has improved.

Before the reform and opening up, the transportation resources in cities were extremely limited. Besides walking with two feet, people could take buses and bicycles as the means of transportation instead of walking. However, there are few bus lines and the carriages are often crowded. By contrast, the most convenient means of transportation is of course bicycles. China was once called "the kingdom of bicycles", which shows people's dependence on bicycles. But the road construction at that time was also very backward, which brought a lot of inconvenience to people's daily life.

③ Since the reform and opening up-the traffic conditions have obviously improved, and railways, highways and air routes have grown rapidly (blackboard writing)

In China in the late 198s, traveling was not a pleasant thing for many people, and it was difficult to buy tickets, take buses and transport. Due to the lack of railway transportation capacity, the railway passenger traffic at that time was overloaded by 5% every day, exceeding 1% at peak hours, and 8, people stood by the train every day. However, the backlog of materials in the country was as high as 15 million tons every year, and the gap between north and south transportation reached 6 million tons.

During the Republic of China, the main artery connecting the north and the south was the Jinghan Railway, but the progress of the times made it unable to meet the needs of the people. In 1992, the central government made a decisive decision: the Beijing-Kowloon Railway was opened in three years, and the concept of the Beijing-Kowloon Railway has been updated. The southern end of the railway was extended from Jiujiang in Jiangxi to Kowloon in Hong Kong. On May 2, 1993, the railway trunk line with the largest scale, the largest investment and the longest mileage was started since the founding of the People's Republic of China. On the morning of November 16, 1995, the entire Beijing-Kowloon Railway was paved. On September 1, 1996, four months ahead of schedule, the Beijing-Kowloon Railway was put into operation. This steel artery spans nine provinces and cities, alleviating the south.