Information about the Mayans

Mayan pyramids

The Mayan Pyramid is the most famous pyramid building after the Egyptian Pyramid. They look different. The pyramids in Egypt are golden yellow. They are a pyramid with four corners. After thousands of years of wind and rain, it has been a little corroded. The Mayan pyramid is shorter, and it is also made of huge stones. The stone is gray, and the whole pyramid is gray. It is not completely conical, and there is a temple at the top. There are four stairs around the Mayan Pyramid, each with 9/kloc-0 steps, and the four stairs plus the top step * * * 365 steps (9 1 x4+1= 365) are exactly the number of days in a year. Maya attached great importance to astronomical data, and his buildings were full of these figures about the laws of celestial bodies. In addition to the number of steps, there are fifty-two four-corner reliefs on all sides of the pyramid, representing fifty-two years of the Mayan century. Maya's observatory is also a building full of characteristics. From today's perspective, the Maya Observatory is very similar to the current observatory in function and appearance. Take Kairuokang Observatory as an example. It is built on a huge and exquisite platform, and the small steps lead to the big platform. Similar to the current observatory, it is also a cylindrical ground floor building with a hemispherical top cover, which is where the astronomical telescope extends in the current observatory design. The four doors on the ground floor face in four directions. The windows and porches in this place form six lines, at least three of which are related to astronomy. One is related to the vernal equinox, and the other two are related to the activities of the moon. This Kailuogang astronomical observation tower is the largest astronomical observation tower in the ruins, and there are similar buildings in other ruins. In recent years, archaeologists believe that ancient Mayan astronomers established a regional astronomical observation network. From today's point of view, these buildings are amazing. Take the Mayan Pyramid as an example, how to cut huge stones, carry them to the depths of the jungle, and then pile up stones with a height of more than ten tons to 70 meters. Without advanced means of transportation and lifting equipment, it is difficult to complete this task. And why do people living in the jungle spend so much effort to build an astronomical observation network? According to historical records, the telescope was invented by Galileo in16th century, and then a large observatory appeared, while the concept of astronomical observation network only appeared in modern times, which can be said to be quite advanced. To be sure, the Mayan science at that time was not inferior to today.

Edit astronomical figures and calendars in this section.

No one will think it is great from the Arabic numerals in primary school! Just 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. Maybe you don't know that the concept of 0 was brought to Europe by Arabs from India (note: India was handed down from China), and Europeans didn't have such a simple concept of numbers in ancient times. Greeks are good at inventing, but they must write numbers in letters; Although the Romans could use numbers, they could only use four numbers to represent them. Maya used a point, a horizontal line and a shell symbol representing zero to represent numbers. When archaeologists study the Maya digital system, they find that their digital expression is similar to an abacus. They use three symbols: a point, a horizontal line and a shell symbol representing zero-it can represent any number. A similar principle applies to the "binary" of today's computers. The Mayan calendar is very complicated, including the Jin Zhuo calendar with a period of 260 days, the lunar calendar with a period of 6 months, the lunar calendars with a period of 29 and 30 days, and the solar calendar with a period of 365 days. , and different calendars in different periods. We use modern astronomical observation to know that a year is 365? 2422 days, the Mayans measured 365 days a year? 2420 days. Maya calculated the famous Venus formula: (Moon) 20x 13 = 260 260 x73 = 37960 (Sun) 8x13 =104/04x5x73 = 37960 (Venus) 5x65438+. These formulas mean that each cycle will meet in a straight line after 37960 days, and according to Mayan myths and legends, at that time, the "gods" will go to a quiet rest place. Venus calendar year refers to the time required for Venus to orbit the sun once. The Mayans spent 384 years observing and calculated that the calendar year of Venus was 584 days (they found that Venus walked exactly five times in eight earth years, and then repeated this cycle, so they divided 5 by the number of days in eight earth years-2920-to get 584 days), and today's calculation result is 583? 1992, the error rate is less than 12 second per day and only 6 minutes per month. It is incredible to calculate the history of Venus with such high accuracy. Maya's daily counting unit is surprisingly large. Archaeologists already know the following values: 20 days is one-dimensional Naer 18, Venal is a chariot equal to 360 days, 20 chariots equal to 7,200 days, 20 chariots equal to144,000 days, 20 Barker diagrams equal to 2,880,000 days, and 20 Pique diagrams equal to/kloc-. Why do you want to develop such a large quantity? This number unit is so large that even modern people don't need it. From today's scientific point of view, such a large number may only be used in one discipline, that is astronomy. Astronomers often use a large number unit to represent the distance between galaxies, and only astronomical numbers can be so large. The Mayans in the calendar predicted that in the Mayan calendar, there was a calendar called "Golden Zhuo Calendar", which was calculated by 260 days a year, but strangely, there were no planets suitable for this calendar in the solar system. According to this calendar, the approximate position of this planet should be between Venus and the Earth. This symbol in Zhuojinli expresses the galactic core described by Maya, which is very similar to the well-known Tai Chi Yin-Yang diagram. Some Mayan scholars believe that this calendar named Zhuo Jinli records the operation law of the "four seasons of the Milky Way", and according to Zhuo Jinli, our earth is now in the so-called "fifth solar age", that is, the last solar age. During this period of the galactic season, our solar system is experiencing a "great cycle" that lasted for more than 5 100 years. The time was from 3 1 13 BC to 20 12 AD. In this "great cycle", the moving earth and solar system are passing a galactic ray from the core of the Milky Way. The cross-sectional diameter of this ray is 5 125 earth year. In other words, it takes 5 125 years for the earth to pass through this ray. The Mayans divided this "great cycle" into thirteen stages, and the evolution of each stage was recorded in great detail. In thirteen stages, each stage is divided into twenty evolutionary stages. Each period lasts about twenty years. This calendar cycle is very similar to China's "heavenly stems" and "earthly branches", and the calendar is endless, not as endless as a straight line in the year of AD. They believe that since the creation of the world, the earth has passed four solar periods. When the stars in the solar system experience a "big period" under the action of this galactic ray, they will undergo fundamental changes, which the Mayans called "assimilation galaxies". Judging from the time of the "great cycle" predicted by Maya, today is drawing to a close. During the 20 years from 1992 to 20 12, our earth entered the last stage of the "Great Cycle". This is the origin of the legendary Maya about the "end of the world".

Edit this passage of Maya holy pool.

Scientists have discovered more than 40 new creatures in crystal pool. There are some "crystal pool" in the dense jungle of Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, which the ancient Mayans once thought was the entrance to the underground world. According to a report in Toulon, Reuters, England on March 20th, recently, scientists from the United States finally discovered the "crystal pool" there, revealing the true face of this mysterious underground water world. There are thousands of "crystal pool" hidden in the dense jungle, and the deepest part can reach160m. There are thousands of underground "crystal pool" hidden in the dense bush of Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, forming a mysterious underground water world. It has always been said that in the mysterious underground water world, bones and gold are piled up like mountains. American researchers and explorers explored some pits with oxygen cylinders, waterproof lights and underwater equipment. This "crystal pool" is actually a ash pit formed by the long-term erosion of limestone by rain. Because rainwater is filtered by limestone like a sponge, the water looks very clear and transparent, and looks like it is made of crystal. Divers swim in it and feel like they are floating in space. These "crystal pool" are more than one meter deep, and the depths are bottomless. The explorer has explored a hole, which is as deep as 160 meters, and has not yet reached the bottom. This used to be the sacred pool of the Mayans, who put gold, silver and jewels into it for sacrifice. In the life of ancient Maya, these pits occupied an important position. They not only provided the Mayans with enough water, but also provided them with a place to bathe. In some extremely remote villages in Yucatan Peninsula, people still live in such underground caves until now. In Mayan belief, these caves are also the residence of Rain God, just like the Dragon Palace in China. Therefore, in addition to practical purposes, the Mayans also relied on them to pray for rain. The Mayans believed that the rain in the sky was the result of the arrival of the rain god. Only by offering a "gift" to the rain god would the rain god come as promised. They put gold, silver and jewels in the crypt, and even chose beautiful virgins to throw into the water to please the rain god. There are more than 40 kinds of creatures discovered by scientists for the first time, many of which have potential medical value. Biologists have discovered a large number of new species here, and they have survived under difficult conditions. Scientists discovered more than 40 species for the first time. There are also many blind shrimps and blind fish, which live on limited oxygen and food in groundwater. Tom Eliver, a marine biologist at Texas General University, said, "This is definitely a different world. What we found there, including some life forms, has never been found anywhere else. "

Edit this paragraph of five Mayan prophecies.

Legend has it that * * * has "five great prophecies". The first solar age was Matlack Dili Matlattilart (Gendaya civilization), which was super-civilized, with a height of about 1 m. A man's third eye is emerald and has different functions. Predictable, fatal and so on. . . Women have no third eye, so women are afraid of men. However, a woman's uterus has the power of God. Before she gets pregnant, she will contact the god who wants to be reincarnated in heaven. Only when she talks about it will she have children. Gendaya civilization was destroyed by the sinking of the mainland, but there are few references to Gendaya civilization, so there is no modern theoretical basis. The second solar age is the Ehecatl (Mesopotamian civilization) of Hector, and Mesopotamian civilization is the continuation of the fugitives of the last civilization (Gendayan civilization). But when people forget the past, their abilities gradually disappear. In Gendaya civilization, men had a third eye, but in Mesopotamia, the third eye of men began to disappear. They love eating very much and have trained all kinds of experts, so they are also called food civilization. Mesopotamian civilization occurred in the Antarctic continent and was destroyed by the transformation of the earth's magnetic poles. But the above materials only mentioned a few, and there is no modern theoretical basis. The third solar age is Quiyahuillo (Muria civilization), the third civilization on earth predicted by Maya, also known as bioenergy civilization. It is a continuation of fugitives from the last civilization (Misobudaya civilization). The ancestors of Mesopotamian civilization began to pay attention to the energy generated when plants germinated, which was very huge. After a century of improvement, a machine using plant energy was invented, which can amplify energy. This civilization was destroyed by the sinking of the mainland. But the above materials only mentioned a few, and there is no modern theoretical basis. The fourth solar age was Tzontlilic (Atlantis civilization), and the civilization of light inherited the previous civilization. Inheritance is used instead of continuation here, because Atlantis came from the colonists of Orion. They have the ability of light, which led to the collapse of the earth under the ravages of fire and rain. Atlantis was established as early as the time of the Muslim civilization. Then the two civilizations fought a nuclear war. Five. Our existing civilization (emotional civilization) will use emotion, which will be extinct (upgraded to spiritual civilization) in the winter solstice of 20 12 and 12. The Mayans said that after the night of 20 12 and 1, the dawn of 12 and 22 would never come. Three catastrophes in human history ... one of which happened to the Maya ... even if they predicted it, it would not change ... that time ... was the disappearing Mayan civilization I mentioned above. According to the Mayan calendar, the earth is divided into five solar periods from beginning to end, representing five major disasters, four of which have passed. When the fifth solar period comes, the sun will disappear, the earth will shake violently and disaster will occur, and the earth will be completely destroyed. The first four predictions have no scientific basis. The fifth time will wait until 20 12, 12, 2 1. But do you remember the doomsday rumors of 1999 and 2000? Every once in a while, the western world will hear the saying that the end of the world is coming, and the Mayan prophecy of 20 12 is the one that scares people the most. In this regard, Guatemalan Mayan elder picton finally jumped out and said: "There is no such thing at all!" He even said that the doomsday theory originated in the west, and the Mayans never had such an idea. As for the Maya said 20 12 years, it should refer to the awakening and transformation of human beings in spirit and consciousness, thus entering a new civilization. The Mayan calendar predicted that mankind would be destroyed in the winter solstice on February 2, 20 12 1 day. Now a scientist overturns the doomsday theory of 20 12, pointing out that 20 12 is a wrong calculation result. The real doomsday is 2220, which is of course based on the Mayan calendar. According to the popular doomsday theory, the sun will reach the so-called galactic equator on February 2, 20 12. It is said that this special event only happens once every 25,800 years. However, the reality is that the Milky Way does not have an exact silver channel. This is not a line. In fact, in the past few years, the sun has been on the silver channel from the winter solstice to the sun, and it will be so in the next few years. As for the Mayan calendar, it is very different from the Gregorian calendar or julian calendar. /kloc-When the Spanish conquered the Mayans in the 6th century, the Mayans used as many as four calendars at a time. The oldest is the 260-day Zagreb calendar, which consists of 20 days and 13 days. The period is 365 days, 18 months, 20 days per month, and the Haab on the fifth day of the year is called Wayeb. There are two kinds of calendars in Maya: long counting and short counting. Calendar 3 is a short count, and the long-term cumulative day system is 20 days. The most widely used conversion between Mayan calendar and Gregorian calendar is GMT. GMT conversion is to set the date of Maya's creation as julian calendar BC 313.0.0+September 6th, 2006 or Gregorian calendar BC 311. 2012 65438+February 2 1 is converted from GMT. But what the doomsday prophet doesn't know is that in the past 20 years, the conversion of GMT has been strongly whipped by modern astronomers and archaeologists, which conflicts with another Mayan calendar, the 584-day Venus periodic calendar. According to the modification by researchers, the end date of the fourth cycle of the Mayan calendar will be pushed back to 65438+February 2020, 2 1, 22 or 23.

Mayan civilization

In the history of ancient world civilization, Mayan civilization seemed to fall from the sky, and came to an abrupt end at the most brilliant and prosperous time. Before Columbus discovered America, this great and mysterious nation had long since disappeared collectively. Their splendid culture was suddenly interrupted, leaving great confusion for the world. Since john stephens, an American, first discovered the ruins of ancient Mayan civilization in the tropical jungle of Honduras in 1839, archaeologists from all over the world have discovered more than 170 abandoned ruins of ancient Mayan cities in the jungles and wasteland of China and the United States from BC 1000 to the 8th century. The footprint of Mayan civilization starts from Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico in the north and reaches Guatemala, Honduras and Honduras in the south. This mysterious nation has built a surprisingly huge building in the tropical jungle of South America. Many designers of modern cities bemoan the magnificent Tikal city when computer-generated maps appear in front of people. Palenque Palace, built in the 7th century, is 0/00 meter long and 80 meters wide. The Governor's Mansion in Uxmar consists of 22,500 stone carvings, which are carefully designed. Although the roof of Chyi Chin Itza's samurai temple has disappeared, the towering 1000 stone pillars still remind people of the spirit of that year. All this makes people feel that this is an extraordinary nation. With the further investigation of Mayan culture, people are surprised to find that the Mayans thousands of years ago had unparalleled mathematical attainments and unique enigmatic characters. Moreover, the giant buildings in chichen itza, Tikal, palenque and other places did not come from the needs of Maya's real life, but were built in strict accordance with the magical Mayan calendar cycle. How accurate is the Mayan calendar and astronomical knowledge? They divided the year into 18 months, and the earth year they calculated was 365.2420 days. Compared with the 365.2422 days calculated by modern people, the error was only 0.0002 days, which means that the error in 5000 years was only one day. They calculated that the year of Venus is 584 days, which is only 7 seconds short of the 50 years of modern people. What an incredible number this is! How did the Mayans thousands of years ago have such an accurate calculation? They still maintain a special religious chronology, with a year divided into 13 months and 20 days each month, which is called "Zorkin Year". Where this calendar came from is really puzzling. The Mayans mastered the concept of "0" at least in the 4th century BC, 800 years before China and Europeans, to 1000. They also created a 20-digit counting method, and their numerical calculus can be used in 4 million years. Such a huge astronomical figure can only be used for modern interstellar travel and measuring the distance between stars. Thousands of years ago, the Mayans slash and burn, covered their bodies with leaves and exchanged things with cocoa beans as the medium. Do they need such numerical calculations? The Mayan calendar was accurate enough to last 400 million years. They can calculate the difference between the solar year and the Venus year to four decimal places. They have their own characters, which are hieroglyphics composed of 800 symbols and figures, and their vocabulary is as high as 30 thousand. They have exquisite carving, painting and bronze art. However, before the peak of this high civilization was born, the Mayans lived in tree holes for parties. How did such a primitive tribe suddenly produce such a high civilization? Even in the16th century, the Indians seen by the Spanish on the Yucatan Peninsula full of historical sites still lived in mud houses with leaves and made a living by gathering and hunting. The precise astronomical calendar and mathematics, the civilization and art that make the world stunned, seem to far exceed the actual needs of the local Indian aborigines' almost primitive life. Maya occupied Yucatan Peninsula, modern Honduras and modern Guatemala. Its history can be traced back to around 2000 BC, but its heyday was between 600 and 900 AD. Although they lived in the period of agricultural development, they still created many monuments and ceremony centers similar to the brilliant monuments in Egypt. The scale of these buildings is amazing because their religious beliefs are quite simple. Although the development level of its architecture is not very high, it is still ahead compared with other ethnic groups of its time. They invented a unique writing language, which they can't understand until today. Only three books were written by Maya, and the others were destroyed by Europeans as heresies.

Mayan civilization has made great achievements in astronomy and mathematics. Through long-term observation of astronomical phenomena, we have mastered the solar eclipse cycle and the running laws of the sun, moon and Venus. At the end of the pre-classical period, we created two calendars, the solar calendar and the holy calendar. The former is one year 13 months, 20 days a month and 260 days a year. The latter is one year 18 months, 20 days a month, plus 5 days of death, 365 days a year, every 4 years 1 day. Remember the names of the sun and the moon in two calendars every day, and repeat them every 52 years, which is more accurate than the calendars used in Greece and Rome at the same time. Mathematically, Maya used the concept of "0" more than 800 years earlier than Europeans, and counted in decimal system. Another unique creation of Mayan civilization is the hieroglyphic system, whose characters are composed of complex graphics, which are generally engraved on stone buildings such as altars, stairs and stone pillars. Seal cutting and writing require long-term training. At present, there are about 800 characters, but most of them have not been successfully interpreted except for time symbols and a few names and utensils. At that time, he also used bark paper and deerskin to write books, mainly about history, science and ceremonies, which are still unreadable. Up to now, almost the entire Mayan civilization is shrouded in a mystery, just like refusing us to analyze it and locking ourselves in the gloomy darkness. Indeed, in the ninth century, there were many hypotheses about the demise of Maya, such as the theories of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and hurricanes. Plague, collective poisoning and other infectious diseases; The theory of economic problems such as population expansion and repeated burning and reclamation of forests leading to poor soil; Foreign invasion, intercity war, peasant uprising and other social problems, as well as the theory of collective suicide, are too numerous to mention. However, although there are different views on various hypotheses, none of them can be accepted by sufficient evidence. Here we face a new mystery. Because the Mayans didn't build a road connecting the city and the dense forest, and they didn't use metal at all until the collapse of the Mayan golden age. To build the world's largest civilization pyramid in the tropical jungle, the stones needed must be transported at least ten miles away and cut into pieces. So where did the stones to build the Great Pyramid come from and how were they transported?

Mayan is a member of Central American and Mexican Indians. Also translated as "Maya" and "Maya". Around 2500 BC, it had settled in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and parts of El Salvador and Honduras. There are about 2 million people. It belongs to the American branch of Mongolian race. Use Mayan language, belonging to Maya-Quiche family of Indian language family. It is distributed in the central and northern Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, southern Honduras, Tabasco and parts of Chiapas, the lowlands and highlands of Guatemala and the southernmost tip of Chiapas and El Salvador.

A member of a Central American Indian people living on almost contiguous land in southern Mexico, southern Guatemala and northern Belize. At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 5 million people spoke about 70 Mayan languages, most of which were bilingual (Spanish). In Spain

Before the conquest of Mexico and Central America, the Mayans had one of the greatest civilizations in the Western Hemisphere. They are engaged in agriculture, building huge stone buildings and pyramid temples, smelting gold and copper, and using a hieroglyph that is now mostly understandable.

Where the mysterious Maya originated is still a mystery. There are different opinions about the origin, and it is still difficult to conclude. There are several sayings as follows: immigrants from a certain country. Or the descendants of the "lost tribe" or even the descendants of aliens. This statement is puzzling, such as where the original body of the country came from and the appearance of alien immigrants, which have become mysteries in the history of archaeology.

The Mayans came from China? (1) The armies of Shang Dynasty and Olmec (2) Maya and China (3) Similar ways of thinking (4) Quetzarosaurus (6) Mayan-China cultural continuum? Are the Mayans aliens? (1) The living environment is obviously different from that of human beings. (2) The ancestors of the Mayans were not on the earth. (3) The scientific and technological level of the Mayans was obviously higher than that of the earthlings. (4) The beliefs of the Mayans were different from those of the earthlings. (5) The origins of the Mayans were different from those of human beings. Note (1) The above content comes from The Magical Maya written by Medea.

According to the book Lan Qi Balaam, Mayan history can be divided into three periods: ① Pre-classical period (65438 BC +0500 ~ AD 292), which is characterized by the formation of the same culture between two groups in China and the United States, the development of agriculture and the beginning of settlement life. (2) In the classical period (292-900), hieroglyphics, stone tablets and temples began to appear, the central region developed on a large scale, theocracy appeared, and the northern culture developed to the late stage and reached its peak. (3) In the post-classical period (900 ~ 1527), in its early period (900 ~ 1250), there was a cultural change between the north and the south. The Toltecs reached the central plateau, exercised political rule, imposed their religion, etiquette and customs on the Mayans, and established the Maya city, which was ruled by the Cocoa family. In the northern region, the integration of Mayan culture and Tortek culture produced the famous Mayan pan-civilization. In the later period (1250 ~ 1527), large Maya centers were abandoned one after another, disintegrated politically, and some small towns appeared and fought with each other. 15 19, the general of the Spanish colonial army, H. Cortes, conquered Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala. Because of their remoteness, the Itza people in Yaska resisted the Spanish colonists and remained autonomous for a long time until 1627, when the whole Maya region was conquered.

Around16th century, many slave city-states were established, resulting in social strata, which were divided into nobles (including priests, ruling officials, military leaders and businessmen) and civilians (including craftsmen, farmers and slaves). Decentralized governance, chiefs govern several centers, and rural residents form communes to preserve many remnants of the clan system (see the original commune system). Worship nature, especially "Sun God" and "Rain God", with the patron saint "sumner" as the highest god. Engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture, planting corn (staple food), kidney beans, pumpkins and root plants, and raising turkeys and dogs. At the beginning of AD, hieroglyphs and calendars were created, and the decimal method was invented. Great achievements have been made in medicine and astronomy. Pottery, sculpture and painting are all accomplished. Arched buildings (trapezoidal pyramids, palaces, arches, etc.) ) is adopted. The centers of ancient civilizations are Tikal (in Guatemala's Peté n province), palenque (in Chiapas) and Copan (in Honduras). Modern Mayans are widely distributed and have the same social and cultural characteristics. After the Spanish colonists invaded, the Mayans were assimilated to varying degrees and basically merged with their own residents. Due to the different historical, social, cultural and economic backgrounds of the host countries, Maya in different countries also have their own characteristics in social, economic and cultural aspects.

I hope the landlord will adopt it