Composition of customs and habits of Han nationality

Han nationality is an ancient agricultural nation. Since ancient times, the agricultural population has accounted for more than 80% of the total population, and the custom of respecting agriculture has a long history. Since ancient times, the Han people have taken agriculture as their profession. As early as the Warring States period, Han Fei put forward the idea of "taking agriculture as the foundation". He said: "The reason why pale ice is real is also a farming industry." Did everything wrong? Articles ". Under the influence of the thought of Shang and Nong, the society of Han Dynasty formed "men plow and women eat, women weave and women dress" and "Shang Jun technique". Painting strategy ". "Men plow and women weave" can be said to be a typical portrayal of the social customs of the Han nationality. Only in modern times, especially after liberation, have great changes taken place.

The twenty-four solar terms are an important part of the Han Chinese lunar calendar, and their formation and establishment are closely related to the agricultural production customs of the ancient working people of the Han nationality. With the change of climate throughout the year, the content of farming and farm work also changes. The meaning of the names of the 24 solar terms clearly reflects this point. Until now, Han farmers are still used to farming and arranging farm work according to solar terms.

Related to the custom of respecting agriculture is the worship of the land god by the Han nationality. "White Tiger Yi Tong" says: "When he releases the earth, he gets it from God." The worship form of the land god is "country worship". The land god is called the country god or the country owner, and the place where the land god is worshipped is called the country. Book of rites? "Suburb Sacrifice" says: "Strong, sacrifice to the earth, the main yin is also ... strong, so the way of God is also." Later, all classes of Han society had social sacrifices. Folk belief in land gods is very extensive, and before liberation, land temples were almost everywhere.

Respect the ancestors and the elderly.

Respecting ancestors and respecting the elderly is the eternal legacy of the Han nationality. Respecting ancestors is the worship of ancestors. Shang believed in the monism of the unity of gods and ancestors, while Zhou believed in the dualism of the separation of gods and ancestors. Ancestor worship is a more important tradition. The ancestor worship of the Han nationality mainly worships the distant ancestors who have achieved great success and the close relatives who are related by blood.

Ancestor worship custom has continued to modern times. Folk ancestor worship activities are still very grand. Sometimes there are sacrifices, such as church sacrifices, festival sacrifices, New Year sacrifices, house sacrifices, shrine sacrifices, etc. On holidays, some people should pay tribute to their ancestors' faces to show that they don't forget their ancestors, share the festival with them or ask them to bless them. The places where the Han people worship their ancestors are called ancestral halls or ancestral halls, which are spread all over the country.

Related to the custom of respecting ancestors, under the long-term influence of feudal patriarchal clan system, Han people like to live in groups and compile genealogies regularly. As a result of living together, the Han nationality has lived in it runs in the family since ancient times, and even lived under the same roof for five generations. Some of them have lived together for centuries. It's really "the young and the old get together and greet the wind." This clan that has lived together for generations is commonly known as "Yi Ju" or "Yi Men". In the Ming Dynasty, the Zheng family in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province even lived under the same roof as the ninth generation, and once ordered the construction of Zhengmen as an example. Nowadays, although family forms tend to be miniaturized, families in it families are more common.

The custom of respecting the elderly, which extends from respecting ancestors, is deeply rooted in the Han nationality. The Book of Songs? Daya？ Drunk, the cloud said: "filial piety is not lacking, there is always kindness." It means that the filial piety of filial sons to respect the elderly is endless, which will inevitably affect the whole family and even the whole nation. The folk custom of respecting the elderly in the Han nationality is a fine tradition worth carrying forward.

Last name and first name

At first, the surnames of Han people were different. The original surname is the clan number of the matriarchal clan commune. The word "surname" is a combination of the words "female" and "born". Many ancient surnames have the word "female" beside them, such as Jiang, Yao and Ji. History is a branch of surname. Due to the reproduction of offspring, the family is divided into several branches, scattered all over the country, and each branch has a special symbol as a symbol, which is the surname. Later, there was little difference between surnames and surnames.

The origin of surnames can be roughly as follows:

(1) Take official positions as surnames, such as Sima, Shangguan, Hou, Shuai and Wei.

(2) Take occupation and skill as surnames, such as "Tao" in Tao Wei, "Cang" in warehouse management and "Jia" in business;

③ Take the names and titles of ancestors as surnames, such as Sun Shu, Wang Sun, Gong Sun, etc.

(4) Take the country and fief as surnames, such as Qi, Lu, Wu and Chu;

⑤ Take the original admirers as surnames, such as horses, cows, sheep and dragons.

⑥ Take the characteristics of residence as surnames, such as Dongguo, Ximen, Yang, Liu and Li.

⑦ Take numbers as surnames, such as Wu, Lu and Wan.

In addition, some compound surnames, such as Sun Chang, Helan and Huyan, are translated from the voices of ethnic minorities.

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2 culture and Chinese customs!

There are 408 single surnames and 76 compound surnames in Hundred Surnames compiled by Song people. The China Personal Names Dictionary published in modern times has included single surnames and compound surnames of ***4 129. There are only about 200 common surnames, and the most common single surname is only 100. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Hu, Zhu, Gao, Lin, Wu, Guo and Ma account for more than half of the national population.

The names of ancient people in China are more complicated than those of modern people. Generally, there are four names: surname, first name, word and number. After the child was born, the father took the first name. This word was taken by a man at the age of 20 and a woman at the age of 15. It is a person's official title. No, people with a certain reputation and culture, in order to express their own ideological interests. Such as Tao Qian and Mr. Wu Liu; Ouyang Xiu, the number one alcoholic, was a laity at 6 1 in his later years; Lu you, the number is free.

Modern people are not as particular about naming as ancient people. Except for a few people who have words and numbers, ordinary people generally have only one name.

And most of them are one or two words. Names reflect the cultural and psychological characteristics of the Han nationality. If some people use the words "rich, expensive, rich, rich", they hope to get rich; Some use words such as "health, health preservation, relaxation and longevity" to hope for health and longevity; Some people use the words "Dong, Jie, Jun and Cai", hoping to develop into a useful person. When men name animals, they often use the words "Peng, Dragon, Tiger and Leopard" to symbolize courage, strength and luck, while when they name plants, they use the words "pine, locust, tung and cypress" to symbolize grandeur and vitality. Accordingly, women use the words "phoenix, warbler, phoenix, swallow", "orchid, chrysanthemum, plum and apricot", hoping to be beautiful, gentle and virtuous.

Address customization

In China, the traditional generation concept of the Han nationality has existed for a long time, with four generations of elders and four generations of younger generations as the center, forming a "nine-clan" blood relationship of "great-grandfather, great-grandfather, father, self, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-grandson", which is nine levels. If collateral blood relatives are linked with in-laws, a huge kinship system will be formed.

. Only some of them are selected here to show their hierarchical relationship.

First floor: grandpa, grandma, grandpa and grandma (second generation)

Second floor: father, mother, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, aunt, father-in-law, mother-in-law (older generation)

The third floor: (itself) elder brother, sister-in-law, elder sister, brother-in-law, cousin, brother-in-law, wife and sister-in-law (peers).

The fourth floor: sons, daughters, nephews, nephews, nephews (after one generation)

Fifth floor: grandson, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter (after the second generation).

Kinship titles are generational, regardless of age. My brother is several years older than my brother, and my brother's children are several years older than my brother's children. After several generations, the descendants of Damen may be several decades younger than those of Xiaomen, which will not affect the generational relationship. Grandson or grandfather who often holds a beard in his arms. Therefore, Han people often say that "the door is suitable for the younger generation."

Kinship appellation is also used between neighbors or strangers in society to show kindness and respect. For example, peers in the neighborhood are usually called brothers, brothers, sisters and younger sisters. Young people call their parents uncles, aunts, aunts and so on. And grandparents are grandfathers and grandmothers are grandfathers. Generally speaking, it is very important to pay attention to the hierarchy and grasp the angle in the use of appellation. Different age groups have different names, especially on envelopes. When a son writes to his parents, the letter should be called "parents" or "parents", but there is something wrong with the address on the envelope. It is appropriate to address Mr. X or his position.

In life, in order to show respect for people, there are also special phenomena that don't pay attention to grades. For example, there is a respected elder in a family, and the younger generation in the family calls him grandpa, grandma, grandpa, grandma and so on. Neighborhood, regardless of men, women and children, may call him grandpa, grandma, grandpa and grandma, but they often start with their names. For example, Granny Liu in A Dream of Red Mansions and Grandpa Si Liu in Camel Xiangzi. Sometimes the word "he (she)" is added before the title, such as: his uncle, her second aunt, his grandmother, her second brother Li and so on. Similar appellations are still widely used today.

Cultural psychology

The cultural psychology of the Han nationality is gradually formed after thousands of years of accumulation. Although the import of various modern cultural thoughts has greatly impacted this traditional cultural psychology in the past hundred years, its influence is still deeply rooted. This forms the unique pragmatic features of Chinese in people's verbal communication.

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3 culture and Chinese customs!

First of all, the feudal society based on agricultural natural economy ruled China for thousands of years. This feudal patriarchal society has created two characteristics in national psychology: one is to attach great importance to blood relationship, and the other is to emphasize class differences. Therefore, a prominent feature in verbal communication is to pay attention to the use of kinship terms and strictly distinguish between seniority and inferiority.

In the west, we can see the younger generation calling their elders by their first names, which is not allowed in the communication between China people. When talking with the elders among relatives, you must use appellation, which is a sign of courtesy and education. Moreover, kinship terms, as a kind of honorific, are widely used by non-relative speakers, such as uncles, grandmothers and aunts. They are regarded as a sign of respect and intimacy for each other.

The patriarchal concept has been transferred to social interpersonal relationships and become a hierarchical concept. For thousands of years, feudal society has always advocated the order of the young and the old, and the order of respect and inferiority. Therefore, when people talk with people with official positions, they always have the habit of being commensurate with their positions, which was considered as a kind of honorific title in ancient times. In communication, in order to raise each other's status, they often lower themselves, so there are a number of modest names relative to honorifics, such as your surname-my surname, your family-my humble family, my good brother-my stupid brother, my masterpiece-my humble work, my humble opinion-my humble opinion.

Secondly, it emphasizes the harmony of interpersonal relationships, the sociality of people, the constraints of society and groups on individuals, and the group rather than individuals and personalities. This is also related to the patriarchal clan system in feudal society, which is in sharp contrast with the western self-centered, emphasizing independent personality and individuality and praising individual achievements and honors. Because of this, in order to emphasize the intimacy of interpersonal relationship, China people often use kinship terms to address non-relative speakers; China people often greet each other's private lives after meeting, such as "Have you eaten?" I'm not really worried that you will starve. It's just that I'm very concerned and affectionate.

As for asking how much money you earn, how old you are, whether you have a partner or how many children you have, in China's view, it is also a manifestation of close interpersonal relationship and emotional contact, which is the so-called oriental human touch, while in Westerners' view, it is suspected of interfering with others' "privacy".

The conservative tradition of Han nationality on sex and gender issues has also caused language differences between men and women in verbal communication. Generally speaking, male language is straightforward and casual, while female language is subtle and solemn. It is far more common for men to use sex-related words to swear than for women. Because the traditional concept also thinks that it is uncivilized for men to use these words, but it seems to be widely understood, while the use of women is very indecent, and it seems natural to be criticized by public opinion.

marry

The marriage custom of the Han nationality has a long history and has a strong national color. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a complete set of etiquette has been formed, namely "drawing lots", "asking names", "accepting oneself", "accepting levies", "inviting guests" and "welcoming relatives", which are called "Six Rites".

"Accepting talents" means that the man's family asks the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's family, which is later called "matchmaking"; "Asking the name" means that the two sides change their ages, which is called "changing the dragon and phoenix hillock" in modern times, and then divining "marriage"; Najib means "engaged"; "Zheng Na" is a betrothal gift from the man's family to the woman's family, commonly known as "bride price"; "Invitation" means choosing a wedding date and asking the woman for advice; "Kissing" means marrying the bride.

From ancient times to the present, although the marriage customs are different because of the changes of the times or the differences between the rich and the poor, the basic ritual procedures are similar. Even in modern times, with the rise of free love and the simplification of etiquette, there are still reservations about the customs of the matchmaker (introducer) such as communication, blind date, engagement and marriage.

Among the "Six Rites", the content of "welcoming the bride" is the most colorful, and the main customs are paving the house, crying for marriage, spreading cereal beans, raising fire, splashing water, covering the face, wearing red clothes, landing the bride's feet on the ground, sitting in a sedan chair, "crossing the saddle", worshiping the church meeting, spreading accounts and making a cup of noise. For more than two thousand years, these "pro-welcoming" customs have been enduring. Although they have been innovating and evolving with the progress of society in modern times, their basic aspects have not changed much.

In the aspect of marriage system, although monogamy was widely practiced in ancient Han nationality, concubinage was more common. In modern times, it is commonly known as "begging for a concubine" or "marrying a concubine", but widows are generally not allowed to remarry, especially in the late feudal society, when Neo-Confucianism rose and the rules were very strict, and some basically wore plain clothes all their lives.

In the form of marriage, in the old society, in addition to being married by the media, there were buying and selling marriage, cousin marriage, exchange marriage, transfer marriage, adoption marriage (commonly known as "adoption"), canonical marriage, foster marriage, finger marriage, filial marriage, ghost marriage and so on.

Educational customs

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4 culture and Chinese customs!

When a woman is pregnant, the Han people usually call it "Youxi".

The second day after the child was born, it was the "Three Dynasties". After a child is born, most of them close their eyes until three dynasties (that is, three days) or after three dynasties. According to the old custom, children should see their father first, then their mother and other relatives and friends to show their eternal filial piety to their parents. At this time, relatives and friends who come to visit often send gifts such as eggs, brown sugar and children's clothes to congratulate them. Among them, the red egg is called "red egg", which is also called "happy egg" because it is a festive occasion.

The full moon is called "Mi Yue". The old custom is to give children a haircut, commonly known as "shaving their heads", and hold a banquet to celebrate. In some places, the eighth day of the fourth lunar month is designated as the "haircut" day for newborns. Modern Han people regard the child's full moon as a common occurrence, but in some places, rural areas still attach great importance to it, and often invite full moon wine.

One year old is the most solemn day since a child was born. It is an ancient custom to test a child's future when he is one year old. The method is to put a bow and arrow pen for men, a knife, ruler, needle basket for women, all kinds of food and clothes on the table, and let the children do it themselves. The winner is the symbol of their future. Modern Han people generally pay more attention to their children's first birthday. Whether in urban or rural areas, they usually take pictures of their children, make new clothes and eat eggs and noodles to congratulate them. Some families with better economic conditions will also hold birthday parties to entertain relatives and friends. There is also the custom of keeping jiaozi for one year in rural areas in the south of the Yangtze River. This kind of zongzi is wrapped longer than ordinary zongzi, which means that children will grow up soon.

At the age of 20, ancient Han men chose an auspicious day to invite guests, and their father presided over the coronation ceremony in the ancestral temple. Book of rites? Guan Yi recorded: "Ancient people paid tribute to their guests, so they respected the crown." The woman/kloc-made a gift when she was 0/5 years old. The annotation of "Ci" in the Soul of Poetry says: "Ci is the gift of women, and it is still the crown of men." The coronation ceremony and the gift ceremony show that this person is an adult and can get married. Recently, these ceremonies are no longer practiced in modern times, but when they reach the age of 20, they often celebrate their birthdays in a grand way. People with better economic conditions hold birthday parties to entertain relatives and friends. People usually prepare tables, eat eggs and noodles, and congratulate the whole family.

funeral

The old tradition of Han funeral is to pay attention to heavy burial, which is mixed with many superstitious customs. Coffin burial has been popular in Han nationality since ancient times. Funeral is grand and can be divided into three stages: burial, burial and burial.

The funeral is to dress the body and put it under the coffin. Before people die, they should summon spirits and bathe the dead. Funeral is divided into two steps: small funeral and large funeral. A small undertaker is a cloth used to wrap his body, silk is for the rich and jade is for the royal family. Great-coat is to put the body in the coffin. Coffins are called "longevity materials", male coffins are engraved with the word "longevity", female coffins are engraved with the word "blessing", and some coffins are engraved with the combination of the words "Fu Lushou". When he was dying, he put rice in the mouth of the dead man. This rich family owns jade, pearls, etc. , the royal family contains jade, modern silver, are called "rice". When you die, there are often some things buried with you. Generally, people have clothes, quilts and daily necessities, and wealthy families and royalty will have many valuable items buried with them.

A funeral is to stay in the funeral palace after the funeral. The mourning period varies from 3 days to 30 days, mainly depending on the mourners. In ancient times, coffins were buried for three months, up to seven months. According to the traditional customs of the Han nationality, children should mourn when their parents die, otherwise it is unfilial. Relatives and friends will mourn and pay homage to the deceased in the future, which is called "mourning" or "condolence". All mourners should mourn. In ancient times, the mourning clothes of Han nationality were divided into five types: Wei, Cui Zi, Dagong, Hong Xiao and Zhima, which were called "five clothes". They are made of coarse linen and fine linen, and wear different mourning clothes according to the relationship between relatives and friends, which is called "Pima Dai Xiao". In modern times, white cloth is often used for mourning. Modern cities generally wear white flowers on their chests and black gauze on their arms.

Burying is burying the body of the dead, that is, burying the coffin. Before burial, the old custom often depends on geomantic omen and chooses a cemetery, which is called "choosing good luck". Funeral is also called funeral. At the funeral, the ancient Han people were generally "dutiful sons", and undertaker sang an elegy. Elegy has evolved into elegy in modern times. Relatives and friends wrote elegiac couplets or funeral elegiac couplets, which evolved into wreaths of elegiac couplets in modern times.

In ancient times, the custom of offering sacrifices to people (mainly close relatives, near ministers and near servants, which remained until the Qing Dynasty) was gradually replaced by pottery figurines, and in modern times, paper figures were buried with them.

After the funeral, there are memorial ceremonies for the seventh, seventh, centenary and anniversary, and the memorial tablet belongs to the ancestral hall, which has changed from a ceremony for people at the funeral to a ceremony for "ghosts" and "ancestors".

In addition, the Han nationality also has the custom of "returning to burial", that is, transporting the bodies that died in other places back to their original places.

During the funeral, the relatives of the deceased should wear mourning clothes and wake in the mourning hall. In the ancient etiquette system of China, filial piety was divided into five grades according to the kinship with the deceased. There is also a word "five clothes" in modern Chinese to express the distance of blood relationship. Filial piety is made of white cloth, which is quite different from the custom of westerners wearing white clothes to make dresses. In the Qing Dynasty, an Englishman came to China for the first time. When he met the funeral procession, everyone was dressed in white, but his expression was painful, sad and strange. In ancient times, people sang elegies at funerals, and Tao Yuanming, a great poet in Jin Dynasty, wrote three elegies for himself before his death. The elegy of later generations evolved from the elegy of ancient times.

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5 culture and Chinese customs!

The scale of the funeral ceremony is closely related to the status of the deceased. In feudal society, there were strict regulations on funeral ceremonies for people with different identities and status. Princes, nobles and rich people often show off their power with large-scale funerals. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Qin Keqing died in Ningguo Mansion with a coffin worth several thousand taels of silver. Two or three hundred monks chanted, and the procession at the funeral was "mighty and unstoppable". The poor don't even have enough food and clothing, so naturally there is no "reburial". Sometimes you can only wrap the body with a mat and bury it hastily.

After the death of the elder, children and grandchildren should stay at home for 27 months, during which time they should stop socializing and entertaining. Officials also have to leave their jobs and go home to be filial, which is called "keeping the system."

Dress

From ancient times to the present, the characteristics of Han nationality's right-handed shirts have been preserved. From the Shang dynasty jade carvings, stone carvings and pottery sculptures unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province, we can see the appearance of right-handed people with high collars. Although Khufu was introduced late and shorts also appeared, whether it is the "deep coat" in the Western Han Dynasty, the "collar robe" in the Tang and Song Dynasties or the "robe" in the Qing Dynasty, the feature of the coat is always the right-breasted shirt.

Modern men's robes or modern women's cheongsam all inherit the characteristics of right-handed coats.

In each dynasty, there were different views on the color of clothing. Generally, Xia Hei, Shang Bai, Zhou Chi, Qin Hei, Han Chi and Tang Dynasty all wore yellow clothes and put red flags. France, Zhou, Han, Tang and Song were chosen as red in Ming Dynasty.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, men usually wore double-breasted shirts and trousers inside, long-breasted robes outside and a more elegant jacket, which was called "robes and mandarin jackets". Pants are set with an eight-inch wide waist. Later, Chinese tunic suit became popular, but in rural areas, people still wore robes, jackets, shorts and trousers. Today, there are still old people wearing robes in remote mountainous areas. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, women wore knee-length flared gowns and trousers. After the Republic of China, wearing an "axe collar shirt" is different from double-breasted buttons, large-breasted buttons and pipa buttons. Under the skirt, there are phoenix-tailed skirts and pleated skirts. After 1930s, cheongsam became popular, but most rural women wore coats and trousers. Modern Han costumes are represented by men's tunic suits and women's cheongsam.

Melaleuca cloth shoes, with round mouth and low top, are light, breathable and comfortable, and are also one of the costumes of the Han nationality with national characteristics.

Hairstyle, ancient Han men did not shave their heads, and their hair was crowned. In the Qing dynasty, it was changed to shaving and braiding, and young people took braiding length as beauty; After the Republic of China, I cut my braid and left my hair short, western-style, flat-headed or bald. There are many hairstyles for Han women, including the ancient high bun. In modern times, girls have a flowing sea, a single braid or a double bun. Middle-aged women comb their hair in a long bun, while old women comb it to the back of their heads. After the Republic of China, many women cut their hair short and kept it ear-length. Modern Han men's hairstyles have no characteristics, while women still use long braids as hairstyles with national characteristics.

In ancient times, Han men grew beards at a certain age, and women 15 years old gave gifts, commonly known as "opening their faces". Ancient women also had vulgar customs such as binding their bellies and binding their feet, while men had the custom of tattooing.

In terms of wearing, jade was popular among Han people in ancient times, and both men and women wore Chinese-style chest covers to prevent diseases from entering the navel. Now rural children are still wearing Chinese-style chest covering. In the old custom, a child should wear a "landing ring" as soon as he is born, indicating that he will land safely. From one to five years old, they have to wear a "Tianguan lock", also called "Changshou lock".

Han dynasty architecture

The national form of Han nationality's residential buildings is the wooden structure with arches and overhangs, commonly known as "big roof". This national form of residential architecture first sprouted in the grass-mud-wood column network structure of Banpo site and the dry column tenon-mortise structure of Hemudu site. After a long period of exchange and integration, a complete architectural structure system of "Qin Brick and Han Tile" and wood structure was formed in the Western Han Dynasty, which was called "the merit of civil engineering" in history. This kind of bucket arch not only plays the role of supporting mechanics, but also has the effect of decorative art, which embodies the strong national style of Han residential buildings. In the historical development, this national form of big roof can be divided into glazed tiles, palaces with carved beams and painted buildings, and ancient houses with blue bricks and black tiles.

On the whole, the layout of Han architecture shows the development of plane depth, which is divided into upper room and lower room, main room and side room, and inner and outer courtyards. The tallest building has only two floors, often forming a closed and independent residential complex, which is strictly symmetrical from left to right, and the courtyard and the building are integrated.

The architecture of Han Dynasty is unique, and the classical garden architecture has made great achievements.

Although there are many high-rise residential buildings in cities, the important buildings often adopt the traditional ethnic architectural forms of the Han nationality, such as the top ten buildings in Beijing, which retain a strong ethnic style. In rural areas, quadrangles are still popular in the north and five pavilions are built in the south. Although new building materials have appeared and been widely used, a large number of brick-wood or mud-wood houses are still basic.

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6 cultural Han customs!

Etiquette and custom

China was known as the "land of etiquette" in ancient times, and the ancient Han people were very particular about etiquette and had unique customs.

In ancient times, Han people had considerable etiquette for different objects, including kowtowing, nodding, short selling, vibration, auspicious worship, fierce worship, strange worship, praise worship and official worship, which were called "Nine Worship". After development and evolution, there are generally three most common types: bow, bow and bow.

The right hand is included, the left hand is outside, and the hands are folded to show respect. In ancient times, the man worshipped Bai Ji on the left and the woman worshipped Bai Ji on the right, which was called "Nawanfu". Fierce worship, that is, unfriendly visits, is the opposite. Bow, in addition to handing, bow. There are two kinds of "high" and "long". A high bow means holding hands high, and a long bow includes a bow from top to bottom besides holding hands high. Bowing and bowing are often used together, which is about the evolution of "vibration" in ancient "Nine Worship". This kind of etiquette has no distinction between seniority and inferiority, and is a common etiquette among peers. In ancient Han people, when friends meet, they often say "thank you" and bow to each other to show their respect.

Bowing down is a solemn etiquette of the Han nationality, which mainly includes kowtowing, nodding, empty talk and other forms. To kowtow is to kowtow to the ground and pause for a while. It was originally the most respectful etiquette in the "Nine Worship" and was often used as a courtier to worship the monarch. Bowing, that is, knocking on the ground, is often used for the younger generation to worship their elders and subordinates to their superiors. With your head empty, your hands fall to the ground and bow to your hands. In addition, there is a kind of "strange worship" that bends only one knee, which is very popular in Qing Dynasty.

After the Revolution of 1911, with the abolition of the feudal monarchy, the sacrificial ceremony was abolished, but it did not disappear. It was not completely abandoned until after liberation, but the younger generation of the people sometimes used this ceremony to show their respect for the older generation. At the same time, bow etiquette has gradually been replaced by shaking hands, raising hands, staring at people, greeting and nodding, but it has not completely disappeared.

Shang Hong Huang Gui

In terms of color, the Han people have the custom of attaching importance to red and yellow.

Shang Hong first appeared in The Book of Rites? The altar sutra records that "Zhou people are still red." This custom of "going to the air" has many manifestations in ancient Han nationality: China was called "Kyushu" in ancient times, also known as "Chixian Shenzhou"; Hong Niao is considered as an auspicious bird and another name for the sun. A pure and kind dutiful son is called a "pure son", and a noble character of loyalty and sincerity is called a "pure heart"; Copper, the main raw material of the brilliant bronze culture of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, is known as "red gold". Over time, the color of fire was originally "red" and developed into a general term for red.

Because the Han people regard red as a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and beauty, they often refer to women's clothing as "red makeup" and beauty as "red makeup". Or the beautiful appearance of women is called "beauty", which also refers to beauty; Or call the young woman's home "red boudoir"; Even men and women who travel in ancient costumes are called "boys and girls". Not only that, the Han people regard red as a symbol of revolution. Peasant uprisings in past dynasties were called "Red Eyebrow Army", "Red Scarf Army", "Red Coat Army" and "Red Lantern Army". Until the modern new-democratic revolution, the workers and peasants armed forces led by China were also called "Red Army".

In the Han people's folk custom of celebrating birthdays and weddings, red should be used to decorate the environment and render the atmosphere. For example, when a child is born, red cloth should be hung on the door, red paper should be tied on the birthday noodles to celebrate his birthday, the bride should wear red clothes, red paper should be pasted on gifts during holidays, and red paper should be wrapped on gifts during holidays, commonly known as "red paper bags". These are commonly known as "red happy events".

The Han nationality is red and yellow. "White tiger Yi Tong? No. 1 "Cloud" is yellow, neutral, natural and not easy. " Yellow is the noblest of the five colors, representing the central government. Therefore, the ancient Han emperors respected yellow as a positive color, and the dragon robe worn by the emperor was also called "yellow robe"; When offering sacrifices, you should also wear yellow clothes to show solemnity; Not only Taoism worships yellow, but Buddhism also thinks yellow is elegant, unique and detached, so its costumes, buildings and other decorations are mostly yellow, and its utensils are mostly "gilded" (that is, "gilded"). The most typical example of Han people valuing Huang is the "Yellow Scarf Uprising" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and even put forward the political slogan of "Heaven dies, Huang Tian should stand, and the year is in Jiazi, and the world will do everything".

In addition, Han people also avoid white, thinking that white represents sadness, pain and death, so white is used to express solemn mourning at funerals. Funeral is also commonly known as "white marriage".