The state of poverty and development in Northwest China, and the causes and factors leading to its poverty

The external causes of poverty are

1, harsh climate (cold and arid, severe water shortage)

2, mostly mountainous terrain

3, infertile land, unsuitable for cash crops (Loess Plateau)

4, severe desertification (deserts eat up a lot of agricultural land every year)

5, rich mineral deposits but the quality is

6, inconvenient transportation, resulting in transportation problems, also relatively closed

Internal reasons

1, a large number of ethnic minorities (Xinjiang, Ningxia, etc.)

2, the lack of education (fewer schools, fewer good schools, the population is large, the lack of emphasis on education, not enough openness)

3, the long-standing habits of life, and inherent concepts lead to (reluctance to do business, not open to the public) concepts lead to (reluctance to do business, rely on the land, relatively lazy)

The region, although the population density is relatively low, but the carrying capacity of the land for the population is weak, the population pressure and ecological pressure faced. Take the northwestern ethnic provinces and regions as an example, according to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1997, "China's land resource production potential and its population carrying capacity," the study report, Gansu and Qinghai for the "land carrying overload area," Xinjiang and Ningxia for the "land carrying capacity of the critical areas. The population density of Ningxia was 61.3 persons/km2 in 1985, but increased to 100.6 persons/km2 in 1996, and the population density of the Guyuan area, which is at the level of special hardship, was 110 persons, which is several times the critical B-value of 7-20 persons in arid and semi-arid areas determined by the United Nations Conference on Desertification. It can be seen that the current population density in the Northwest has exceeded the theoretical density of the population that the ecological environment can accommodate.

At present, the population in the western ethnic areas has a low cultural quality, according to the fifth national census data, illiteracy accounted for 12.07% of the population aged 15 years and above, higher than the national level of 9.08%, especially in Yunnan, Ningxia and other regions where ethnic minorities are concentrated is more prominent. The causes of these problems are manifold, and among them, they have much to do with the policy of taking care of the births of ethnic minorities. The high birth rate of the population is usually accompanied by early marriage, early childbearing and multiple births. Early marriage, early childbearing and multiple births are also important causes of poverty, that is, falling into the so-called "the poorer the poorer the births, the poorer the births" vicious circle.

For example, the minority population in Xinjiang increased from 4,042,400 in 1949 to 10,732,400 in 1998, an increase of 165.50% (the Uyghur population increased from 3,291,100 to 8,139,500 during the same period, an increase of 147.32%). The ethnic minority population in Ningxia increased from 373,676 in 1999 to 1,858,220 in 1998, an increase of 397.28 percent (of which the Hui increased from 372,642 to 1,829,700 over the same period, an increase of 391.01 percent). The populations of other Tibetan, Kazakh and Dongxiang ethnic minorities have all increased significantly.

It can be said that the ethnic minorities in the Northwest are not at all at risk of insufficient numbers for racial continuity.

The "Xihaigu" region in the southern mountains of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is one of the poorest regions in China, where the environment is so harsh that the United Nations agencies have assessed it as unsuitable for human habitation. And in the rural areas of Xiji and Haiyuan counties, the natural population growth rate of up to 18.07 ‰ and 19.29 ‰. The higher natural population growth rate has increased the population pressure and ecological pressure in Northwest China, becoming a serious obstacle to its economic and social development.

Between 1982 and 1990, the population of ethnic minorities increased by 35.81%, which is 2.27 times higher than the level of Han population growth in the same period. The super-rapid increase in population led to a decline in per capita income. Since 1955, the state finance has set up "subsidies for ethnic areas", and in 1964, it also set up "motorized funds for ethnic areas", and adopted preferential financial policies such as raising the proportion of financial reserve for ethnic areas to help ethnic areas develop their economies and improve the living standards of the people. The Government has also adopted preferential fiscal policies, such as raising the proportion of reserve funds for ethnic minority areas, to help ethnic minority areas develop their economies and improve the living standards of their people. According to statistics, these three preferential policies alone had resulted in a cumulative total of 16.8 billion yuan in State subsidies to ethnic minority areas by 1998; in 1980, the central government introduced a system of flat-rate subsidies for the five ethnic autonomous regions and the three provinces with a high concentration of ethnic minorities, Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, and the three preferential policies mentioned above were included in the flat-rate subsidies, which continue to be retained. From 1980 to 1998, minority autonomous regions received more than 140 billion yuan in flat-rate subsidies from the central government; in 1980, the state set up funds to support the development of economically underdeveloped regions, a large portion of which was used in minority regions; in 1986, the state set up subsidized loans for poverty alleviation and funds to provide food for work, a large portion of which was used in minority regions; and in 1994, the state implemented the "tax-sharing" system, a system of subsidies for ethnic minorities. In 1994, the State implemented the reform of the "tax-sharing" financial management system, and the original policy of providing subsidies and special allocations to ethnic minority areas was maintained. In the transitional transfer payments scheme that the State began to implement in 1995, policy transfer payments were added to the five autonomous regions, including Tibet, as well as to Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai, and the minority autonomous regions of other provinces, with policy preferences for minority areas, and the amount of policy transfers continued to increase in line with the growth of the State's financial resources. 1998 saw the Central Government's transfer of funds to the five ethnic autonomous regions and to the more concentrated minority regions of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai. In 1998, the central government's general transfer payments to the five ethnic autonomous regions and Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces, where ethnic minorities are concentrated, amounted to nearly 2.9 billion yuan, accounting for 48 percent of the total national transfer payments.

The State implements preferential policies for ethnic trade and supports its development, such as the "three-care" policy of taking care of retaining profits, taking care of its own funds, and taking care of price subsidies, which was introduced in 1963. In order to respect the customs and religious beliefs of the ethnic minorities, and to adapt to and meet the needs of the ethnic minorities in the production and life of special supplies, the state not only identified 16 categories and more than 4,000 ethnic products involving clothing, shoes, hats, furniture, satin, food, tools of production, handicrafts, decorative items, musical instruments, and other products of the ethnic minorities, but also to take the establishment of specialized production bases, give priority to the guarantee of the production of funds and the supply of raw materials, tax exemptions, low-interest loans The company also adopts preferential policies such as establishing specialized production bases, giving priority to guaranteeing the supply of production funds and raw materials, tax reduction and exemption, low-interest loans and freight subsidies. Unfortunately, these financial subsidies and tax incentives are all offset by the rapid population growth. In addition, the line from Mohe to Tengchong is the distribution line of China's population. West of the distribution line, precipitation is scarce and the climate is harsh, which restricts population growth. The west was inhabited 4,000 years ago, and the low level of population size until now is a result of water and environmental constraints. The west has long since reached the zero point of population growth.

In addition, some ethnic minorities are not strict family planning, the consequences of this is that there is a large number of lack of culture in the existence of people (because the cost of giving birth to a person is low, but the cost of educating a person is high); you learn your global Chinese, I want to popularize the bilingualism, and the result is a waste of time and the Chinese language and the ethnicity of the people have not been learned, so that the people can not be dissolved into the mainstream of the society, but also can not be with the normal communication, of course, the market economy to give a person the opportunity to learn the Chinese language, and the Chinese language is not learned. Of course, the benefits of the market economy are given to people, he enjoys less, which has poverty. On the one hand, children's time is precious and limited, on the other hand, the children of ethnic minorities have to receive bilingual education within a unit of time on the basis of already little knowledge, as a result, the mastery of the Chinese language does not allow him to seek knowledge through this carrier, or even a normal understanding; the mastery of the use of their own characters is limited to a very narrow range, this knowledge structure, not to mention accepting the challenge of a part-time job is a problem.

The result of this retreat is that he is in a primitive state of combat, both mentally and materially.