What did Liren say in The Analects of Confucius? "The Analects of Confucius" in the establishment of people is mainly

This quotation?

This paper consists of 26 chapters, mainly involving the relationship between righteousness and benefit, personal moral cultivation, filial piety to parents and the difference between a gentleman and a villain. This article includes some important categories, principles and theories of Confucianism, which has a great influence on later generations. ?

Original text?

4 1 Confucius said: "Benevolence is beautiful (1). If you choose not to be benevolent (2), how will you know (3)?" ?

Comments?

(1) Li Renmei: Li, residence, used as a verb. It's good to live in a place with lofty ideals. ?

(2) location: residence. ?

(3) knowledge: sound is wisdom, and wisdom is the same. ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "It is good to live with kind people. How can you say that you are wise if the residence you choose is not with people with kindness? " ?

Comments?

Everyone's moral cultivation is not only a personal matter, but also related to the external environment. Paying attention to the living environment and the choice of friends has always been a concern of Confucianism. People who live near Zhu Zhechi and Mexico are black, and people who live with benevolent people will be influenced by benevolent people. On the other hand, it is also impossible to cultivate benevolence. ?

Original text?

4.2 Confucius said, "An unkind person can't keep an appointment for a long time (1) and can't enjoy his strengths. Benevolence is benevolent (2), and knowledge is benevolent. " ?

Comments?

(1) J: poverty and embarrassment. ?

(2) Anren and Liren: Anren is content with benevolence; Establish a person and think that benevolence is beneficial to oneself. ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "People without benevolence cannot live in poverty or happiness for a long time. The benevolent is content with benevolence, and the wise knows that benevolence is beneficial and does it. " ?

Comments?

In this chapter, Confucius believes that people without benevolence cannot be in poverty or happiness for a long time, otherwise they will be in trouble or extravagant. Only when the benevolent is content with benevolence can the wise do it. The idea is that people should pay attention to personal integrity, be firm-willed and remain upright under any circumstances. ?

Original text?

4.3 Confucius said: "The benevolent can be good (1) and evil (2)." ?

Comments?

(1) Good: Good, which means love. As a verb. ?

(2) Evil: the sound of W, hate, hate. As a verb. ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "Only those who are kind can love and hate others." ?

Comments?

When Confucianism talks about "benevolence", it means not only "love" but also "hate people". Of course, Confucius didn't say who loves and hates here, but there is love and there is hate. The two are opposites. As long as "benevolence" is achieved, there will be correct love and hate. ?

Original text?

4.4 Confucius said, "If you are determined to be benevolent, there will be no evil." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "Those who are determined to be kind will not do bad things." ?

Comments?

This is the content of the next chapter. As long as you cultivate benevolence, you won't do bad things, that is, you won't make trouble, you won't do evil, you won't be arrogant and extravagant. Instead, you can do something good for the country and the people. ?

Original text?

4.5 Confucius said: "Being rich and expensive is what people want, not what they can get, and they have no place; Poverty and meanness are human evils. If you don't get them their way, you won't go. Isn't it good to be famous if a gentleman goes to benevolence? If a gentleman has no final food, he will violate benevolence and will do it again. " ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "everyone wants to be rich and famous, but if you don't get it in a proper way, you won't enjoy it;" Poverty and meanness are disgusting to everyone, but we won't get rid of them without proper methods. If a gentleman leaves benevolence, how can he be called a gentleman? A gentleman doesn't have a meal time to deviate from benevolence. Even in the most urgent moment, he will act according to benevolence, and even if he is displaced, he will certainly act according to benevolence. " ?

Comments?

This passage reflects Confucius' view of reason and desire. In the past study of Confucius, this paragraph was often ignored. It seems that Confucius advocates that people should only be benevolent and not greedy. Actually, it's not. No one wants to live a life of poverty, hardship and displacement, and everyone wants to be rich and comfortable. But this must be obtained through proper means and channels. Otherwise, I would rather be poor than enjoy wealth. This idea still has its value that cannot be underestimated today. This chapter deserves careful scrutiny by researchers. ?

Original text?

4.6 Confucius said, "I can't see who is good and who is evil. Kind people are the best; Those who are evil but not kind, those who are kind, don't impose unkindness on them. Can you work hard on benevolence for a day? I have never seen anyone who is weak. There is a cover, but I didn't see it. " ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "I have never seen anyone who loves benevolence, nor have I seen anyone who hates benevolence." People who love benevolence can't be better; People who hate unkindness will not let unkind people influence them when they practice kindness. Can you put your strength into the practice of benevolence one day? I haven't seen enough strength yet. There may be such people, but I have never seen them. " ?

Comments?

Confucius particularly emphasized personal moral cultivation, especially the cultivation of benevolence. But in the turbulent society at that time, there were not many people who loved benevolence, so Confucius said that he had never seen it. But Confucius believes that the cultivation of benevolence mainly depends on individual conscious efforts, because as long as individuals work hard, they can completely reach the realm of benevolence. ?

Original text?

4.7 Confucius said, "Everyone's fault lies with the Party. After reading it, Si Zhiren. " ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "the mistakes made by people are always the same as those made by people in his group." Therefore, by examining the mistakes made by a person, we can know that he has no benevolence. " ?

Comments?

Confucius believes that people make mistakes because they have no benevolence at all. People with benevolence tend to avoid mistakes, while people without benevolence cannot avoid mistakes, so from this point of view, the nature of mistakes made by people without benevolence is similar. This tells the importance of strengthening moral cultivation from another angle. ?

Original text?

4.8 Confucius said, "Listen in the morning and die at night." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "Learn the Tao in the morning when nightwish dies." ?

Comments?

This passage is often quoted. What exactly does Confucius mean by "Tao" is controversial in academic circles. Our understanding is that the "Tao" mentioned by Confucius here refers to the highest principle of social politics and the highest criterion of being a man, mainly in an ethical sense. ?

Original text?

4.9 Confucius said, "It is not enough to talk about those who take Tao as their ambition and are ashamed of being naked." ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "A scholar is interested in learning and practicing the truth, but he is ashamed of his lack of food and clothing. It's not worth talking to him about Tao. " ?

Comments?

This chapter and the previous chapter are all sermons. The meaning of "Tao" in this chapter is roughly the same as that in the previous chapter. Here, Confucius believes that a person who haggles over trifles such as personal food and clothing will not have lofty aspirations, and there is no need to discuss with such people.

Original text?

4. 10 Confucius said: "A gentleman has nothing to lose on earth (1), nothing to do (2), the ratio of righteousness (3) and the ratio of righteousness (4)." ?

Comments?

(1) Yi: dí, which means close and generous. ?

(2) Mo: Alienation and indifference. ?

(3) Meaning: appropriate and appropriate. ?

(4) ratio: close, close, close. ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "A gentleman has no fixed preference for people and things in the world, but only acts according to righteousness." ?

Comments?

In this chapter, Confucius put forward one of the basic requirements for gentlemen: "the ratio of righteousness." A gentleman with noble personality is fair, friendly, serious and flexible, and will not show favoritism. This chapter is about personal moral cultivation. ?

Original text?

4. 1 1 Confucius said: "A gentleman cherishes virtue (1), while a villain cherishes soil (2); The gentleman is pregnant with punishment (3), and the villain is pregnant. " ?

Comments?

(1) Huai: missing. ?

(2) Soil: local. ?

(3) Punishment: legal punishment. ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "A gentleman loses his virtue and a villain loses his hometown; A gentleman thinks of the rule of law, while a villain thinks of kindness. " ?

Comments?

This chapter once again mentions two different types of personality forms: gentleman and villain. They think that a gentleman is virtuous, broad-minded, and broad-minded, and considers the affairs of the country and society, while a villain only misses the country and is rarely kind, and only considers the livelihood of individuals and families. This is one of the differences between a gentleman and a villain. ?

Original text?

4. 12 Confucius said: "Do it for profit, but complain more (2)." ?

Comments?

(1) Play: sound f m ng, same imitation, imitation, extended to chase. ?

(2) Resentment: Resentment towards others. ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "The pursuit of interests will lead to more resentment." ?

Comments?

This chapter also talks about justice and benefit. He believes that as a noble gentleman, he will not always consider the gains and losses of personal interests, let alone pursue personal interests wholeheartedly, otherwise it will lead to resentment and accusations from all sides. Let's talk about the concept of justice and benefit here. ?

Original text?

4. 13 Confucius said: "Why is comity a country? What is it (1)? You can't take comity as the country, such as Li 2? " ?

Comments?

(1) He You: It means "why is it difficult", which means it is not difficult. ?

(2) What about the ceremony? What about the ceremony? ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "If you can govern the country by courtesy, what is the difficulty?" ? The principle of comity cannot be used to govern the country. How can we practice politeness? " ?

Comments?

Confucius extended the principle of "courtesy" to the communication between countries, which was beyond reproach in ancient times. Because the "country" in Confucius' era was a "vassal country" and belonged to China's brother country. However, in modern times, Zeng Guofan and others still advocated the principle of "comity for the country" to western colonial countries, and it was inevitable that they would be accused of "betraying the country". ?

Original text?

4. 14 Confucius said, "If you don't suffer from nowhere, you will suffer from it." I don't know what I know, but I want to know. " ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "I'm not afraid of not having an official position, but I'm afraid I haven't learned anything that holds water." I'm not afraid that no one knows me, but I just want to be a person with real talent and learning who deserves to be known. " ?

Comments?

This is a question that Confucius often tells himself and his students, and it is his basic attitude towards the world. Confucius didn't want to become famous and have a family, nor did he want to occupy an important position. Instead, I hope that my students should first base themselves on their own knowledge, cultivation and personnel training, and have all kinds of qualities that are competent for official positions. This idea is desirable. ?

Original text?

4. 15 Confucius said, "If you participate, I will agree." Zeng Zi said, "Wei." When the child came out, the master asked, "What is it?" Ceng Zi said: "The master's way is loyalty and forgiveness." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "You see, what I said is always implemented by a basic idea." Ceng Zi said, "Yes." After Confucius went out, his classmates asked Ceng Zi, "What does this mean?" Ceng Zi said: "The teacher's method is loyalty and forgiveness." ?

Comments?

The way of loyalty and forgiveness is an important content of Confucius' thought. Being loyal to others is the basic requirement of benevolence, which runs through all aspects of Confucius' thought. In this chapter, Confucius only said that his Tao has a basic idea, but did not explain the question of loyalty and forgiveness in detail. In the next chapter, he answers this question. In this regard, let us analyze it again. ?

Original text?

4. 16 Confucius said: "A gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "A gentleman knows the righteousness, but a villain only knows the small profits." ?

Comments?

"Gentleman's righteousness, villain's benefit" is a legendary sentence that has great influence on later generations in Confucius' theory. This obviously raises the question of justice and interests. Confucius believed that profit should obey righteousness, and righteousness should be more important than profit. What he means is to abide by the morality of hierarchical order and blindly pursue personal interests, which will make mistakes and destroy hierarchical order. Therefore, people who pursue personal interests are regarded as villains. After the development of Confucianism in later generations, this thought has become a sharp opposition between righteousness and benefit, either one or the other. ?

Original text?

4 17 Confucius said: "See the sage Si Qi Yan, but if you don't see the sage, you will be introverted." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "When you meet a wise man, you should learn from him and follow. When you meet an immoral person, you should reflect on yourself (whether you have made similar mistakes with him). " ?

Comments?

This chapter is about personal moral cultivation. This is one of the ways to cultivate one's morality, that is, to meet the sage Si Qi, or to introspect if you don't do it. In fact, this is to learn from others' strengths to make up for their own shortcomings, but also to learn from others' mistakes and not to repeat others' old ways. This is a rationalist attitude, which still retains its incisive views today. ?

Original text?

4. 18 Confucius said: "I was admonished by my parents several times (1), but I didn't obey my will, but respected them and didn't disobey them." I work hard and have no complaints. " ?

Comments?

(1) Ji: sound j: slightly euphemistic. ?

(2) Labor: the meaning of sorrow and trouble. ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "Serve your parents and persuade them gently." . I have expressed my opinion. Seeing that my parents don't want to listen, I still have to respect them, not disobey them, work for them, and not resent them. " ?

Comments?

This paragraph is still about filial piety. It is right to serve parents, but if children are blindly required to obey their parents absolutely, even if parents don't listen to persuasion, children should still be respectful and have no complaints. This became feudal absolutism and an important discipline to maintain the feudal patriarchal clan system. ?

Original text?

4. 19 Confucius said, "If parents are here, they will not travel far (1), but will travel far (2)." ?

Comments?

(1) Tourism: refers to travel activities such as study tour, official business and business trip. ?

(2) party: somewhere. ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "My parents are alive and not far from home; If you have to go far away, you have to have a certain place. " ?

Comments?

"Parents are here and don't travel far" is one of the specific contents of the word "filial piety" in Confucian morality in the pre-Qin period. This principle of filial piety has been used throughout the ages to restrain and require children to be filial to their parents. This principle of filial piety has lost its meaning today. ?

Original text?

4.20 Confucius said: "If you don't change to fatherhood for three years, it is filial piety." ( 1)?

Comments?

(1) For details of this chapter, please refer to chapter 1. 1 1 in Learning and Articles, which is omitted here. ?

Original text?

4.2 1 Confucius said, "You must know the age of your parents. One is happy and the other is afraid. " ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "You must know your parents' years and always keep them in mind. On the one hand, I am happy for their longevity, on the other hand, I am afraid of their aging. " ?

Comments?

At the end of the spring and autumn period, social unrest, the minister's son killed his father. In order to maintain the patriarchal clan system, Confucius particularly emphasized "filial piety". Therefore, this chapter still talks about "filial piety", requiring children to sincerely honor their parents and absolutely obey them, which is to be criticized. ?

Original text?

4.22 Confucius said, "The ancients had nothing to say and were ashamed to bow." ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "The reason why the ancients didn't talk easily was that they were ashamed of their incompetence." ?

Comments?

Confucius has always advocated caution in words and deeds, not easily making promises and not easily making statements. If you can't do it, you will lose trust and reduce your prestige. Therefore, Confucius said that the ancients did not speak easily, let alone speak freely, because they were ashamed that they could not fulfill their promises. This idea is desirable. ?

Original text?

4.23 Confucius said, "If you fail to keep an appointment (1), it will be fresh (2)." ?

Comments?

(1) About: Constraints. It means "courtesy appointment". ?

(2) Fresh: the meaning of less. ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "Restrain yourself with courtesy, and few people make mistakes again." ?

Original text?

4.24 Confucius said, "A gentleman speaks slowly (1) and moves quickly (2)." ?

Comments?

(1) Slow: slow. This means being careful what you say. ?

(2) agility: the meaning of agility and quickness. ?

Translation?

Confucius said, "A gentleman is cautious in words, but quick in deeds." ?

Original text?

4.25 Confucius said, "If virtue is not alone, there must be neighbors." ?

Translation?

Confucius said: "A moral person will not be isolated, and there will be people who share his thoughts." ?

Original text?

4.26 Sub-lobbying: "The number of things is (1), ② humiliation; The number of friends is scarce. " ?

Comments?

(1) number: pronounced, repeated, repeated, extended to the meaning of cumbersome. ?

(2) study: just. ?

Translation?

Zi lobbied: "Serving the monarch is too cumbersome and will be humiliated;" If you are too fussy with your friends, you will be alienated. "