Mastering key knowledge points in high school biology is one of the most effective ways to learn biology, and it will be a lot easier to learn after mastering biology knowledge points. The next th

Mastering key knowledge points in high school biology is one of the most effective ways to learn biology, and it will be a lot easier to learn after mastering biology knowledge points. The next thing is that I have organized for you to summarize the knowledge points of the biology college entrance examination, I hope you like it!

Biology college entrance examination knowledge points summarize a complete

1, the function of the cell membrane to control the flow of substances in and out of the cell to carry out the exchange of intercellular information

2, the cell wall of the plant cell components of cellulose and pectin, with the role of support and protection

3, the production of cell membranes to make use of the mature red blood cells of mammals, because of the absence of nuclear and organelle membranes. Because there is no nuclear and organelle membranes

4, chloroplasts: photosynthesis organelles; double membrane

mitochondria: the main place of aerobic respiration; double membrane

ribosomes: the production of proteins in the organelles; no membranes

centrosomes: with the animal cell mitotic _ off; no membranes

vesicles: regulating the osmotic pressure of the plant cell, within the Cytosol

Endoplasmic reticulum: protein processing

Golgi apparatus: protein processing, secretion

5, cell membranes, nuclear membranes, organelle membranes *** with the composition of the cell's biofilm system, which are closely linked and coordinated in structure and function.

Maintaining the relative stability of the intracellular environment biofilm system function many important chemical reaction sites to separate the various organelles to improve the efficiency of life activities

Nuclear membrane: a double-layered membrane, on which there are nuclear pores for the passage of mRNA through the structure of the nucleus pulposus

Biology college entrance exams knowledge points summarized in a complete list of the second

Fermentation Concept and content of engineering

Fermentation engineering refers to a new technology that adopts modern engineering techniques to utilize some specific functions of microorganisms to produce useful products for human beings or directly apply microorganisms to industrial production processes. The contents of fermentation engineering include the selection and breeding of strains, preparation of medium, sterilization, expansion of culture and inoculation, fermentation process and isolation and purification of products.

(1) "fermentation" has "microbial physiology strictly defined fermentation" and "industrial fermentation", the word "fermentation engineering" in the "fermentation engineering". The word "fermentation" in "fermentation engineering" should be "industrial fermentation".

(2) Industrial production through the "industrial fermentation" to process or make products, the corresponding processing or production process is called "fermentation process". In order to achieve industrial production, it is necessary to solve the realization of these processes (fermentation process) of the industrial production environment, equipment and process control engineering issues, therefore, there is a "fermentation engineering".

(3) Fermentation engineering is used to solve the fermentation process according to the industrialized production of engineering issues. Fermentation engineering from the engineering point of view to realize the fermentation process of fermentation industrial process is divided into strains, fermentation and refining (including wastewater treatment) and other three stages, these three stages have their own engineering problems, generally referred to as fermentation engineering upstream, midstream and downstream engineering.

(4) Microorganisms are the soul of fermentation engineering. In recent years, the understanding of the biological properties of fermentation engineering has become clearer, and fermentation engineering is approaching science.

(5) The most basic principle of fermentation engineering is the biological principle of fermentation engineering.

(6) Fermentation engineering has three stages of development.

Fermentation engineering in the modern sense is a multidisciplinary cross, fusion and the formation of technical and applied strong open discipline. Fermentation engineering has gone through three stages of development, namely, "manual processing of agricultural products - modern fermentation engineering - modern fermentation engineering".

Fermentation engineering originated from family or workshop fermentation production (agricultural manual processing), and later drew on chemical engineering to realize industrial production (modern fermentation engineering), and finally returned to the truth to microbial life activities as the center of research, design and guidance of industrial fermentation production (modern fermentation engineering), crossing into the ranks of biological engineering.

The original handmade workshop-style fermentation production by virtue of the skills and experience passed down from ancestors to produce fermented products, heavy physical labor, production scale is limited, it is difficult to achieve industrialized production. Therefore, the fermentation industry's predecessors first sought advice from chemistry and chemical engineering, learned from agricultural chemistry and chemical engineering, standardized the fermentation production process, used pumps and pipelines and other conveyance methods to replace the shoulder and hand-carrying manpower handling, and replaced manual operation with machine production, which successfully pushed the workshop-type fermentation production up to the level of industrialized production. The combination of fermentation production with chemistry and chemical engineering led to the first leap in fermentation production.

Through the decades of practice of industrialized fermentation production, people gradually realized that the fermentation process is a time-varying (time-varying), non-linear, multivariate input and output of the dynamic biological process, according to the chemical engineering model to deal with the fermentation industrial production (especially large-scale production), it is often difficult to receive the expected results. From the chemical engineering point of view, the fermenter is also the production of raw materials fermentation reactor, the fermenter culture of microbial cells is only a catalyst, according to the orthodox thinking of chemical engineering, microorganisms of course, it is difficult to play its life-specific production potential. Thus, the biological core (microorganisms) of the workshop-style fermentation production technology was traced back to the truth and a new understanding of the properties of fermentation engineering. The identification of the biological properties of fermentation engineering has given a clear direction to the development of fermentation engineering, which has entered the category of bioengineering.

Fermentation engineering refers to the use of engineering technology means, the use of biological (mainly microorganisms) and active isolated enzyme certain functions, for human production of useful biological products, or directly with microorganisms involved in the control of certain industrial production process of a technology. People are familiar with the use of yeast fermentation manufacturing beer, fruit wine, industrial alcohol, lactic acid bacteria fermentation manufacturing cheese and sour milk, the use of fungi mass production of penicillin and so on are examples of this. With the progress of science and technology, fermentation technology has also developed greatly, and has entered the stage of modern fermentation engineering that can artificially control and transform microorganisms to make these microorganisms produce products for human beings. As an important part of modern biotechnology, modern fermentation engineering has broad application prospects. For example, the use of genetic engineering methods to purposefully modify the original strain and improve its yield; the use of microbial fermentation to produce drugs, such as human insulin, interferon and growth hormone.

Already from the past simple production of alcoholic beverages, production of acetic acid and fermented bread to today's development of an extremely important branch of bioengineering, a multidisciplinary project that includes microbiology, chemical engineering, genetic engineering, cellular engineering, mechanical engineering and computer hardware and software engineering. Modern fermentation engineering not only produces alcoholic beverages, acetic acid and bread, but also the production of insulin, interferon, growth hormone, antibiotics and vaccines and other health care drugs, the production of natural pesticides, bacterial fertilizers, and microbial herbicides and other agricultural means of production, the production of amino acids in the chemical industry, fragrances, biomacromolecules, enzymes, vitamins and single-cell proteins and so on.

In a broad sense, fermentation engineering consists of three parts: it is upstream engineering, midstream engineering and downstream engineering. The upstream engineering includes the selection and breeding of good strains, the determination of optimal fermentation conditions (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient composition), and the preparation of nutrients. The midstream engineering mainly refers to the process technology of mass cultivation of cells and production of metabolites in the fermenter under optimal fermentation conditions. Here to have a strict aseptic growth environment, including fermentation before the start of high temperature and high pressure on the fermentation raw materials and fermentation tanks and a variety of connecting pipeline sterilization technology; in the process of fermentation in the fermentation tanks into the air filtration technology of dry sterile air; in the process of fermentation in accordance with the requirements of the cell growth of the control of dosing rate of the computer control technology; and seed culture and the production of culture of the different process technology. In addition, according to different needs, the fermentation process is also categorized as batch fermentation: i.e., a feeder fermentation; flow plus batch fermentation: i.e., on the basis of a feeder fermentation, flow plus a certain amount of nutrients, so that the cell further growth, or more metabolites; Continuous fermentation: continuous flow plus nutrients, and continuously removed from the fermentation broth. Before any large-scale industrial fermentation is carried out, a large number of experiments must be carried out in small laboratory-scale fermenters to obtain a kinetic model of product formation, and based on this model to design the fermentation requirements of the pilot test, and finally from the pilot test data and then design a kinetic model for larger-scale production. Due to the complexity of the biological reaction, many problems arise during the process from laboratory to pilot, and from pilot to large-scale production, which is the problem of fermentation engineering process scale-up. Downstream engineering refers to the technology of separating and purifying products from the fermentation broth: including solid-liquid separation technology (centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, etc.), cell-breaking technology (ultrasound, high-pressure shear, osmotic pressure, surfactants and lysophospholipases, etc.), protein purification technology (precipitation, chromatography and ultrafiltration, etc.), and finally, the packaging of the products (vacuum-drying and freeze-drying officers, etc.). The last is the product packaging technology (vacuum drying and freezing officer drying, etc.). In addition, in the fermentation industry for the production of drugs and food, the cGMPs published by the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) need to be strictly adhered to, and to be subjected to the relevant _inspection and supervision at regular intervals.

A Brief History of Fermentation Engineering

Fermentation engineering in the 1920s for alcohol, glycerol, and acetone was anaerobic fermentation. Since then, fermentation engineering has gone through several more major transitions in its continuous development and improvement.

In the early 1940s, with the discovery of penicillin, the antibiotic fermentation industry gradually emerged. As the penicillin-producing bacteria are aerobic, microbiologists have successfully introduced aeration and stirring and a whole set of aseptic technology on the basis of anaerobic fermentation technology, and established deep aeration fermentation technology. It greatly promoted the development of the fermentation industry, so that organic acids, microbiotics, hormones and so on can be produced on a large scale by fermentation.

In 1957, Japan used microorganisms to produce glutamic acid successfully, and now 20 kinds of amino acids can be produced by fermentation. The development of the amino acid fermentation industry is based on the new technology of metabolically controlled fermentation. Scientists, on the basis of in-depth study of microbial metabolic pathways, through artificial mutation of microorganisms, first get the type of mutation suitable for the production of a certain product, and then cultured under artificially controlled conditions, a large number of substances that people need to be produced. At present, metabolically controlled fermentation technology has been with the production of nucleotides, organic acids and some antibiotics and so on.

After the 1970s, the development of genetic engineering, cell engineering and other bioengineering technologies, so that the fermentation engineering has entered a new stage of directed breeding, new products are emerging.

Since the 1980s, with the continuous crossover and penetration between the disciplines, microbiologists began to use mathematics, kinetics, chemical engineering principles, and computer technology to carry out a comprehensive study of the fermentation process, making the control of the fermentation process more reasonable. In some countries, it has been able to automatically record and automatically control all the parameters of the fermentation process, significantly improving production efficiency.

Biology College Entrance Exam Knowledge Points Summarized in a Complete Book III

Cellular immunity process

(1), the induction stage: the antigen enters the organism (similar to the humoral immunity)

(2), the reaction stage: the T-cells are stimulated by the antigen.

(1), T cells receive antigen stimulation after a few_ization to become memory cells (keep the memory of the antigen, this part of the cell for a long time.) .

②, T cells receive antigen stimulation after the majority of _ become effector T cells.

③, memory cells again encounter the same antigen stimulation rapidly _ into a large number of effector T cells.

(3), effector phase: effector T cells in contact with target cells → activation of lysosomal enzymes in target cells → target cell permeability changes, osmotic pressure changes → target cell cleavage and death, exposure of antigens → antibody kills the antigen.

AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(1), virus: HIV, RNA as genetic material.

(2), Pathology: HIV attacks the immune system, destroying T-cells and complete loss of immune function.

(3), symptoms: early stage: generalized lymph node swelling, unexplained fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, mental fatigue. Later stages: enlarged liver and spleen, complicated by malignant tumors, extreme emaciation, diarrhea, blood in stool, respiratory distress, heart failure,

central nervous system paralysis and death.

(4), transmission: sexual transmission, blood transmission, mother-to-child transmission.

Biology college entrance examination knowledge point summary of the whole four

1 types of prokaryotes

blue fine thread weaving (branch) sweater

that is, cyanobacteria, bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia

2, trace elements

Iron slammed into a new barrel

FeMnBZnMoCu

3, the eight essential amino acids

Method one

Bring a monochrome book or two

Valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine (methionine), tryptophan, threonine, lysine

Method two

The last name of Lai's good color (Lai, color), the stupid ( Benzene, C), head of light (bright, iso bright), Su married Liu (Su, methyl sulfur), credit (Val). Lai, color; phenylpropyl; bright, iso-bright; Su, methyl sulfur; val.

4, pigment chromatography

(from top to bottom) hu huang ab

5, plants have silk before the middle and after the end of the end by people to determine

(the phases of the artificial delimitation)

kernel elimination membrane disappearance of the two embodiments

(the nuclear membrane, kernel disappeared, the chromosomes, the spindle appeared.)

Neat punctuation at the equatorial plate

(Nodal points are arranged at the equatorial plate)

Sisters separate at the poles

(Chromatid monomers separate and move to the poles.)

Membrane kernel reappearance two body loss

(nuclear membrane, nucleolus reappearance, chromosomes, spindle disappearance)

Biology college entrance exams knowledge point summary of the whole five

1, digestive enzymes, antibodies and other secretory protein synthesis needs four kinds of organelles: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria.

2, cell membranes, nuclear membranes, organelle membranes *** with the composition of the cell's biofilm system, they are closely linked in structure and function, coordination.

Maintain the relative stability of the intracellular environment

Biofilm system functions many important chemical reaction sites

Separate the various organelles to improve the efficiency of life activities

Nuclear membrane: a double-layered membrane, on which there are nuclear pores for mRNA to pass through

Structure of the nucleolus

3, the nucleus of the cell is made up of DNA and proteins, and the Chromosomes are the same substance at different times

Chromatin two states

Easily stained dark by alkaline dyes

Function: is the repository of genetic information, is the center of control of cellular metabolism and heredity

4, the liquid environment within the plant cell, mainly refers to the cytosol in the vesicle.

The protoplasmic layer refers to the cell membrane, the vesicle membrane and the cytoplasm between the two membranes

The protoplasmic layer of the plant cell is equivalent to a semi-permeable membrane; the plasmic separation in the plasmic layer refers to the protoplasmic layer, the wall of the cell wall

5, the cell membrane and other biological membranes are selectively permeable membranes

Free diffusion: high concentration → low concentration, such as H2O, O2, CO2, glycerol, ethanol, benzene

Freedom of diffusion: High concentration → low concentration. ethanol, benzene

assisted diffusion: carrier protein assistance, high concentration → low concentration, such as glucose into erythrocytes

6. Mode of transport of substances across the membrane active transport: energy required; carrier protein assistance; low concentration → high concentration, such as inorganic salts

ions

cytophagy, cytotoxicity: macromolecules, such as carrier proteins

7, Cell membranes and other biological membranes are selectively permeable membranes, which allow water molecules to pass freely, some ions and small molecules can also pass, while other ions, small molecules and macromolecules can not pass.

8, nature: living cells produce organic matter, the vast majority of proteins, a small number of RNA

High efficiency

Characteristics of specificity: each enzyme can only catalyze a into a class of chemical reactions

Enzyme role in the conditions of mild: the appropriate temperature, pH, the optimal temperature (pH), the activity of the enzyme,

Temperature and pH bias high or low, enzyme activity will be significantly reduced, or even lose

activity (too high, too acid, too alkaline)

Function: catalytic effect, reduce the activation energy required for chemical reactions

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