The similarities and differences between Chinese and Western ancient architecture?

Ancient Chinese architecture developed and matured in the feudal society, it is a unique system with the longest history, the widest geographical distribution and the most distinctive style in the world, with Han wooden architecture as the main body and also including the excellent architecture of various ethnic minorities. Ancient Chinese architecture had a direct influence on the ancient architecture of Japan, Korea and Vietnam, and after the 17th century, it also had an influence on Europe. Comparing with European ancient architecture, the aesthetic value and political and ethical value of ancient Chinese architecture are highly unified; rooted in deep traditional culture, it shows a distinctive humanistic spirit; and it is very general and comprehensive. Specifically manifested as: (a) pay attention to the overall management of the environment from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has the concept of the overall management of the built environment. Zhou Li" on the wild, all, despicable, township, village, coccyx, li, yup, mound, the planning system, although not all may not be a fact, but at least shows that there has been a systematic planning of the concept of large regional planning. Guan Zi - multiplying horses" advocates that "wherever the capital of a country is established, it is not under a big mountain, but above a wide river", indicating that the location of a city must take into account the environmental relationship. The origin of Chinese geomancy is very early, removing the superstitious veneer, the vast majority of the relationship between the environment and the building. Ancient cities are focused on the city itself and the surrounding environment unified management. Qin Xianyang was a superbly scaled urban environment with its north encompassing Beiban, its center running through the Weishui River, and its south reaching Nanshan Mountain, reaching two to three hundred miles east to west at its peak. Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Beijing (Ming and Qing dynasties) and other famous capitals, its business scope are far more than within the city walls; even the general government, state, and county towns, but also will be included in the suburbs in the city's overall environment of the unified layout. Important scenic spots, such as the five mountains and five towns, Buddhist and Taoist mountains, eup suburban gardens, etc., also put the environmental management in the first place; emperor mausoleums, but also focus on geography of feng shui, most of these places are relying on the environment of the building to show the charm of its art. (B) the monolithic image of the group sequence

Ancient China's monolithic architecture in a relatively simple form, most of the stereotyped style, isolated monolithic buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, architectural artistic effect mainly rely on the group sequence to obtain. A temple, as a companion in the sequence, the shape will not be too large, the image may also be relatively bland, but as the main body, it may be very tall. For example, the Ming and Qing Beijing Palace in the single building style is not much, but through different spatial sequences of conversion, each single building shows its own independent character in the whole.

(3) construction technology and artistic image of the unity of ancient Chinese architecture of wood structure system is very adaptable. This system of four columns and two beams and two square forms a basic framework known as between the left and right can be connected to the front and back, and can be stacked up and down, but also staggered combinations, or to be adapted to become octagonal, hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped or other shapes. Roof frames have raised beam and through the bucket type two kinds, no matter which one, can not change the framing system and the roof to make a curve, and in the corner of the roof to make the corner of the eaves, but also to make the heavy eaves, hooked, interspersed, phi, and other styles. The artistic modeling of a single building, mainly relying on the flexibility of the collocation between and numerous styles of curved roof performance. In addition, the wooden structure of the components to facilitate the carving and painting, in order to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient Chinese architecture, to a large extent, is also expressed as structural beauty. (D) specification and diversification of unity of Chinese architecture to wooden structure, in order to facilitate the production of components, installation and estimation of materials, inevitably towards the specification of components, but also prompted the design of the modulus. As early as the Spring and Autumn period in the "kao kong ji", there is a specification, the germ of the modulus, as late as the Tang dynasty has been more mature. To the Song Yuanming three years (1100) compiled the "construction method", modular completely stereotyped, the Qing Yongzheng twelve years (1734) promulgated the "Ministry of Works engineering practice rules and regulations" has been further simplified. The specification of the building, prompting the unity of architectural style, but also to ensure that each building can achieve a certain level of art. Specification is not overly restrictive sequence composition, so the specification of a single building and the diversity of the group sequence can go hand in hand, as a kind of spatial art, it is clear that this is a mature phenomenon of progress. Ancient Chinese architectural monolithic seems to be slightly less varied, but the group combination is varied, the reason is the high degree of unity of specification and diversity. (E) poetic natural garden Chinese garden is an outstanding achievement of ancient Chinese architecture, but also an important typical of the world's gardens. Rich cultural literacy of people's aesthetic interests, take the architectural space composition, so that the natural beauty of the typical, into the beauty of the garden. The interest contained therein is poetic and picturesque; the spatial composition method adopted is the free and flexible, smooth movement sequence design. Chinese gardens pay attention to the "skillful in the borrowing, fine in the body appropriate", attaching importance to the subtle push into the scene and the scene, in order to organize a rich ornamental picture. At the same time, also simulate the natural landscape, creating a special technique of folding the mountain and water, whether earth and stone mountains, or mountains and water together, can make the poetic and picturesque more deep, interesting and meaningful. (F) pay attention to the performance of the building's character and symbolic meaning

Ancient Chinese political and ethical content of the building, it is required to show a distinctive character and specific symbolic meaning, for which the use of many techniques. The most important is the use of the environment to render different moods and atmospheres, so that people get a variety of aesthetic sensations; followed by the provision of different levels of architecture, including volume, color, style, decoration, etc., to show the social system and architectural content; while also trying to use many figurative accessory art, up to the plaques, tablets, the text of the building to reveal and illustrate the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, altars, temples, temples, etc., there are specific symbolic themes. For example, the first emperor of Qin created Xianyang, the palace symbolizes the Ziwei, WeiShui symbolizes the TianHan, ShangLinYuan dug pool symbolizes the East China Sea PengLai. Kangxi, Qianlong Qing Dynasty to create the Yuanmingyuan, summer resort and Chengde outside the eight temples, simulating the national important buildings and attractions, symbolizing the unity of the world. Hall on the round below, five rooms and twelve halls, symbolizing the world. The composition of certain Lama Temple symbolizes the world of Buddha on Mount Sumeru. Architectural art of Chinese architecture in the world's architectural history is the longest continuation of the longest history, the widest geographical distribution, with a special style and system of plastic arts. Ancient Chinese architectural art shows three major characteristics on the cultural level: first, it pays attention to the high degree of unity between aesthetics and politics and ethics; second, it has a distinctive humanist character, which is a concentrated display of the spirit of traditional Chinese culture; and third, it pays attention to the comprehensive overall spatial imagery amidst the varied changes. Its formal characteristics are mainly manifested as follows: ① Mostly in the form of group combination constitutes a rich spatial sequence, such as altar and temple buildings unfolding on a cross axis; residential and palace buildings mainly on a vertical axis supplemented by a horizontal axis; and garden buildings unfolding on a zigzag axis. Whichever way to form a rhythmic, with a prelude, climax, epilogue of the spatial sequence. ② monolithic architectural shape has a certain specification program, such as halls, pavilions and other forms are composed of pedestal, roof and roof, while there are certain ratios between the parts, especially in the Qing Dynasty, this specification has reached the extreme. ③The huge volume of the roof formed by the combined form of beams and frames of the wooden structure, together with the soft curves of the sloping roof, the main ridge and the rising eaves, make the roof the most prominent formal feature of Chinese architecture. Indoor space is handled in a flexible and changeable way, with commonly used panels, finials, curtains, screens and shelves partitioned into spaces of different sizes and variations, thus producing meandering and subtle spatial imagery. ⑤ Pay attention to the color of building components and the expressive nature of decorative paintings, and as a way to mark the differences in rank and function. Chinese architectural art can be divided into four stages according to the time sequence: Qin-Han, Sui-Tang, Ming-Qing, and modern times. ① Qin-Han stage. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the main features of Chinese architecture, such as courtyard forms, symmetrical layouts, wooden beam structures, monolithic shapes, large roofs, etc., were initially formed, although they varied from north to south due to the division of the feudal lords. Qin and Han Dynasty has been carved and painted, the layout of the stretch, neat, with a clear ethical, hierarchical, order and other connotations, showing a robust, simple style characteristics. ② Sui and Tang dynasties. The end of the Han Dynasty to the period of the North and South Dynasties, with the introduction and prevalence of Buddhism, the integration of the North and South of the great nationalities, as well as the literati scholar to return to the mountains and the emergence of landscape poetry, landscape painting, so that the North and South Dynasties period of the architectural art of the traditional spirit of rationality added a lot of romantic mood. To the Tang Dynasty finally formed a rational and romantic intertwined with the style of the Tang Dynasty. Magnificent, well-organized city, magnificent stretch of the palace, altar temples, huge scale, a variety of forms of temples and pagodas, grottoes, modeling thick, ornate decoration, showing the style characteristics of the great and great beauty. ③ Ming and Qing stages. By the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty, the development of urban economy and the local culture, and even Mongolia, Tibet, the further intermingling of Arab culture, to the Qing Dynasty, China's ancient architectural art to the most mature stage. City streets and alleys specifications square, the palace mausoleum building stereotypes, but the shape of the increase, a variety of methods. Gardening art unprecedented prosperity. Its overall style is graceful, elegant, rigorous, clear. ④Modern stage. With the disintegration of the feudal system, the eastward gradation of western culture, the development of science and technology in modern society and the changes in the aesthetic taste and cultural psychology of modern people, the Chinese architecture in the 20th century has produced large variations. In the traditional garden architecture, increased the proportion of the building, space is more curved and changeable, the decoration is more complex and fine, and a large number of Chinese and Western style public **** building, pay more attention to the unity of its practical function and aesthetic function. 80's after the overall layout of the city is more open, the change is more rapid, the style is more rich and varied. Looking for the organic combination of the style of the times and the national style will be an important issue of modern architecture in China. Prosecution