What was the educational model in ancient China?

Education in China was born in ancient times 6.5438+0.7 million years ago. In primitive society, an educational institution named "East" came into being, and "East" was originally a place for raising sheep. Later, it became a grain warehouse with the function of providing for the elderly, and later it had the function of caring for and educating young children. The development of national industry not only puts forward new requirements for workers in quantity, but also requires workers to be educated, have certain professional knowledge and skills and become skilled workers in machine management. In addition, in order to better manage production and operation enterprises, technical management talents in all aspects are also needed. At the same time, workers themselves have the desire to be educated and master knowledge. Therefore, the development of national industry puts forward new requirements for school education. It is hoped that the school can cultivate a certain number of professionals and a large number of labor reserve forces with certain vocational education and training to meet the needs of the national bourgeoisie in developing production and capitalism.

The old school system can no longer meet the needs of social development, especially the development of national industries. It is urgent to establish a new school system that suits the needs of the national bourgeoisie. At the same time, American educational ideas, educational methods and educational systems have also been imported into China in large quantities, and the establishment of a modern educational system has become an urgent voice in the educational field.

Tao Xingzhi's theory of "life education" was put forward under the banner of "democracy and science" during the May 4th Movement, on the basis of criticizing feudal traditional education and modern westernization education, and after understanding the current educational situation in China and engaging in educational practice. It is an educational reform movement to establish a civilian education system in semi-colonial and semi-feudal countries, and it is a useful exploration to establish China's modern education theory. Its connotation changes with the change of Tao Xingzhi's thought. 1936 spring thinks that "life education" has six characteristics: life, action, popularization, progress, cosmopolitanism and historical connection, thus pushing the theory of "life education" to a new stage.

Primitive society was taught by elders through practical activities and passed on from mouth to mouth.

Around 3000 BC, there have been "calligraphy" and "hieroglyphics". With writing, there will naturally be institutions specializing in teaching and learning, which was called "Cheng Jun" at that time, and it was the initial bud of the school.

In Xia Dynasty, there was a formal school with teaching as the main part, which was called "school". Mencius said, "Learning in summer means teaching." In Shang Dynasty, it was called "Yi Yi", but in Zhou Dynasty it became a "preface".

"Preface" is divided into "East Preface" and "West Preface". The former is a university, in the east of the capital palace, where nobles and their children enter school. The latter is a primary school, in the western suburbs of the capital, where ordinary people study. With the development of productivity, culture and science in Shang Dynasty, more schools of thought appeared, which were called "learning" and "teaching". Learning is different from Left Learning and Right Learning. The former is designed for "old people" and the latter is designed for "ordinary old people". The boundary between the state and the people lies in the nobility and the common people. "Learning" was based on human relations in the Ming Dynasty, while "Zhezong" was based on learning music.

The Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of slave society, and the school organization was relatively perfect. At that time, it was divided into Chinese studies and rural studies. Chinese studies are specially designed for aristocratic children, and are divided into two levels: university and primary school according to their school age and education level. Rural research mainly relied on local administrative regions at that time. Due to the different sizes of different places, there are also differences between schools, schools, schools and schools. Under normal circumstances, those who achieve excellent results in school can be promoted to township schools and learn from them; Outstanding students in or on campus may be promoted to Chinese studies and studied in universities. Chinese studies are directly under the central government, while rural studies are local schools.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, official schools gradually replaced private schools, and a new class of "scholars" appeared. Qin Shihuang unified the six languages and advocated "taking officials as teachers and taking law as teachers".

Private schools resumed development in the Western Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's idea of "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone". The Imperial College, founded in Chang 'an, employs Dr. Shi, Shu, Li, Yi and the Five Classics of Spring and Autumn as tutors and recruits doctoral students, aged 18 or above.

The Han Dynasty stipulated that schools should be set up in counties, schools should be set up in counties and cities, and emergency services should be set up in towns and villages.

There are 1 teachers in the school, and 1 teachers.

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Emperor Wu of Jin established the Guo Zi School outside imperial academy.

In the Tang Dynasty, the capital set up imperial academy, and the chief executive said that imperial academy set up a wine festival and six schools, namely Guo Zi School, imperial academy School, No.4 School (exclusively for children of aristocratic bureaucrats), law, calligraphy and mathematics. Teachers are called doctors. School age 14 years old or above 19 years old or below (France 18 years old or above but under 25 years old). There are official schools, state schools, county schools, doctors, literature, teaching assistants and instructors.

In the Song Dynasty, besides imperial academy, there were also laws, calligraphy, painting and medicine, and the academy system began to rise. There were four academies in the early Song Dynasty: Bailu, Lu Le, Yingtian and Songyang. The Southern Song Academy had a system of "three academies".

There were Mongolian primary schools in the Yuan Dynasty, and they returned to China to teach Mongolian, Arabic and Persian. In the Yuan Dynasty, the academy began to set up a "mountain leader"

The education system in Ming and Qing Dynasties was similar, with imperial academy as the center and students named Gong Sheng and Jiansheng.

In the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy was divided into two prisons (Beijing and Nanjing) to hold Japanese and Korean students respectively.

Five tributes were formally formed in the Qing Dynasty-vice tribute, bagong tribute, excellent tribute, old tribute and grace tribute.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were Confucian temples and scholars (scholars) in counties, tutors called professors in counties, and schools called teaching practices in counties.

Xue Ming is called academic integrity, and the deputy is called discipline. Students (scholars) enrolled after the college entrance examination are divided into students according to their grades.

Hyperplasia and epiphysis.

And enlightenment education. There were three types in Ming and Qing Dynasties: private schools, compulsory schools and specialized libraries.

In the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination was abolished and Shi Jing University Hall was established as a new school.