What are the unique customs of She nationality?

She people especially like to sing folk songs, and "She songs" are the pearl of She culture. In sacrificial ceremonies, praying to God and worshipping Buddha, entertaining guests, festivals or ordinary life and labor, people talk with songs and answer questions like a flood. The "novel song" is a form of narrative folk songs of the She nationality, which is mostly adapted from Zhang Hui's novels or ballads of storytelling of the Han nationality, and some are compiled according to their own folk stories, such as The Legend of the White Snake, butterfly lovers and Indigo Rain. "Wedding Dance" is unique. Both men and women express their love and enter into marriage by "singing" (singing folk songs in pairs).

It is customary for guests to offer tea at the door first, and usually drink two dishes. There is a saying: "Drinking a bowl of tea is heartless tea." There is another saying: "One bowl of bitterness, two bowls of tonic, three bowls of gargle." As long as the guest takes the host's tea, he must drink the second bowl. If the guest is thirsty, he can explain in advance until he is satisfied with the drink. If the visitor is a female guest, the host will also put on snacks such as melon seeds, peanuts and fried beans.

She women living in the mountainous areas along the northeast coast of Fujian have the custom of wearing "three knives". The "three knives" are actually three metal pipes that look like knives, with sharp edges on both sides and five or six inches long. According to legend, this custom began in the late Ming Dynasty, when foreign enemies invaded the southeast coast of China. In order to prevent the invaders' insults, she women put three short swords in their bun, which can be used to resist foreign enemies and protect themselves in times of crisis. The custom of three knives shows the bold and simple character of She women.

Marriage custom She nationality is monogamous, and the same surname is unmarried. The wedding of She nationality has a unique flavor. The Yue family greeted the groom. When the Yue family eats, there is nothing on the table. The groom must sing one by one, such as "Chopsticks Song" if he wants chopsticks, and "Wine Song" if he wants wine. The chef will also sing a song, and things will come out. After dinner, the groom needs to sing back the things on the table one by one.

In the She nationality, besides the usual extramarital affairs of women, there is also the marriage custom of men marrying women. There are two ways for a man to marry a woman: one is to marry an unmarried woman, called "being a son-in-law"; The widow's son-in-law is called "home". Families without sons have many sons who can be adopted through marriage, but many families with sons also let their sons adopt through marriage and let their daughters keep their "sons" (that is, sons-in-law). Generally, adopted children take their mother's surname, and two sons take their parents' surnames respectively. If both husband and wife are only children, they have to be "two families", that is, they have to take care of two families in the first few years of marriage and have no fixed abode. After a few years, you can determine that the economic conditions are better and settle down in the couple's home.

There are two stages before marriage: affinity and engagement, and a lot of etiquette. When getting married, the man sent a wedding procession consisting of the groom's uncle, the singer "Chilang", the best man's aunt, the cook and the glib Chilang. Two days before the wedding, the matchmaker led him to the woman's house to set off firecrackers to open the door, give gifts and take off his shoes (take off sandals, wash his feet and wear new cloth shoes). The song banquet that night will last all night. If the male singer can't answer the female singer's question, his face will be covered with the bottom of the pot, which will lead to laughter. The next day, at the woman's home, a ceremony of "asking for grandpa" was held for her, that is, to report the marriage to the ancestral tablet and ask for blessings. Later, the bride's mother put the dowry on the bed, and the mother and daughter sat by the bed crying, which was called "crying dowry". The third day is a formal wedding, and the bride decides the time to get on the sedan chair according to the distance of her husband's family. The principle is to get to the groom's house before dawn. On the way, the bride can't look back to ensure that she will grow old together after marriage. Outside the groom's door, the bride wants an umbrella to pass through the red cloth bag placed in front, symbolizing succession. On the way to nave, relatives and friends of in-laws will sprinkle peanuts and wish them many children. The groom didn't see the bride until he worshipped his ancestors in the nave. On the third day after marriage, the groom accompanied the bride back to her parents' home to hold a return gift. Stay for two or four nights, and then go back to your husband's house. To this day, this ancient rule is still followed in Shexiang.

Taboo the first day of the first month, avoid picking dung, avoid sitting in a sedan chair and blowing a horn; Avoid being a beggar; Avoid dog meat.

Festivals She people attach great importance to traditional festivals and ancestor worship. Every year, February, July and August 15th are ancestor worship days, and she believes in ghosts and gods. When offering sacrifices to ancestors, two glasses of wine, a cup of tea, three meats and three vegetables, six bowls of dishes, and candied fruit in different seasons. During the festival, except for wine and meat, every festival has certain traditional habits of eating anything. But no matter what festival, we should make Ciba. Besides killing chickens and ducks, adults should also make Ciba on their birthdays.

"March 3rd" is a traditional festival of She nationality, which is held every year on the third day of the third lunar month. Its main activity is to go for an outing and eat black rice to commemorate our ancestors, also known as "Ebony Day". Black rice is to dye glutinous rice black with the juice of a plant. According to legend, in the Tang Dynasty, the leaders of the She nationality, Lei Wanxing and Lan Fenggao, led the She people to rebel against the ruling class at that time and were besieged by the imperial army in the mountains. The soldiers lived for a year by eating a kind of wild fruit called "black rice", and rushed out of the encirclement on March 3 of the following year to win. In order to commemorate them, people regard March 3 as a festival and eat "black rice" to commemorate them. During the festival, dozens of nearby She people gathered in the concert hall, singing from morning till night, including praising Pan Hu and remembering their ancestors. The whole Sheshan is immersed in the ocean of songs. In the evening, every household eats "black rice". Late at night, ancestor worship activities were held.

In addition, the She people also celebrate the Spring Festival. In addition to killing chickens and pigs during the Spring Festival, we should also make Ciba. I wish you good luck in the new year and every day is sweet. On the first morning, the whole family paid homage to "the founder of Pangu", and the old man talked about the difficulty of starting a business in his ancestors. Later, the family got together, sang folk songs and gave gifts. Young men and women go from village to village to express their feelings and exchange friendship with songs.

Dress The dress of She nationality is reflected in the dress of women. Women's dresses of She nationality are slightly different from place to place, and their * * * feature is that there are more embroidery on them. Especially the blouses of Fuding and Xiapu in Fujian have various embroidery patterns, flowers, birds, dragons and phoenixes on the collar, lapel, clothes bucket and even cuffs. In the hot climate, no matter what season, women will wear shorts, leggings and colored belts around their waists. The hair plate is combed on the top of the head, spiral or disc-shaped, with red hair wrapped around it.

The most important dress of She women is "phoenix dress". The long braid tied with red rope is tied high on the top of the head, symbolizing the phoenix head; Embroider colorful lace patterns on clothes and aprons (towels) with red, pink, apricot and gold and silver silk threads, symbolizing the neck, waist and feathers of the phoenix; A golden belt is tied behind the waist, symbolizing phoenix tail; The tinkling silver ornaments worn all over symbolize Feng Ming. Married women generally wear "rockhopper". It is made by wrapping a fine bamboo tube with a red cloth handkerchief and hanging a HongLing with a length of more than 30 cm and a width of 3 cm. There is a round silver medal on the crown and three small silver medals hanging from the forehead, named "Dragon Ridge", which means that it is the rockhopper worn by Yincui gorge. There is a legend about the Phoenix device: Pan Ligong, the ancestor of the She nationality, was betrothed to him by Emperor Gaoxin. When they got married, the queen crowned her daughter with a phoenix crown and a phoenix skirt inlaid with precious stones, wishing her luck like a phoenix. After having children, Yincui gorge also dressed her daughter as a phoenix. When her daughter got married, Phoenix came from Phoenix Mountain in Guangdong and gave a phoenix dress as a wedding dress. From then on, her daughter will wear Phoenix clothes to show good luck. In some places, the bride is directly called "Phoenix". Because the bride has the lofty status of "Yincui gorge", she doesn't kneel down when she worships the ancestral tablet at the groom's house.

Men's clothes are similar to those of Han nationality.

Daily diet customs The daily staple food of She nationality is mainly rice. In addition to rice, there are all kinds of cakes made of rice, which are usually collectively referred to as "glutinous rice". She often eats three kinds of rice: indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice. In terms of viscosity, glutinous rice is the most sticky, followed by japonica rice, which is basically not sticky, but the yield of indica rice is the most, and indica rice is the most commonly eaten rice of She nationality. Indica rice is also often used as dry powder, that is, it is ground into powder, steamed with glutinous rice, then squeezed into filaments with a powder dryer, and then steamed thoroughly. It can also be dried and stored for a long time. Dry powder tastes delicious and is suitable for people who are afraid of greasy food. Indica rice and some fish rice can be ground into powder and steamed into various cakes. Rice flour is made into paste and steamed into water cakes. Such as adding brown sugar, steaming, weighing a spoonful of sugar cake or red cake; Adding alkaline water, cooking, and weighing yellow cake; As long as salt is added, it is called white cake, collectively known as water cake. It can be stored after steaming. Add sesame seeds and peanuts to the surface of the sugar cake, store it hard, and steam it soft when eating. Yellow cakes can be preserved by soaking in grey alkaline water and cooked with other dishes and soups when eaten. Japonica rice is mainly used to make rice cakes. When making rice cakes, glutinous rice flour is kneaded into dough and steamed, and then put into a rice cake extruder for pressurization. You can also choose local shrubs to burn to ashes, make alkaline water with water, soak fish and rice in water, dehydrate them, pour them into retort, then put them into mortar and knead them into balls, and knead them into long flat retort with 500-1000g. You can also stir-fry soft food with wine, which is only for tourism and labor. It's not hard when it's cold, and you can eat it at any time. Glutinous rice is mostly used to make wine and glutinous rice. Making Ciba with glutinous rice is to steam the glutinous rice first, then put it in a mortar and knead it into a cake the size of a moon cake. Dip in brown sugar and sesame powder and eat it while it is hot. It is sweet and soft. There is a folk saying that "cold zongzi is hot and crispy", which means that glutinous rice balls only taste hot. Besides rice, sweet potato is one of the staple foods of She farmers. In addition to direct cooking, sweet potatoes are mostly shredded first, washed away with starch, dried and stored in warehouses or barrels for annual consumption; There are also sweet potatoes cooked first, cut into strips, dried to 80%, and preserved for a long time. Cooked and dried sweet potatoes are mostly used as dry food and can be eaten directly. Some folks cut raw sweet potatoes into slices, boil them in boiling water until they are 80% ripe, take them out to dry or dry in the sun, and then fry them in sand or oil. They are often eaten and used to entertain guests during the New Year in China. The starch washed from sweet potato shreds is filtered several times and dried in the sun. A small part is used as dry starch for cooking, and most of it is used as vermicelli. The method is that dry starch is mixed with water to make paste, steamed in a steamer, cooled and hardened, then shredded and dried. Vermicelli is an important raw material for She people to entertain guests and make snacks and dishes.

Most She families like to eat hot dishes. Generally, every family has a hot pot to cook. In addition to common vegetables, tofu is often eaten. The most common dish for farmers to entertain guests is "Tofu Niang", which is to wash soybeans and soak them in water first, then grind them into pulp with a stone mill (electric mill is used in some places now), then cook them with warm fire, with auxiliary materials, which is very delicious. There are also pickles made of peppers, radishes, taro, fresh bamboo shoots and ginger, among which pickled ginger is the most distinctive. There are more than ten kinds of bamboo shoots used for cooking, such as Phyllostachys praecox, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dianthus, Paeonia suffruticosa and Phyllostachys praecox. Bamboo shoots are almost vegetables in her family all year round. There is a saying that there are no bamboo shoots in December and August of a year, and water bamboo is used instead. In addition to fresh bamboo shoots, it can also be made into dried bamboo shoots for long-term preservation. When making dried bamboo shoots, first cook fresh bamboo shoots, tear them in half, dry them in the sun or smoke them. When she people in Jingning area make dried bamboo shoots, they first slice fresh bamboo shoots, fry them with salt and strong fire, then bake them with slow fire, put them into bamboo tubes and seal them with bamboo shells upside down. Folk call this kind of dried bamboo shoots "shooting bamboo shoots". The most meat is pork, which is usually used for cooking.

Drinking tea is essential in the daily life of She people, and most of them are self-produced baked green tea.

Festivals, Sacrifices and Eating Habits She people attach great importance to traditional festivals. During festivals, besides wine and meat, she also has some traditional habits, and eats anything at every festival. Such as: eating black rice on March 3rd, eating Tomb-Sweeping Day in Tomb-Sweeping Day and making zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival. But no matter what festival, we should make Ciba. Besides killing chickens and ducks, adults should also make Ciba on their birthdays. There is a saying in the She family: "An adult's birthday is a mortar, and a child's birthday is a pair of eggs."

When offering sacrifices to ancestors, two glasses of wine, a cup of tea, three meats and three vegetables, six bowls of dishes, and candied fruit in different seasons.

The wedding of She nationality is very interesting. The groom was greeted by the Yue family, who paid for the meal. When eating, if there is nothing on the table, the groom must say it one by one. For example, if you want chopsticks, you can sing "Chopsticks Song", if you want wine, you can sing "Wine Song", and the chefs should sing together, and the object will come out. After dinner, the groom needs to sing back the objects on the table one by one.

When guests come to the door, they should serve tea first, and usually drink two dishes. There is a saying: "Drinking a bowl of tea is heartless tea." There is another saying: "One bowl of bitterness, two bowls of tonic, three bowls of gargle." As long as the guest takes the host's tea, he must drink the second bowl. If the guest is thirsty, he can explain in advance until he is satisfied with the drink. If the visitor is a female guest, the host will also put on snacks such as melon seeds, peanuts, fried beans and dried vegetables.

She nationality's liquor is mainly self-brewed white wine and glutinous rice wine. There is also a kind of green qu liquor in Jingning mountain area. There are two kinds of liquor: open burning and dark burning.

Typical foods Her unique typical foods are: marinated ginger; Kimchi is a she ethnic cuisine, usually pickled with pepper, ginger, radish and so on. , and is called bad pepper, bad ginger, etc. Eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival is called horn by the people. Black rice, a seasonal food on March 3rd, is a shiny black rice made by mashing the tender leaves of black rice tree (called black branch in She language) and soaking glutinous rice in juice. It is said that eating black rice is not afraid of ants biting.

In history, she people migrated everywhere and their material life was particularly simple. They "knot Lushan valley, kill wool for tiles, weave bamboo for fences, cut trees for households" and live together. Usually live in thatched houses and houses with wooden roofs. Nowadays, with the change of the living standard of the She people, more and more people are building small buildings. Fire Dragon and Tang Huo are an indispensable couple in the family life of She nationality. Due to the cold climate in the mountainous area, coupled with severe winter and December, the whole family sat around the fireplace to keep warm. There are less paddy fields, more dry land, less rice planting and more miscellaneous grains in the mountainous areas of She nationality. They usually take sweet potato rice mixed with rice as their staple food. Pure rice is only used when entertaining VIPs. They like to eat shrimp skin, kelp and tofu. You like to drink rice wine and ale.

The traditional costumes of She nationality are colorful. The clothing of She nationality advocates cyan, and the material is mostly self-woven linen. At present, the clothing of She nationality men is no different from that of Han nationality, while some She nationality women in eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang still have distinct national styles. The collar, cuffs and right lapel are inlaid with lace, and there is a habit of wearing shorts and leggings. In particular, women's hairstyles are different from those of the Han nationality. Girls like to tie red wool into their hair, braid it into long braids and wear it on their heads. Married women usually wear decorations, that is, a small and exquisite bamboo tube is wrapped with a red cloth handkerchief, and a foot long and an inch wide HongLing is hung under it. Women of different ages, old and young, also have black, blue or red wool in their hair. The crown is decorated with a round silver medal, and three small silver medals are hung on the card; Hanging on her forehead, the She people call it Longji, which means the rockhopper worn by "Yincui gorge" (according to legend, Emperor Gao Xin betrothed Yincui gorge to Tiger Pan, who had made great achievements in cutting dogs. There is also a silver hairpin on the crown, and it will be particularly gorgeous and dazzling if you put on a silver collar, chain, bracelet and earrings.

Before liberation, the marriage and family of She nationality generally practiced monogamy, and still retains simple marriage customs. Generally speaking, the same surname is not married, but the four surnames of Pan, Lan, Lei and Zhong within the nation are married. It turns out that external marriage is a traditional marriage custom of She nationality. However, due to the national oppression and discrimination policies of the rulers of past dynasties, the marriage between the She nationality and the Han nationality was forbidden, which was once a kind of clan rule within the She nationality. After liberation, with the implementation of the policy of equality and unity among ethnic groups, the intermarriage between the She nationality and the Han nationality is increasing. In ancient times, young men and women of She nationality had a tradition of free love, and it was the custom of her ancestors to get married by singing. However, with the development of feudal landlord economy, it was influenced by the concept of marriage of Han nationality. Before liberation, the feudal arrangement of marriage of She nationality was very serious. It was abolished after liberation, and now young men and women of She nationality can basically fall in love freely and get married independently. The form of funeral is burial, which retains the custom of reburial.

The traditional festivals of She nationality mainly include the Dragon Boat Festival in April, the seventh day of July, the beginning of autumn Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double Ninth Festival and the Spring Festival. In addition, the 15th of February, 15th of July and 15th of August in the lunar calendar are the ancestral worship days of the She nationality.