Confucian culture and ancient science and technology are not antagonistic.

Confucian culture and ancient science and technology are not antagonistic.

Confucianism pursues Tao, and it is the most fundamental to apply what you have learned. Confucianism? Tao? For what? Harmony between man and nature? Therefore, we should study the nature of heaven and earth; Confucianism? Study? With the tendency of epistemology, it does not exclude the understanding of nature; Confucianism says? Is it useful? We should also talk about the application of scientific and technological knowledge. Therefore, Confucian culture and ancient science and technology are not antagonistic. Moreover, in the ancient history of China, there were Confucian scholars who studied nature and science and technology and made direct contributions to the development of ancient science and technology in China. Of course, studying nature and technology is only the ultimate grasp of Confucianism? The way of metaphysics? Means, just? Traces? Must you obey Confucianism? Avenue? .

For a long time, Confucianism was misunderstood as the opposite of science (referring to natural science), at least it had nothing to do with science. Actually, this is a misunderstanding. In ancient times, China was in a leading position in science and technology in the world. As Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science and technology in China, said, ancient China people had many important scientific and technological aspects? Walking among those who create fame? Greek miracle? In front of the legendary figures, they kept pace with the * * people who possessed all the cultural wealth of the ancient western world, and maintained a level of scientific knowledge that was beyond the reach of the west from the 3rd century to the 13th century? China's scientific discoveries and technological inventions used to be? Far more than contemporary Europe, especially before15th century? []. China's ancient science and technology, which once occupied the leading position in the world, germinated and developed under the background of China's traditional culture with Confucianism as the mainstream, and Confucian culture could not play an important role in the development of ancient science and technology in China. If Confucianism, as the mainstream of China's traditional culture, is a culture opposite to science and technology, how can there be highly developed science and technology under such a background? On the other hand, in a highly developed society, how can the culture opposite to science and technology become the mainstream culture?

One.

About what? Confucianism? , "Han Shu? Yiwenzhi gives a comprehensive overview and definition:? Confucianists help people to follow the yin and yang and enlighten people; Wandering between the Six Classics, paying attention to benevolence and righteousness. Grandfather Yao Shun, * * * Wu Wen, master Zhong Ni, emphasize his words, which is the highest in Tao? . From this general discussion, we can see that primitive Confucianism has three main characteristics, namely, seeking Tao and learning to use it.

First of all, Confucianism attaches importance to seeking Tao. The highest imperial road? . It can be seen from the Analects that Confucius has been seeking Tao all his life. The Analects of Confucius? Learn to say: Confucius said: a gentleman does not have enough to eat, he is prepared for danger in times of peace, he is sensitive to things and cautious about words, and he is eager to learn when he gets the word. ? The Analects of Confucius? Wei Linggong said? Confucius said: A gentleman seeks Tao instead of food; Farming is also awkward; Learn, and Lu is among them. ? The Analects of Confucius? Liren said:? Confucius said:? If you listen, you will die in the evening. ? Obviously, seeking Tao is Confucius' lifelong pursuit. Confucius? Tao? , mainly about the way to be a man. Confucius said:? There are three scholars, and the benevolent does not worry; The knower is not confused; Brave people are not afraid. ? ("The Analects? Xian Wen) said:? There are four ways for a gentleman: respect for oneself, respect for things, support for the people with benefits and the people with righteousness. ? ("The Analects? But the most important thing is? The way of loyalty and forgiveness? , Zeng Zikai:? Master's way, loyalty and forgiveness. ? ("The Analects? Standing up ")

The way of Confucius was brought into play by the Meng Si School and the later Yi Zhuan, forming the way of Confucianism. Harmony between man and nature? The way. The doctrine of the mean says: Only when the world is sincere can we do our best; If you can do your best, you can do your best; If you can make good use of human nature, you can make good use of things; If you can make the best use of it, you can praise the teaching of heaven and earth; If you can praise the cultivation of heaven and earth, you can participate in it. ? And think, Zhong Nizu Xu Yaoshun, was * * * wenwu. On the day of the law, soil and water attacked it. If heaven and earth are loaded, they will all be covered. Is it like a four-hour mistake, like the sun and the moon changing for the light? . Mencius said:? He who does his best knows his own nature. If you know its nature, you will know its nature. ? ("Mencius? Dedication ")" Yi Zhuan "said:? Adults are in harmony with heaven and earth, with the sun and the moon, with the four seasons and with ghosts and gods. ? ("Zhouyi? Fuck? Classical Chinese) and clearly put forward the unity of heaven, Tao and human nature? The way of three talents? ("Zhouyi? The copula is handed down from generation to generation ").

Because of what Confucianism said? Tao? Is it the unity of human nature and heaven? Harmony between man and nature? So, does Confucianism still have a way of paying attention? God? Attaching importance to the study of the nature of heaven and earth, thus forming the Confucian view of nature, which mainly includes the Meng Si School's view of the nature of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Xunzi's view of the nature of Qi and the view of the nature of Yin-Yang and Eight Diagrams in Yi Zhuan, which fully shows the Confucian way of the integration of heaven and man. Although these Confucian views on nature can't be regarded as science from the perspective of modern science, in ancient China, the natural views of Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Qi, Yin-Yang and Eight Diagrams have always been the ideological basis of ancient science and technology and an important part of ancient science and technology in China.

Secondly, Confucianism attaches importance to learning. Wandering in the Six Classics? . As an educator, Confucius requires himself and his students to have extensive knowledge. The Analects of Confucius? Yong also said:? Confucius said:? A gentleman is knowledgeable in writing and makes an appointment with courtesy. ? Confucius said? Erudite? Advocate? Listen more, choose the good and follow it, and learn more? ("The Analects? Shuer), with the tendency of epistemology; It requires not only learning social culture and ethics, but also learning from knowledge of nature, so that students can become? Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and swim in art? ("The Analects? The words of a gentleman "). Here? Wandering in art? Is it studying? Six arts? That is, ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, book, number, which one? Count? In fact, it includes ancient mathematical knowledge. Moreover, Confucius asked the students? Learn more about the names of birds, animals and plants? ("The Analects? Yang Huo "); The works of Meng Si School, Xunzi and Yi Zhuan also extensively involved the understanding of nature.

It is precisely because Confucianism attaches importance to learning and understanding of nature and science and technology that pre-Qin Confucianism attached great importance to the study of ancient scientific and technological works from Confucius. Among the works compiled, studied and written by them, Xia, Zhou and Liu were all important scientific and technological works at that time, and The Book of Songs, Yao Dian and Zhou Li also contained rich scientific and technological knowledge. The pre-Qin Confucianists included scientific and technological knowledge in Confucianism, and these scientific and technological works and scientific and technological knowledge actually became the knowledge base for later Confucianists to study and study science and technology.

Third, Confucianism attaches great importance to practicality. Confucius attached importance to humanity and learning, and finally put it into practice. Politically, Confucius said? Tao is virtuous, Qi is courteous? ("The Analects? For politics), talk about moral education; At the same time? For the benefit of the people? ("The Analects? Yao Yue "), talking about benefiting the people. This idea was later developed by Mencius? Ren? . Mencius believed that to implement benevolent government, we should first? People's property? . He said:? If a wise monarch controls people's property, he will be able to serve his parents and his wife, and he will be satisfied with life in happy years and avoid death in fierce years. Then drive away the good ones, and the people will be lenient. ? ("Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Shang) Therefore, it is necessary to develop agricultural production. Not anti-farming? ; ? If you don't go against the farming season, the valley can't take food; If you don't count, neither fish nor turtle can be eaten. Axe pounds into the mountains at the right time, firewood can not be used; Valley and fish turtles can't eat, and wood and wood can't be used. Is it a pity that people stay healthy and die? ("Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Shang "). In Confucianism's view, talking? Ren? The development of agricultural production, of course, is also inseparable from the development of agricultural science and technology.

Confucianism emphasizes people-oriented, and finally it should be implemented in the development of agriculture and agricultural science and technology; Related to agricultural development, we should also study astronomy, geography, mathematics and so on. This shows that Confucianism itself has the inherent requirement of developing science and technology, and Confucian culture is closely related to science and technology. In the ancient science and technology system of China, agricultural science and technology and related practical sciences developed rapidly, which is probably the reason.

Two.

Primitive Confucianism has the characteristics of seeking Tao and learning, which makes Confucianism integrate science. Moreover, in the process of the development of Confucianism, later Confucianism generally inherited this important tradition, but in different periods, the focus of Confucianism was different. Judging from the development history of Confucianism, Confucian scholars in past dynasties have studied nature and science and technology, and made direct contributions to the development of ancient science and technology in China.

Confucianism in the Han Dynasty established the tradition of Confucian classics and gave full play to the characteristics of Confucian learning, including the study of scientific and technological knowledge. When sorting out and studying Confucian classics, Confucian works containing ancient scientific and technological knowledge have also been established as classics. According to the classification of ancient mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine and agriculture in China, Zhouyi and other works contain some mathematical knowledge, such as The Book of Songs and Shangshu? Yao Dian, Dai Li Ji? Xia, The Book of Rites? There are some astronomical knowledge in the works such as Moon Order and Spring and Autumn Annals. Uncle Yu, Zhou Li? Xia Guan Sima? There are some geographical knowledge in Zhifang, Zhouyi and Book of Rites. The Moon Order and other works contain medical-related knowledge, such as The Book of Songs and Dai Dai? Xia, The Book of Rites? Books such as Moon Order contain agricultural knowledge. Especially in the study of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty, Kao Gong Ji, a technical work in the Spring and Autumn Period, was added to Zhou Li and listed as Confucian classics. In the process of sorting out and studying Confucian classics, it is actually a scientific research to annotate and develop the scientific and technological knowledge in them.

Confucianism in the Han Dynasty contains science, which not only shows that the Confucian classics established by Confucianism in the Han Dynasty contain ancient scientific and technological works and knowledge, but also shows that many Confucianism in the Han Dynasty directly participated in scientific research and even became scientists of that era. Confucianists in the Han dynasty were generally interested in astronomical calendars and studied them, which was not only for political reasons, but also for Confucianism? Harmony between man and nature? Have an intimate relationship. Needham said, astronomy and calendar have always been? Orthodox? The study of Confucianism. ? [] I think it can be said at least in the Han Dynasty. There were at least Yang Xiong, Huan Tan, Liu Xin and Jia Kui in the Han Dynasty. Yang Xiong was interested in astronomy, advocated Huntian theory, and put forward? Eight things are hard to hide? . Huan Tan is also quite good at astronomy. On the structure of the universe, he opposed the theory of covering the sky and advocated the theory of muddy sky. Yang Xiong and Huan Tan played an important role in replacing Gaitian theory with Huntian theory. The three calendars of later Confucian scholar Liu Xinxiu are considered to be? A complete astronomical work handed down from ancient China? ,? The prototype of the earliest astronomical calendar in the world? . 【】 Jia Kui is quite accomplished in astronomy. He participated in the compilation of the four seasons calendar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which has made remarkable progress compared with the previous calendars.

Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty established the tradition of Confucianism and gave full play to the characteristics of Confucianism's pursuit of Tao, including the pursuit of nature. Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty studied and studied the science and technology at that time under the background that the development of ancient science and technology in China reached its peak. Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Er and Zhu all studied natural phenomena.

Zhu's? Why? It has scientific connotation from the beginning, and it is both metaphysical? Tai Chi? , and specific things include the laws of natural things, and therefore also include the laws of nature; Therefore, Zhu's Neo-Confucianism is not only the study of mind and nature. This is the original Confucianism? Harmony between man and nature? The development of. Besides, is Zhu right about Confucianism? Know something? This explanation makes it contain the connotation of natural things and endows it with scientific significance. Zhu said: between heaven and earth, the sky is above and the earth is below. There are many suns, moons, stars, mountains and rivers, vegetation, people and animals in the middle, all of which are physical objects. However, this metaphysical device makes sense, and this is the metaphysical way. The so-called "physics" is just a poor metaphysical truth on this metaphysical device. ? (Zhuzi School, Volume 62)? It is also reasonable to go from the infinite Tai Chi to the grass, trees and insects. If you don't read, you will miss a book; If one thing is not bad, then one thing is missing; If one thing fails, one thing is missing. You have to talk to him one by one. ? (Volume 15 of Zhuzi Genre) It can be seen that among Zhu's extensive things, natural things are also included. Zhu attached great importance to studying natural phenomena and mastering natural laws. He said:? Although vegetation is also reasonable. A grass and a tree cannot be square. Such as hemp, wheat, rice and sorghum, it is reasonable to harvest whatever you plant, and the soil is fatty, interlaced and of different thicknesses. ? ("Zhuzi Language" Volume 18)? The study of calendar images is a science, and you can't ignore it if you want to be poor. ? ("Zhu Wen Official Documents Collection" Volume 60 "There is no doubt about the answer")? Trail is not heresy. The path is reasonable, but small. Such as agricultural baby-rearing, medical divination, all kinds of work, but it is very meaningful. ? (Zhuzi School, Volume 49) More importantly, is Zhu still in use? Why? The concept of "reason" directly studies nature and science, and has made important achievements in the field of astronomy. He proposed? Gas? Based on the theory of cosmic evolution, this paper puts forward the theory of the earth and the earth. Gas? The structure theory of the universe suspended in the universe and the viewpoint that the sky has nine heavies and the celestial bodies move in orbit are of great value in the history of astronomy in China. [ ]

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, western science was introduced into China. Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, gave full play to the tradition of Confucian practice. Or do they use it? Know something? In the name of integrating science, studying science, or playing? The source of western learning? Under the banner of learning western science, we can understand both China and the West. Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty still studied science in a special way, even though it finally became a Confucian classics study based on textual research and exegetics. Although the Confucianists at that time had different attitudes towards western science, they generally adopted a positive absorption attitude, which promoted the modernization of ancient science and technology in China to some extent.

Huang Zongxi, a Confucian scholar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wrote many scientific works, including astronomy and mathematics? There are one volume of Ancient Shi Li, one volume of Deductive Method of Great thomas lee, one volume of Li Shifa, one volume of lixi and one volume of Hijri, and several volumes of Yun Qi Algorithm, Pythagoras Diagram and Essentials of Prescription Life Calculation and Rounding. [ ]; Geoscience works include Jin Shuijing, Siming Mountain Records, Taidang Travel, Kuanglu Travel, etc. There are scientific works such as Lv Lu Xin Yi. Li Guangdi, a Confucian scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, had a special liking for astronomical calendar calculation and was closely related to Mei Wending, an astronomer and mathematician at that time. In the process of communication with Mei Wending, Li Guangdi also made an in-depth study of astronomy. His astronomical calendar works mainly include: synopsis of calendar images, synopsis of calendar images, synopsis of calendar images and so on. , edited by Textual Research on Imperial Ephemeris and Summary of Imperial Monthly Orders. There are also papers on taichu calendar, calendar, marriage customs, arithmetic, calendar and western calendar. Dai Zhen, a master of textual research in Qing Dynasty? All astronomical methods, the calculation of calendars, the method of stepping, observing, the system of palace clothes, the names of birds, animals, insects, fish and plants, the differences between ancient and modern sounds and sound limits, the reasons for the reform of mountains, rivers, territories and counties, the ratio from less to more, and the techniques of faithfulness and governance are all sought after carefully. ? [] He has written a large number of scientific and technological works, including astronomical calendar works: Original Image, Introduction to Astronomy, Raiders to Meet Japan, Nine Roads and Eight Lines, Explaining Taishi Year, Visiting the North Pole, and Xia Xing's Study. Mathematical works: Pythagorean cutting, strategic calculation, etc. Geoscience works: Notes on Land and Water, Records of Rivers and Channels in Zhili, Records of Fenzhou, etc. Technical works: spinning bike, spinning bike, car interpretation, examination work record, etc. Jiao Xun is a famous sinologist in Qing Dynasty, and an important mathematician with the same fame as Wang Lai and Li Rui. [] domain people pass? Continue? Say: Shang Zhi (Li Rui) was just as famous as Wang Jun Xiaoying (Wang Lai) and Jiao Jun Litang (Jiao Xun) in Jiaqing, and they were three friends chatting. ? 【】 Jiao Xun's mathematical works include: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, Tianyuan, arc, wheel, ellipsis and prescription. In addition, there are scientific works such as Zheng Zhu, Understanding of Mao's Poems, Explanation of Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish in Mao's Poems, and Li Weng's Medical Case.

Throughout the development history of Confucianism, we can see that Confucian scholars study nature, science and technology, write scientific and technological works, and integrate science with Confucianism.

Three.

Confucianism combines science, but in the Confucian system, science is only an indispensable part and does not occupy a dominant position. Although Confucianism also needs to study the nature of heaven and earth, this kind of research is not an end in itself, but the ultimate grasp of Confucianism? The way of metaphysics? Means. For Confucianism, science is neither dispensable nor the most important. Confucianism neither opposes science nor puts science first. Especially when there is a contradiction between science and Confucianism, it is necessary to compare and weigh the importance of science and Confucianism, and science is often in a position second to Confucianism.

Because of this, the attitude of Confucianism towards science is often misunderstood by people who admire science today. Even Joseph Needham believed that throughout the history of China, Confucianism opposed the scientific exploration of nature and the scientific explanation and popularization of technology. ? [] and Confucius opposed the cultivation of Fan Chi to illustrate. Actually Confucius opposed it? Fan Chi Xue Jia? Whether it can be used to prove that Confucianism opposes science and technology needs further analysis.

According to the Analects? Luz records that Fan Chi was invited to study crops. Confucius said: I am not as good as the old farmer. ? Please learn to be a nursery. Said: I am not as good as the old nursery. ? Leave Fan Chi. Confucius said: Xu Fan is also a villain! Gift, * * * dare not disrespect; Good sense, * * * dare not refuse; Good letter, * * * dare not be ruthless. If the husband is like this, then the people from all directions will come with their sons; How to use crops! ? But Confucius opposed Fan Chi's learning from crops only because, in Confucius' view, righteousness is more valuable than profit, and virtue is more valuable than practical skills. Only from the comparison of righteousness, morality and practical skills; It's not that you don't want profits and practical skills, just don't just talk about profits and skills. Therefore, Confucius opposed Fan Chi's cultivation, and there was no question of opposing and despising science and technology.

Judging from the development of ancient science and technology, especially ancient agricultural science and technology, Confucius' opposition to Fan Chi's research on crops actually did not have much negative impact. Jia Sixie, an important agronomist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, wrote an important agronomy book, Qi Yao Min Shu, which said: Fan Chi invited him to study crops, and Confucius replied? I am not as good as that old farmer. ? However, the wisdom of sages has not kept up with the times, but is worse than ordinary people. ? 【】 According to Jia Sixie's understanding, Confucius thought that he was not as good as the old farmer in agricultural production, so he could not teach Fan Chi to learn crops; And even Confucius is not as good as the old farmer, especially the ordinary people, so we should learn agricultural science and technology. In what year was Jing Lei written by Lu Guimeng, an important agronomist in the Tang Dynasty? Order? Chinese says:? Confucius said:? I'm not as good as the old farmer? , letter also. Because this book is a forgotten "Jing Lei", it is worth reading. ? [] Lu Guimeng thinks that Confucius said that he is not as good as the old farmer, which is true, so he should study agronomy. The Agricultural Book written by Chen Fang, an important agronomist in the Song Dynasty, was written by Hong Xingzu. Mail order? Chen Fang was quoted as saying: Fan Chi invited him to learn about crops, and Confucius said? I am not as good as that old farmer. ? The words of sages are my ambition; Studying Fan Chi is my business; Yes, or together. ? [] Obviously, Confucius' opposition to Fan Chi's research on crops did not actually become an obstacle for ancient agronomists to study agricultural science and technology. No matter how to evaluate agronomists' explanations, no matter how unbearable their explanations are to some people today. Do not match? Logic, but at least to be sure, they did not oppose Confucius' opposition to Fan Chi's research on agricultural science and technology with them, that is to say, Confucius' opposition to Fan Chi's research on agricultural science and technology did not actually bring much negative impact on the development of ancient agricultural science and technology.

Zhu also said:? On things, Yichuan means that there is nothing in front of you but things, but there must be a priority. Do you think it was between plants and animals, and you suddenly realized that it was intentional? Now, for this reason, I am not bad at justice, understanding human relations, speaking holy words and understanding the world, but I am deliberately trying to use a plant and a tool. What kind of learning is this! To hope for something in this way is to boil sand and turn it into a meal. ? (Answer to Chen Qizhong's Collection of Official Documents of Zhu Wen, Volume 39) If you only understand it literally, does this passage only talk about the nature of research? Poor and just, know the way of the world, say holy words, know the way of the world? Not since? Do you intend to use a plant and a tool? There is no objection to the study of nature. But did he use it? Cooking sand still wants to be a meal? This word seems to despise science.

However, it should be pointed out that according to contemporary scholars' textual research on Zhu's chronology of letters, Zhu's passage was written in? Ice east? (1 166, Zhu was 36 years old), [] was Zhu's early speech, but in his later works, similar speech almost disappeared.

What did Zhu say to Confucius in The Analects of Confucius written at the age of 47 (1 177)? Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and swim in art? When commenting, he said:? Travellers and playthings are said to be suitable for feelings. Art, the writing of rites and music, the method of shooting, the method of imperial defense, the method of calligraphy and the method of counting are all reasonable and indispensable for daily use. ? (The Analects of Confucius? After the statement, according to Zhou Wei? What did Ji Hai (1 179, Zhu 49) hear after that? Zhu is used for comparison? Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and swim in art? Quadruple said: entertainment? In short, (historical papers) are a little lighter than the last three sentences, but they can't say a long paragraph. Like Cai Yun? What's wrong with being a villain and being a gentleman? It's too light. The ancients were reasonable in etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and counting. After swimming here, there is nothing to put, but between daily use, there is a place to help each other inside and outside. ? (Zhu's criticism of disciple Xie at this time shows that Zhu thinks Confucianism? Are the Six Arts in the Right Position? , is by no means dispensable.

According to Chen Hao? Ever heard of (1 190, Zhu is 60 years old) and (1 199, Zhu is 69 years old)? In his later years, Zhu clearly pointed out that the path is not heresy. The path is reasonable, but small. Such as agricultural nursery, medical divination, all kinds of work, but it is very meaningful. It is impossible to seek truth only from above. ? (Volume 49 of Zhuzi Languages) It can be seen that Zhu was interested in studying agricultural medicine and divination in his later years. Traces? Clearly hold a positive attitude.

The way to study from Zhu to? Six arts? It can be seen from the change of Zhu's attitude that he also attaches great importance to this matter? Traces? Pay attention? Six arts? Yes, there is no objection or contempt at all, but there are priorities.

This shows that Confucianism regards science and technology as? Traces? This is just using Confucian metaphysics? Avenue? In comparison, it's just size? Small? . Something like this, related? Playing with things? 、? Insect carving skills? This statement can only show that Confucianism values morality more than science and technology. It should be said that Confucianism is not opposed to learning scientific and technological knowledge, but to ignoring morality and blindly indulging in science and technology.

As for it? Weird skills and cunning The statement should belong to another category. ? Weird skills and cunning The sentence is from the Book of Rites? King system. It says:? Make lewd voices, strange clothes, strange skills and strange weapons to doubt and kill the public. ? "History? And the Thai oath Do amazing things to please women? Statement. Actually, here? Strange skills? 、? Strange device? Or? Weird skills and cunning It refers to some things, mainly technologies that are not conducive to the national economy and people's livelihood, confuse people or just please people, not all technologies. Of course, it does not rule out that some scientific and technological things in history have been taken fancy to by some Confucian scholars? Weird skills and cunning However, there are also some Confucian scholars who oppose taking science and technology as? Weird skills and cunning . During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Li Guangdi, an important Confucian scholar, explicitly opposed to regarding the science and technology of westerners as? Weird skills and cunning . He said:? Westerners can't describe it as strange and clever, but it covers all useful things, such as musical instruments, accessories, chimes and so on. The Book of Changes by Shennong; Shennong didn't, Yao Shun made it, but when it comes to shipbuilding, making cars, making Lei Ji, making Chu Jiu, making arrows, etc., it can be seen that workers are of great use. " "Zhou Guan" is a "Examination of Work", which is all about cars. ? [] So, generally speaking, Confucianism regards science and technology as? Weird skills and cunning Not in line with the facts.

The so-called Confucianism? Value art over art? Say, if you weigh it? Tao? With what? Skill? Which is more important or lighter, Confucianism is indeed the case; But what if you think Confucianism is contemptuous? Skill? , is obviously a misunderstanding. Similar to this misunderstanding, Confucianism also said yes? Value righteousness over profit? . In fact, Confucianism said? Value righteousness over profit? It has a specific meaning. Confucius said? Being rich and expensive is what people want, not to get it by its way, and nowhere to get it; Poverty and meanness are human evils. Don't go unless you get them their way? ("The Analects? Standing up "), talking? For the benefit of the people? Clearly Confucianism does not speak? Lee? But when there is a conflict between justice and benefit? Value righteousness over profit? . In the same way, Confucius said? Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and swim in art? ; Yang Xiong gave lectures in the Han Dynasty? Heaven and earth people call it Confucianism; Heaven, earth and people can't talk about skills? [ ]; Zhu talks about technology? Is this reasonable? ; Fully show that Confucianism does not despise? Skill? , but tolerant? Skill? . So, is it? Value righteousness over profit? , or? Value art over art? , of which? Light? Didn't mean to despise it? Light? Is it more important to weigh the two? Light? , is relative.

Generally speaking, Confucianism preaches that the study and utilization of nature cannot be separated from the study, research and application of science and technology. Therefore, Confucianism and science are integrated and have scientific connotation. At the same time, studying nature, learning and studying science and technology is only the grasp of Confucianism? The way of metaphysics? A means is only a relatively minor aspect; So, in the Confucian view, technology is just? Traces? Must you obey Confucianism? Avenue? . It is precisely because of the scientific connotation of Confucianism that it contains the requirements of studying nature, learning and studying science and technology. From the very beginning, Confucianism regarded the study of nature, science and technology as an indispensable and important task for the establishment and development of the Confucian system. Many of them, whether pre-Qin Confucianists, Han Confucianists, Song Confucianists or even Ming and Qing Confucianists, have studied ancient science and technology in different ways to some extent. All this shows that Confucianism and ancient science and technology are not antagonistic.

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