Comparative appreciation of two poems

Cold Food Festival, the day before Qingming Festival. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jiezitui followed Zhong Er, the son of the State of Jin, away from home for nineteen years. Behind the ear is Jin Wengong, a reward for his followers. Without official seal, he lived in seclusion with his mother in Mianshan, and was forced out after burning the mountain. He refused and burned the branches. Taiyuan, Shangdang, Xihe, Yanmen and other places ban fire and cold every winter to 150 days in the future, commonly known as the Cold Food Festival.

Meng Yunqing once lived in Jingzhou and lived a very poor life after being frustrated in Tianbao. On the eve of such a cold food festival, he wrote this quatrain.

The first song [translation] In late spring, birds and flowers are singing in Chang 'an, and the wind blows the branches of the imperial garden at the Cold Food Festival. As night fell, the palace was busy distributing candles, and smoke curled into the homes of princes and nobles.

[Appreciation]

Cold Food Festival is a traditional festival in ancient China, which usually lasts from winter to the future 105 and two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day. The ancients attached great importance to this festival. According to the custom, every family banned fire and only ate ready-made food, hence the name cold food. Because the festival is in late spring and the scenery is pleasant, cold food has become a good day to play from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty. Song people said: "Cold food is the only festival in the world." (Shao Yong) The system of the Tang Dynasty. In Tomb-Sweeping Day, the emperor announced that he would give the fire of elm willow as a reward to the ministers around him to show his gratitude. In fact, Dou Shu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem entitled "Making a Fire at the Cold Food Festival": "Grateful for the light and small officials, the lights are on at the beginning of spring. The film follows the ambassador and the stars shine on passers-by. Fortunately, the willows are warm and the grass is poor. " You can use this poem of Han Yi for reference. This poem only pays attention to the description of cold food scenes and does not involve any comments. The first sentence shows the charming scenery of Chang 'an in the Cold Food Festival. Calling Chang 'an in spring "Spring City" is not only novel in language, but also full of aesthetic feeling. Moreover, these two words have the tone sandhi of Yin Ping and Yang Ping, which is harmonious and pleasing to the ear. Everywhere, "flying flowers" not only depict colorful spring, but also accurately show the scene of cold food in late spring. In late spring, catkins dance in the east wind, leaving countless red flowers. Say "everywhere" instead of "everywhere", and double negation constitutes affirmation, forming an emphasis tone, and the expression effect is stronger. "Flowers are Flying in Spring City" is about the whole Chang 'an, and the next sentence is about the scenery of the Imperial Capital. As the whole Chang 'an is full of spring and bustling, the scene of the palace can be imagined. Like the first sentence, here is not a direct description of the grand occasion of a spring outing, but a shot of the wind blowing "Imperial Willow" in the infinite scenery is cut out. At that time, the custom was to fold the willow into the door during the Cold Food Festival, so I wrote willow in particular. At the same time, it also takes care of the meaning of "giving a close minister with the fire of elm willow". If one or two sentences are a general description of the cold food scenery in Chang 'an, then three or four sentences are special scenes in this general scene. Couplet scenes have a period of time, one is written during the day, the other is written at night, and "sunset" is the turning point. Fire is forbidden in cold food festivals all over the world, with the exception of "burning candles in Teqi Street" (Yuan Zhen's Lianchang Palace Ci). In addition to the palace, your attendants can also get this favor. This is the case with the sentence "Sunset", and it is also an image. Writing the word "pass" to the fire not only means dynamic, but also means giving one by one, which shows that the feudal hierarchy is strict. The word "light smoke scattered" vividly depicts a picture of China officials passing candles on horseback. Although I didn't write about a horse or a person, the faint smoke curled up, telling all the news, making people smell the smell of candle smoke and hear the sound of hooves, as if they were living on earth. At the same time, it will naturally give people an association and experience more meanings. First of all, the scenery varies from place to place, and every family forbids fire. The candles in the Han Palace are unique and contain the meaning of privilege. Moreover, the first to enjoy this privilege is the "Five Hous" family. Reminds people of the political disadvantages of eunuch dictatorship after the middle Tang Dynasty. Since the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs have been good at political affairs, and politics has become increasingly corrupt, just like the world at the end of the Han Dynasty. The substitution of "Han" for Tang in the poem is obviously ironic. No wonder Wu Qiao said, "The death of the Tang Dynasty was actually granted by our ancestors because eunuchs were in charge of troops. At the beginning of Dezong Jianzhong, this poem was only understood by the word' Five Hous', and the Tang poetry was even in the Spring and Autumn Period. " According to Meng Meng's Poetic Art, Tang Dezong once appreciated this poem of Han Jue's, and therefore gave the frustrated poet a prominent position of "driving doctors to know the imperial edict". At that time, because the secretariat of Jianghuai was also called Han Yi, Dezong wrote this poem in calligraphy and approved: "Han Yi by this", which became a much-told story for a while. Excellent literary works are often "images are greater than thoughts" (Gorky). Although this poem is only a description, the author's original intention is not necessarily ridicule, but the image he captured is very typical, which makes readers feel better than the work. Because the author did not deliberately pursue depth, but immersed himself in his own image and emotion to make poetry more subtle and full of emotion, which is better than many works of deliberate satire.

In the second poem, sad scenes are often used to write sad feelings, that is, the artistic technique of foil. However, before writing "Cold food elsewhere is far from sad", this poem first depicts the beautiful scenery of "Jiangnan is full of flowers in February". In the sad situation, it is different from the natural situation, because "flowers, as high as my window, hurt the wandering heart" can only multiply its sadness. Proper use of artistic techniques of contrast will make expression more powerful.

The second couplet took the last sentence of "cold food" and wrote to break the fire. The custom of forbidding fire in cold food is said to commemorate the sage Jietui in the Spring and Autumn Period. In this festival, people go out to eat ready-made food in spring. There is no smoke in the wild, the air is particularly fresh and the scenery is particularly beautiful and lovely. This special festival scenery and atmosphere will give people a fresh and pleasant feeling, and the memory of ancient sages will make poets and literati soar and sing. There have always been many poems about cold food, but the author of this poem has never published it. Judging from the word "sad", the feeling of poverty is different from that of cold food. Cold food "no fireworks" is a custom to commemorate children, while living in poverty "no fireworks" is the result of life. For the rich, once the cooking is broken, it means the happiness of the festival; For the poor, "frequent" cooking is broken, which contains many embarrassing bitterness! The author skillfully links the two and reveals the social essence at that time with the word "not lonely", which contains deep injustice. Its artistic conception is unique. It is also a way of comparison to write things that look the same but are essentially different.

This poem uses "cold food" to write the bitterness of the poor, but it does not make a big fuss about the word "poor". Look at Zhang's "Cold Food Festival Offering a Magistrate" in the late Tang Dynasty: "It's a pity to laugh at the beginning, but the fishing boat is barren. I was ashamed that my neighbor taught me to turn off the fire, and I realized that the kitchen had long been smoke-free. " As far as its artistic conception is concerned, it obviously follows Meng's poems. However, it is too mean to talk about poverty and count your possessions and just say "laugh", "pity" and "shame"; Say "no fire" and say "no smoke". Not only is it tiring to choose words and make sentences, but it is also too artificial and touching. Far less than Meng Yunqing's poems. Although it is a sad reality, its tone is humorous. The third and fourth sentences seem to be the author's self-mockery: the world is preparing to turn off the cold food of the Ming Dynasty to commemorate the sages; But poor people like me live a "cold food" life every day, but they don't have to bother. This kind of humor is a wry smile, which seems to be an understatement, but it is very interesting to write, conveying a kind of sadness that captures people's hearts. It can be seen that poetry should not be over-carved, but it is implicit. It is precisely because of its novel meaning and ingenious conception, especially the proper use of contrast that it has become a rare masterpiece among countless cold food poems.