Where is the rice growing area in China?

According to the natural ecological factors and social, economic and technical conditions of rice-growing areas, China rice-growing areas can be divided into 6 rice-growing areas and 16 rice-growing sub-areas. The sown area of rice in the three major rice-growing areas in southern China accounts for 93.6% of the total sown area in China, and there are obvious regional differences in rice-growing areas, which can be divided into 9 subregions; Although the three major rice-growing areas in the north only account for about 6% of the national sown area, the rice-growing areas span a lot, including seven obviously different rice-growing subregions.

(1) Planting area of double-cropping rice in South China.

Located in the south of Nanling, this area is the southernmost tip of China, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and the southern part of Yunnan Province (autonomous region), as well as all the islands in Taiwan Province Province, Hainan and the South China Sea. The terrain is dominated by hills and mountains, and rice fields are mainly distributed in coastal plains and intermountain basins. The perennial rice planting area is about 565,438+10,000 hectares, accounting for 17% of the total rice planting area in China. The region is rich in water and heat resources, with rice growing period of 260 ~ 365 days, accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃5800 ~ 9300℃, sunshine hours 1000 ~ 1800 hours. The rainfall during rice planting period is 700 ~ 2000 mm, and the paddy soil is mostly red soil and yellow soil. The planting system is one year, with double-cropping rice as the main crop and paddy-upland rotation with sugarcane, peanuts, potatoes, beans and other crops in the same year or every other year. The tropical climate in some areas is obvious, and double-cropping rice rotates with dry crops such as sweet potato and soybean. The multiple cropping index of rice is high.

This region is divided into three sub-regions: Fujian, Guangdong Guitai plain hilly double-cropping rice sub-region, South Yunnan valley basin single-cropping rice sub-region and Qionglai plain multi-cropping double-cropping rice sub-region.

(2) Planting area of double cropping rice in Central China.

This area starts from the coast of the East China Sea in the east, reaches the western edge of Chengdu Plain in the west, connects Nanling Mountains in the south, and borders Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in the north. Including all or most of Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Chongqing provinces, as well as southern Shaanxi and Henan provinces. It belongs to subtropical warm and humid monsoon climate. The perennial planting area of rice is about18.3 million hectares, accounting for 6 1% of the national rice planting area. This area belongs to subtropical warm and humid monsoon climate, with rice growing period of 2 10 ~ 260 days, accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ of 4500 ~ 6500℃, sunshine hours of 700 ~ 1500 hours, and rainfall of 700 ~ 1600 mm during rice growing period. Paddy soils in plain areas are mostly alluvial soil, sedimentary soil and eel blood soil, and hilly areas are mostly red soil, yellow soil and brown soil. Double-cropping rice and single-cropping rice coexist in this area, including indica rice, japonica rice and glutinous rice, and hybrid indica rice accounts for more than 55% of the rice planting area in this area. In 1960s and 1980s, double-cropping rice in this area accounted for more than 45% of the total rice planting area in China, among which Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces accounted for 80% ~ 90% of the total rice planting area. Since 1990s, due to the reform of agricultural structure and farming system, and the poor quality of double-season early rice, the area of double-season early rice in this area has been drastically reduced, which has reduced the rice planting area in this area from 68% in 1980s to 6 1% at present. Nevertheless, the abundance or shortage of rice production in this area still plays a decisive role in the national grain situation. Taihu Plain, He Lixia Plain, Central Anhui Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Jianghan Plain and Chengyu Plain have always been famous rice producing areas in China. The farming system is a triple cropping system of double cropping rice or a double cropping system of single cropping rice. South of the Yangtze River is mostly single-season rice with triple cropping or single-season rice with double cropping, and the area ratio of double-season rice is large, while north of the Yangtze River is mostly single-season rice with double cropping or two-year five cropping, and the area ratio of double-season rice is small. Only one-season rice is planted in winter rice fields in Sichuan Basin and Nanchuan Island Basin of Shaanxi Province.

The region is divided into three sub-regions: the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Basin and the hilly plain in the south of the Yangtze River.

(3) The planting area of single and double cropping rice in Southwest Plateau.

This area is located in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Including Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions), it belongs to subtropical plateau humid monsoon climate. The vertical difference of climate is obvious, and the topography is complex. Paddy fields are distributed in mountain basins, mountain plains and dams, terraces and ridges, with a high altitude of 2700 meters and a low altitude of 160 meters. The characteristics of three-dimensional agriculture are very obvious. The perennial rice planting area is about 2.4 million hectares, accounting for 8% of the total rice planting area in China. Rice growth period 180 ~ 260 days, accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃2900 ~ 8000℃, sunshine hours 800 ~ 1500 hours, rainfall 500 ~ 1400 mm during rice growth period, and paddy soil is mostly red soil. Indica rice and japonica rice coexist in this area, with single cropping rice as the main planting system, and upland rice has a certain area. In areas with good hydrothermal conditions, double cropping rice or ratooning rice should be planted after hybrid mid-season rice. Only one mid-season rice is planted in winter paddy field and winter pit field every year. There are many kinds of pests and diseases in this area, which are very harmful.

The region is divided into three sub-regions: the first and second cropping rice sub-regions in the mountainous areas of eastern Guizhou and western Hunan Plateau, the double cropping rice sub-region in the ridges and valleys of Yunnan-Sichuan Plateau and the single cropping rice sub-region in the valleys of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

(4) Planting area of single cropping rice in North China.

This area is located in the north of Qinling-Huaihe River, south of the Great Wall and east of Guanzhong Plain, including all of Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong provinces, most of Hebei and Henan provinces, and parts of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. It belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate, with high temperature in summer, low temperature in spring and autumn and short rice growth period. The perennial rice planting area is about 6.5438+0.2 million hectares, accounting for 4% of the total rice planting area in China. The growth period of rice in this area is ≥ 10℃, the accumulated temperature is 4000 ~ 5000℃, the annual sunshine hours are 2000 ~ 3000 hours, and the annual rainfall is 580 ~ 1000 mm, but the seasonal distribution is uneven, with drought in winter and spring and concentrated rainfall in summer and autumn. Paddy soil is mainly yellow tide soil, saline-alkali soil, brown soil and black clay. This area is dominated by single-season japonica rice. Plant rice once a year or twice a year or three times a year in the northern plain of North China; In Huang Huai Hai Plain, rice is usually harvested twice a year. Irrigation water mainly comes from canal wells and groundwater, and upland rice is planted in dry land with little rain and irrigation water. There are frequent natural disasters in this area, and rice is vulnerable to low temperature in the late growth stage. Lack of water resources and large area of saline-alkali land are obstacles to the development of rice in this area.

This region is divided into two sub-regions: the middle-early maturity sub-region in the northern plain of North China and the middle-late maturity sub-region in the hills of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

(5) Early-maturing single-cropping rice planting areas in Northeast China.

This area is located in the north of Liaodong Peninsula and the Great Wall and east of Daxing 'anling. Including all of Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province, most of Liaoning Province, Daxinganling area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xixun River Irrigation Area in the middle of Zhelimu League, is the highest latitude rice growing area in China, with a humid-semi-arid monsoon climate, warm and humid summer, long cold winter and short frost-free period. The annual average temperature is 2 ~ 10℃, the accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, the annual sunshine hours are 2200 ~ 3 100 hours, the annual rainfall is 350 ~100 mm, and the sunshine is sufficient, but the temperature difference between day and night is large, so the rice is raw. The soil is mostly fertile and deep black soil, meadow soil, brown soil and saline-alkali soil. This area is flat and open, with deep soil layer and fertile soil, which is suitable for developing rice mechanization. The farming system is rice one season a year, and some state-owned farms implement rice rotation with dry crops or green manure every other year. In the northernmost rice region of Heilongjiang Province, the quality of japonica rice is very good. In recent 20 years, due to the vigorous development of irrigation system, the rice planting area has been expanding, reaching 6.5438+0.57 million hectares, making it one of the main japonica rice producing provinces in China. Cold injury is the main problem of rice cultivation in this area.

This region is divided into two sub-regions: the ultra-early maturity sub-region of Heiji Plain Valley and the early maturity sub-region of Liaohe Coastal Plain.

(6) Planting area of single-season rice in northwest arid area.

This area is located in the west of Daxing 'anling, the Great Wall, Qilian Mountain and the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including all Xinjiang and Ningxia Autonomous Region, most of Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province (autonomous region), north of Qinghai Province and east of Sun Moon Mountain, north of Shaanxi, Hebei Province and northwest of Liaoning Province. The east has a semi-humid and semi-arid monsoon climate, and the west has a temperate-warm temperate continental dry climate. Although the area is vast, the perennial rice planting area is only 300,000 hectares, accounting for 1% of the total rice planting area in China. There are abundant light and heat resources, but it is dry and rainy, and the temperature changes greatly. Frost-free period 160 ~ 200 days, annual sunshine hours of 2600 ~ 3300 hours, accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃, and annual rainfall of only 150 ~ 200mm. Paddy soil is barren, mostly gray desert soil, meadow soil, silty soil, irrigated silt soil and saline-alkali soil. Rice planting areas are mainly distributed in Yinchuan Plain, the edge of Tianshan North-South Basin, Ili Valley, Kashgar Delta and the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain. The varieties of rice produced in this area are very good. The planting system is one season of rice every year, and rotation is carried out every other year in some places. Wheat and rice are harvested twice a year in places with good water, fertilizer, labor and animal power conditions in southern Xinjiang.

This region is divided into three sub-regions: the precocious sub-region of the northern Xinjiang basin, the moderately mature sub-region of the southern Xinjiang basin and the precocious sub-region of the Gansu-Ningxia-Jinmeng Plateau.