Characteristics of Hakka Folk Houses

Chinese houses have an ancient and unique charm, is a valuable legacy of Chinese civilization, reflects the wisdom of the nation and the deep cultural heritage. This text is a description of China's local houses, introducing the distinctive Hakka houses and Daijia bamboo buildings.

1, Hakka houses:

Hakka houses are the architectural wonders of the mountainous regions of southern China, and its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.

The article begins with an overview of the characteristics of Hakka dwellings, their location and environment, and their place in the world's folk dwellings: their style is "round huts or earthen buildings", and their "dotted" location suggests that they are located in remote mountainous areas. The phrase "a wonder of the world's houses" is a metaphor and a comparison to illustrate the status of Hakka houses in the world's houses. Then, the text describes in detail the outstanding features of Hakka houses: the barracks-style houses and the reasons and functions of such construction. The author uses examples, data and analogies to vividly illustrate the building materials, appearance and overall layout of the barracks-style houses. Immediately after the round house according to the gossip layout arrangement and its symbolism. Finally, write the round house internal structure characteristics and embodied in the folk culture characteristics.

2, the Dai family bamboo building:

Bamboo building is the Dai people to adapt to the local conditions to create a special form of residential, with building materials, economic, warm in winter and cool in summer, moisture, waterproof and shockproof advantages.

The first paragraph of the article summarizes the building environment of the Dai bamboo buildings: a bamboo building is covered in the thick green of bamboo and oil palm forest. The second paragraph writes about the Dai people's traditional custom of "more bamboo buildings, living by the water" and the reason for this: the Dai people are located in the subtropics, bamboo buildings have the function of preventing heat and moisture. The third paragraph talks about the appearance of Dai villages and bamboo buildings. The fourth paragraph says that the internal structure of the bamboo building is simple, spacious, chic and so on. The fifth paragraph is about the traditional customs and cultural connotations of the Dai family when building bamboo buildings. The custom of building a house with the help of the whole village reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of the Dai people, who are united and happy to help others.

3, the language is concise and accurate, plain and simple and vivid image, this is the text of the two short articles in the expression of the **** the same characteristics. The author uses examples, figures, comparisons, analogies and other illustrative methods, popular, vivid and accurate on the characteristics of Hakka houses and Daijia Bamboo House to explain the knowledge, scientific, interesting are strong.

The intention of the selection of this text, one is to allow students to understand the characteristics of the Hakka houses and Daijia Bamboo House and folklore, stirring up interest in the exploration of folklore culture; the second is to experience the illustrative method of the text and the characteristics of the language of expression, and learn to apply to their own work.

Two, words and sentences

(a) understanding of the sentence

1, in the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, dotted with thousands of round houses or earth buildings, which is known as "the world's folk houses wonders" of the Hakka folk houses.

This sentence uses analogies and comparisons to summarize the status of Hakka round houses in the history of world architecture. It is a special and rare flower compared with the "Houses of the World". The word "dotted" is used to indicate that the Hakka lived in sparsely populated remote mountainous areas, setting the stage for the introduction of the barracks-type dwellings that follow.

2. Most of them are three to six-story buildings, with one hundred to two hundred houses arranged in the shape of orange petals, with an even and magnificent layout.

The author uses the method of listing figures and making analogies to vividly and graphically illustrate the appearance and overall layout of the round houses. No wonder the foreign friends saw the round house from afar, can not help but issue a gasp - "the sky fell from the flying saucer, the underground mushroom".

3, gossip layout map, Tulou round houses are arranged in accordance with the gossip layout, trigrams and trigrams between firewalls, neatly organized.

The gossip is a set of ancient symbolism, is one of the representatives of China's traditional culture. Hakka houses round houses, arranged in accordance with the gossip layout, reflecting the Hakka ancestors revere the round, looking forward to good luck, happiness and tranquility of the national psyche and cultural traditions.

4, the Dai family still maintains the "more bamboo buildings, living by the water" habit.

Bamboo buildings are the traditional building form of the Dai people. This is because the Dai people living area is located in the subtropical, high temperature, rainfall, air humidity, bamboo buildings are conducive to prevent heat and humidity. Therefore, the Dai Bamboo House is a special form of residence created by the ancestors of the Dai people according to the local conditions, which has been maintained until now. Pong: close to, near. The phrase "many bamboo buildings, living by the water" can be interpreted as living by the water, so they mainly live in bamboo buildings.

5, hedge planted with a variety of flowers, trees and fruit trees, can be said to be "full of trees, flowers full of garden".

The Dai bamboo buildings were originally "hidden in the thick green bamboo forest", the Dai people also like to plant bamboo, betel nut, mango, banana, so that the village is more full of poetic and picturesque, and can be said to be "full of trees, full of flowers, full of garden! "

(2) Understanding of words

Min: Fujian Province.

Yue: an alternative name for Guangdong Province.

Embellishment: to set off or decorate, to make something more beautiful.

Qipao: Qi: rare, special, very; Ba: flower.

Base: the barracks and surrounding walls.

Ramming: Ramming: a tool used for smashing the foundation. This lesson refers to the fact that the Hakka people built their barracks-style earthen buildings in the mountainous terrain with solid foundations and thick walls.

Harassment: to disturb; to make uneasy.

Erosion: gradual infringement and deterioration.

Honor: respect, esteem.

Storage: storage: storage, storage; warehouse: warehouse, warehouse.

The eight trigrams: China's ancient set of symbols. With "--" on behalf of the Yang, with "--" on behalf of the Yin, with three such symbols to form eight forms, called gossip. Called the eight trigrams. Each trigram represents a certain thing.

Hot: very hot.

Harmony: harmony. To get along with each other in a friendly way.

Anything is safe and sound: Anran is safe and sound. The original refers to a person who is safe and sound. Now it means that things are not damaged.

Three, related links

1, about the Hakka people:

The Hakka people refers to the origin of the Yellow River Basin region of the Han people, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty during the war to the south, began to become a group of inhabitants with a "special identity", in the subsequent several migratory actions, and gradually formed the present unique style of the Hakka people. Hakka people. The most obvious characteristic of the Hakka people is that they speak Hakka, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han Chinese people.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakka people in the world. Of these, 40 million are in China and about 5 million are abroad. Former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han Suyin are both Hakka. There are 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China where Hakka people live. There are more than 20 million Hakka in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the province's total population.

2, the five superiority of the Hakka houses:

One is the full economy. Building materials are mainly loess and cedar, very economical. The second is good solidity. Most of the wall base is built with stones, the wall body is buried with horizontal tensile tendons such as bamboo and wood strips, and the top of the wall is the eaves, which ensures that the house is protected from water attack. Thirdly, it has wonderful physical properties. In hot days, it can prevent the heat from entering, and in cold days, it can prevent the cold wind from attacking, forming a cool summer and warm winter microclimate inside the building. In addition, the thick earth wall also has the role of storage, it maintains the humidity suitable for human beings, the environment is too dry, can naturally release water; and the environment is too wet, but also able to absorb water. This regulatory role is very beneficial to human health. Fourth, the outstanding defense. Walls are strong and unusual and the ground floor does not open the window, hardwood thick door is also wrapped with iron, the door with a crossbar against the solid, the door on the fireproof water closet, the building wells, granaries, animal pens, and other amenities, which is their resistance to soldiers, bandits, beasts, and the indigenous attack is necessary. Fifth, the unique artistry. This is mainly reflected in the overall shape, from the layout, the round house is a Tai Chi diagram.

3, Beijing courtyard house:

Beijing courtyard house as the old Beijing people have lived for generations as the main form of architecture, famous, known to the world.

This kind of residence has the main room (north room), inverted seat (south seat), the east room and the west room in the four sides of the enclosure, forming a mouth-shaped, inside is a central courtyard, so this courtyard type of residence is known as siheyuan.

The courtyard is a closed house with only one street door to the outside, which makes a world of its own behind closed doors. Inside the courtyard, all four houses open their doors to the courtyard, allowing families to enjoy themselves. Because of the spaciousness of the courtyard, trees and flowers can be planted, birds and fish can be kept, and stones can be stacked to create a landscape. The residents not only enjoy a comfortable house, but also share the beautiful world given by nature.

Beijing's courtyard houses are famous because although they are residential buildings, they contain deep cultural connotations and are the carriers of traditional Chinese culture. Courtyard decoration, carving, painting everywhere reflects the folk customs and traditional culture, showing a certain historical conditions of people on the pursuit of happiness, beauty, wealth and good fortune. For example, the pattern composed of bats and the character for longevity implies "good fortune and longevity", the pattern of moonflowers in vases implies "peace in all seasons", and the auspicious words embedded in the doorpipes and door heads, the pillar couplets attached to the cornices, and the paintings and calligraphies hanging indoors, are the most important elements in the collection of wisdom and philosophers. It is a collection of ancient teachings of sages and philosophers, and famous lines from the past and present, either extolling the beauty of the mountains and rivers, or inscribing the learning of the world, or chanting the aspirations of the great swan, which are elegant and full of rich cultural flavor. Denshi courtyard is like stepping into a temple of traditional Chinese culture.

4, northern Shaanxi kilns:

Kilns are generally repaired in the south-facing slopes, sunny, backed by the mountains, facing the open area, few trees cover. A yard kiln generally repair 3 holes or 5 holes, the kiln for the kiln, some before and after the kiln, some a three-open, from the outside to see the 4 holes to open the gateway, walk inside you can find that they have a small tunnel-type door interoperability, the top of the semi-circular, so that the kiln will increase the space. The walls of the kiln are coated with lime, making them white and dry. Inside the kiln, there are pots and stoves on one side of the kiln and a kang attached to one end of the kiln, which is warm in winter because the flue from the stoves passes through the bottom of the kang. The three walls around the kang are usually covered with patterned paper or collages, which the northern Shaanxi people call kangwaizi. They are a practical decoration that prevents the bedding on the kang from rubbing against the rough walls and keeps it clean. The windows of the kiln caves in northern Shaanxi are very elaborate, and are divided into four main sections: skylights, sash windows, kang windows, and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cuttings. The windows are decorated with window flowers, which are colorful from the outside and bright and comfortable from the inside, thus creating a unique form of light, color and tone. Window panes are sparse, sunlight can freely penetrate.

5, Tibetan houses:

Tibetan houses and other cultural forms in Tibet, also has its unique personality. Tibetan folk dwellings are rich and colorful, the southern Tibetan valley of the watchtower, the northern Tibetan pastoral tents, the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin forested areas of wooden structures have their own special features, even the kiln can also be found on the Ali plateau.

The most representative of Tibetan dwellings is the watchtower. Diaolou mostly stone and wood structure, the appearance of a dignified and solid, simple and rugged style; the outer walls upward contraction, the inner wall is still vertical. Diaoyuan is generally divided into two floors, to calculate the number of rooms in the column. The ground floor for livestock pens and storerooms, low height; the second floor for the living layer, large room for the hall, bedroom, kitchen, small room for storage or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used for the Hall and the sun deck. Watchtower has a solid and stable, tightly structured, the corner of the building neatly characterized, not only for wind and cold, but also to facilitate the protection of the enemy and burglary.

Tent room is very different from the room, it is pastoral Tibetans to adapt to the mobility of living by water and grass lifestyle and the use of a special form of construction. Ordinary tents are generally relatively small, the plane is square or rectangular, with wooden sticks to support the framework of about 2 meters high; covered with black yak felt, leaving a wide 15 centimeters or so, the length of 1.5 meters of the gap, for the ventilation and lighting; around the yak rope traction, fixed to the ground; tents around the interior of the grass mud, adobe or pebbles into a high of about 50 centimeters high low wall, above the pile of barley, ghee bags and dry cow dung! (for fuel), simple furnishings inside the tent, slightly outside the center of the fire stove, stove for Buddha, surrounded by sheepskin on the ground for sitting and lying down for rest. The tent has a simple structure, bracket easy, flexible dismantling, easy to relocate and other characteristics.