What's the difference between gouache, oil painting and oil painting?

A painting with transparent vegetable oil mixed with pigments creates artistic images on materials such as cloth, paper and wooden boards. It originated and developed in Europe and became an important painting in the world in modern times. /kloc-before the 0/5th century, the egg-colored paintings in European paintings were the predecessors of oil paintings. Many painters are still looking for more reasons while using the egg-colored painting method.

An ideal mixture. It is generally believed that/kloc-The Van Ike brothers, painters from the Netherlands at the beginning of the 5th century, were the founders of oil painting techniques. On the basis of previous attempts to dissolve pigments with oil, they used linseed oil and walnut oil as a mixture to paint, and the result came into being.

It makes the painting smooth, the drying time of the pigment on the picture is moderate, and it is easy to cover and decorate many times in the painting process, forming rich color levels and glossiness. After drying, the paint has strong adhesion and is not easy to peel off and fade. they

The use of new oil painting materials was very influential in the painting world at that time. Oil painting technology soon spread to other western European countries, especially Venice, Italy.

Materials and tools The main materials and tools of oil painting are pigments, brushes, knives, canvases, varnishes, picture frames and so on. ① Pigments can be divided into mineral and chemical synthesis. Most of the original pigments were mineral pigments, which were ground into fine powder by hand and blended when painting. In modern times, it was mass-produced by factories and put into tin cans, and there were more and more kinds of pigments. The nature of pigment is related to its chemical composition. When mixing colors, chemical action will cause some bad reactions between pigments. Therefore, mastering the nature of pigment is helpful to give full play to oil painting skills and make the color of works unchanged for a long time.

(2) Brushes, made of animal hair with moderate elasticity, are round, flat, short and flat, and fan-shaped.

(3) Painting knife, also known as color palette knife, is made of elastic thin steel sheet, which can be divided into sharp shape and round shape. It is used to evenly mix pigments on the palette. Many painters also use a knife instead of a pen, painting directly with a knife or partially forming pigment layers and textures on the canvas to increase expressiveness.

(4) Canvas, a standard canvas, is made by stretching linen or canvas on a wooden inner frame, mixing it with white powder with glue or oil, and coating it on the surface of the cloth. Generally, it is made into a foundation with a certain pattern effect without oil absorption, or a foundation with half oil absorption or full oil absorption according to the needs of creation. The thickness of the cloth pattern depends on the size of the picture frame and the needs of the painting effect. Some painters use canvas with background color, which is easy to form a unified picture tone, and can also inadvertently reveal the background color when painting. After priming, wood or cardboard that does not absorb oil can also replace canvas.

⑤ Polishing: Generally, after the oil painting is dried, it is covered with varnish to keep the luster of the picture and prevent cavitation and fouling.

⑥ Frame, a complete oil painting includes a frame, especially an oil painting with strong realism. The frame forms the boundary of the viewer's vision of the work, which makes the picture appear complete and concentrated, and the objects in the painting develop in depth in the viewer's feeling. The thickness and size of the picture frame depend on the content of the work. The frames of classical oil paintings are mostly made of wood and gypsum, while the frames of modern oil paintings are mostly made of metal materials such as aluminum alloy.

The limitations of oil painting tools and materials lead to the complexity of oil painting techniques. For centuries, artists have created a variety of oil painting techniques in practice, so that oil painting materials can give full play to the performance effect. The main techniques of oil painting are:

(1) transparent superposition method, that is, multi-level depiction is carried out by diluting with colored oil without adding white pigment. It is necessary to brush the next layer after each layer is dry. Because the color of each layer is relatively thin, it can vaguely reveal the color of the lower layer and form a subtle tone with the color of the upper layer. For example, painting a stable blue color on a crimson layer will produce a rich effect of blue in the purple, that is, cold in the middle and warm in the middle, which is often a tone that cannot be transferred on the palette. This painting method is suitable for expressing the texture and heavy feeling of objects, especially for vividly depicting the delicate color changes of human skin, making people feel that blood flows under the skin epidermis. Its shortcomings are narrow color gamut, meticulous production process and long time to complete the work, which is not easy to express the artist's current artistic creation feelings.

(2) Opaque superposition method, also called multi-layer coloring method. When painting, first draw a large figure with a single color, and then shape it with multiple colors. Dark parts are often painted thin, while middle tones and bright parts are painted thick layer by layer, or covered or left, forming color block contrast. Because of the different thickness, it shows the rich charm and texture of color. There is no strict difference between transparent and opaque paintings, and painters often use them comprehensively in one painting. When expressing objects in darkness or shadows, transparent masking color method can produce a stable and profound sense of volume and space; The rule of opaque color superposition is easy to shape the body outside the dark part and increase the saturation of the picture color. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, most painters used these two painting methods, which usually took a long time to make their works. Some have painted a layer and left it for a long time, and then painted it when the isochromatic layer is completely dry.

③ Opaque primary color method, also known as direct coloring method. That is to say, after the outline of the object is made on the canvas, the color laying is basically completed at one time by virtue of the color feeling of the object or the idea of the color of the picture, and the incorrect part is scraped off with a painting knife before the color adjustment is continued. In this painting method, each dip has thick pigment, high color saturation and clear brush strokes, which is easy to show vivid feelings when painting. /kloc-Many painters have adopted this painting method since the mid-9th century. In order to achieve the effect of full-color layer after one-time coloring, we must pay attention to the use of brushstrokes, that is, painting. Commonly used painting methods are divided into flat painting, loose painting and thick painting. Flat painting is to draw a large area of color with one-way strength and even strokes, which is suitable for shaping a static body in a stable and calm composition; Casual painting means that the brush strokes are loose and flexible according to the natural turning trend of the painted object; Thick coatings are all or part of the thick piles of pigments, some of which form color layers or blocks up to several millimeters, which make the pigments present interesting textures and enhance their image. As an artistic language, oil painting contains many modeling factors such as color, light and shade, lines, texture, brushwork, texture, light, space, composition and so on. The function of oil painting technique is to reflect all modeling factors comprehensively or individually. The expression of oil painting materials fully provides the possibility of applying oil painting techniques on a two-dimensional basis. The production process of oil painting is a creative process in which artists consciously and skillfully master oil painting materials, choose and apply techniques that can express artistic ideas and form artistic images. Oil painting not only expresses the ideological content endowed by the artist, but also shows the unique language of oil painting.

The beauty of painting.

The development process of developing oil painting has gone through several periods: classical, modern and modern. Oil paintings in different periods are dominated by the artistic concepts and techniques of the times, showing different faces.

The historical conditions in the early stage of oil painting development laid the realistic tendency of classical oil painting. In the European Renaissance movement in the15th century, humanism thought, out of criticism of religion, produced a positive appeal to pay attention to social reality, many famous

In order to gradually get rid of the single creation with Christian classics as the theme, painters began to observe and directly describe the people, landscapes and objects in their lives at that time, thus making religious works contain obvious realism and secularism factors, some of which

The painter completely described real life. Renaissance painters inherited the artistic concept of Greece and Rome, that is, they not only paid attention to describing an event or fact in their works, but also revealed the cause and effect of the event or fact.

It is an artistic technique that pays attention to conceiving typical plots and shaping typical images. At the same time, the painter also explored the application of anatomy and perspective in painting and the role of light and shade distribution in the picture, forming the scientific principle of modeling.

The application of human anatomy makes the figure modeling in painting have realistic and accurate proportion, shape and structural relationship; The establishment of focus perspective makes painting form the depth space of illusion through composition, scenery and reality in painting.

The instant visual experience of orientation is the same; The shading method unifies the objects in the painting under the light emitted by a main light source, forming a clear hierarchy from near to far. Humanistic art themes and realistic modeling concepts in other paintings

The reason why it can't be perfected is because of the limitation of tool materials, and the performance of oil painting tool materials is just suitable for fully embodying both. Therefore, after a long period of production, classical oil paintings have become highly realistic.

On the whole, classical oil painting is the result of the comprehensive application of various factors in oil painting language, but artists from different countries and different periods pay special attention to one or several factors on this basis, forming different styles. literature and art

Italian painters in the Renaissance paid more attention to the use of light and shadow. The dark part of the scene in the painting is evenly shrouded in shadows, and the boundary between light and dark presents a soft transition, creating a concentrated and seamless effect. Leonardo da Vinci's Sacred Rock

Mother is the representative of this style. At the same time, the painter Nederland clearly describes all the details of the scene in his paintings, and the difference between the scenes is not the transition between light and shade. R. Kangping's three-leaf altar painting "Notice of Pregnancy" presents all indoor and outdoor scenes in detail. Titian of Italy is the 1 th painter who pays special attention to the expressive force of oil painting. He paints on a dark background, and often uses bright colors with similar lightness and slightly different tones to form a magnificent golden tone. The repeated overlapping of transparent pigments and distinct strokes make the color and form blend organically and create a texture effect.

17th century is a period of rapid development of European classical oil painting. According to the social background and national temperament of their lives, painters in different regions and countries have made different in-depth explorations on the language of oil painting, and the types of oil painting have also been classified according to the subject matter.

It is divided into historical paintings, religious story paintings, group portraits, personal portraits, landscape paintings, still life paintings, genre paintings and so on. Oil painting techniques are also increasingly rich, forming schools in various countries and regions.

/kloc-some oil paintings in the 0/7th century emphasized the light sense of oil paintings, and used the contrast of cold and warm colors, light and dark intensity and thickness levels to create a light sense, forming a dramatic atmosphere of the picture. Italian painter Caravaggio broke the orderly and harmonious light perception effect in previous oil paintings. He strengthened the contrast between light and dark on the picture, and often used a large dark part of the background plane of the picture to set off the bright people in the foreground, which made people feel that the light in the painting was dazzling. El greco, a Spanish painter, described the landscape as mottled light and shadow. He did not model from the two sanctimonious angles of light and shade, but from the intermittent distribution of light and shade. The warmth and coldness of colors have also formed intermittent continuous changes. The pen is dignified, and the color layers penetrate each other in the extrusion, giving people a confusing effect, and some even filled with mysterious and uneasy atmosphere. The Dutch painter Rembrandt also regards the light sense in painting as a means to express people's mental state. In a large number of portraits he has made, the characters are shrouded in a large dark part, and only the important parts such as the face and hands that express expressions show bright brightness. In the dark, he created a multi-layered Bo Tu with steady colors, which made the dark appear profound, while in the bright, he used thick paintings and knife method to create a heavy sense of volume.

At the same time, the application of brush strokes has also been explored by many painters. brush stroke

It is the trace of oil painting pen moving on canvas with pigment. In early oil paintings, the thickness of pigment layers in all parts of the whole picture was relatively consistent, and the strength of the pen was even, and almost no brush strokes were revealed. When17th century painters noticed that the movement of brush strokes was influenced by creation,

Driven by emotions and emotional rhythms, painters can generate emotions to control the movement of brush strokes when painting. The lightness, heaviness, slowness, urgency and moving direction of the brush strokes not only make the created image dynamic, but also have artistic expression.

Flanders painter P.P. Rubens uses a large number of paintings dipped in thin and bright colors in many huge works, leaving free and unrestrained brushstrokes along the figures, resulting in a strong dynamic posture and harmony.

Dramatic conflict in the story. Hals, a Dutch painter, paints portraits with light and flexible brushstrokes, which makes the portraits full of vitality and complements his heroic and optimistic personality. another

J Vermeer, a Dutch painter, is good at depicting people in the room with delicate and round strokes like pearls, which creates a quiet and warm atmosphere in the picture. The development of oil painting has a new trend in the19th century, mainly the change of oil painting color. J. constable, an English painter, was the first one to sketch in the open air directly with oil painting, and gained a rich sense of color. He juxtaposes colors with tiny strokes in local areas, mixing them into more vivid color blocks, and the picture is much brighter than that of classical earthy tones. Complementary colors of colors-the principle that the colors of the two poles of a color wheel can improve each other's brightness and intensity when they are juxtaposed-were later recognized scientifically, but constable obtained the principle of complementary colors perceptibly by observing nature, and partially applied it in practice. His works inspired the French painter e delacroix. Delacroix led by romanticism, and created large-scale theme paintings according to historical events at that time. He used more complementary color relations in the color expression of his creation, and used active brush strokes in many parts of the picture to form color contrast, which enhanced the brightness and gorgeous feeling of color and formed a style that shocked the painting world at that time. Many painters in barbizon school sketched in different natural climatic conditions, and realized the relationship between light source color, inherent color of scenery and environmental color.

Tone is of great significance for reflecting time, environment and atmosphere, setting off the artistic theme and forming the artistic conception and mood of the picture. A large number of their landscape creations depict the natural wind, rain, morning, dusk and other specific color atmosphere. On this basis, French impressionist painters made innovative contributions to the use of color. They absorbed the achievements of optics and dyeing chemistry and solved the color problem of oil painting with the principle of color-light mixing. Painters such as C. Monet and A. Sisley capture the instantaneous impression of the color given by the light changes on the surface of the external scene, and juxtapose the contrasting colors with the thick brushwork. They realized that the dark part or shadow is not the change of black shade, and changed the traditional practice of drawing the dark part with a harmonious single color, and juxtaposed the dark part and the shadow part with color points. Due to the effect of visual physiology, the juxtaposed color points are at a certain distance.

From the outside, it is a transparent color block, which tends to be cold and warm and forms a subtle transition. Impressionism plays down the sense of volume of scenery and strengthens the color factor, instead of forming a sense of spatial distance by light and shade and lines, it is based on the reflection of color light.

Principle, use the warmth and coldness of color to form space. Impressionist works have never been so vivid, which also shows that color is both comprehensive and pure expression.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, European oil painting schools with clear artistic ideas appeared. Although oil painting techniques are mainly embodied in artistic themes and contents, they also have their own characteristics. For example, neoclassicism pays attention to the rigor and firmness of object modeling in oil painting.

The true feeling conforms to the classical traditional modeling rules; Romanticism revolves around the theme of tragedy, and strives to create the tension of the plot in the painting with color, brush strokes and moving lines in composition; The pre-Raphael school paid attention to the psychological feelings of the characters in the paintings.

The expression of artistic conception, more pictures use blue, purple and green tones to form a sad and silent artistic conception. Although modern oil paintings have a rich appearance, they all have the overall characteristics of realism, and they are all manifested as: an oil painting is

The unity of art form, the theme of color unifies the colors of all parts of the picture, and the local colors form a harmonious relationship with each other in transition and gradual change, without isolated color blocks; Brush strokes are basically used to shape images and display.

The degree of dew is limited, and it is unified in a long or short orderly tendency; The depicted objects are unified in the composition of the central focus, forming an isomorphic effect with the real field of vision.

From the end of 19, western oil painting has undergone fundamental changes. The narrow artistic function and comprehensive realistic techniques of traditional oil painting have reached the high saturation of its own system, so it tends to disintegrate in the changes of philosophical concepts and artistic concepts. Oil painting is no longer based on the principle of imitating and reproducing nature, and the artistic image of oil painting freely constructed by artists is regarded as a new reality. Artists no longer depict nature truthfully through oil paintings, but express their spiritual and emotional world through oil paintings and construct their works through imagination and fantasy. The three painters after Impressionism took the lead in abandoning the traditional oil painting mode. V. Van Gogh's bold and unrestrained brushstrokes make the thick and bright colors full of strong sense of force and express inner emotional anxiety. P Gauguin uses symbolic colors and shapes to form a picture, and the space of the work is contrary to the traditional form, with an indescribable mysterious atmosphere. P Cezanne explored the use of geometric figures to form artistic images and created a colorful world picture. Their works have become a symbol of the dramatic changes in oil painting.

In the 20th century oil painting, different artistic concepts formed different schools, which restricted the diversification of artistic forms. Some factors in traditional oil painting techniques are often strengthened into the formal embodiment of artistic concepts, and even pushed to extremes, and the formal language of oil painting is highly valued. Cubism, for example, ignores color and mainly constructs the body freely; Fauvism that pays attention to the balance effect in strong color state; Expressionism of distorted psychology is expressed through the disorderly use of colors and strokes; Abstraction is purely composed of points, lines and surfaces of color; And the abstract expressionism of throwing, splashing and dripping pigments on canvas at will. In the past hundred years, there are many schools of modern western oil painting, one after another. As long as oil painting tools and materials are used as modeling media, artists can create any oil painting appearance. With the continuous expansion of the concept of art, oil painting materials are combined with other materials, resulting in a comprehensive art that does not belong to a specific painting type, and oil painting tends to lose its position as the main painting type in the West.

China's oil painting is developed on the basis of introducing European oil painting techniques. Nanjing Liangjiang Excellent Normal School, founded in 1902, was the first to set up the Western Painting Institute and hired foreign teachers to teach oil painting. During the same period, the Qing government also sent overseas students to study oil painting. From 65438 to 0887, Li Tiefu studied in Britain and America and studied under the Impressionist painter. From 65438 to 0904, Li Shutong and others studied oil painting in Japan. In addition, there are painters who study in Europe at their own expense. In the late 1920s, overseas students returned to China one after another, actively engaged in oil painting creation and education, and set up various painting and art clubs with them as the main body, published picture albums and introduced western oil paintings. In this way, oil painting was introduced directly from Europe to China, and indirectly from Japan to China, becoming a new kind of painting in China.

Overseas students study in different art colleges or with painters of different styles, which makes China's early oil paintings look different. Due to the lack of social atmosphere of oil painting art and the limitation of materials after the painter returned to China, early China oil painting

Paintings are not as round and expressive as western oil paintings. Some works use oil painting materials to express the content and modeling characteristics of China's traditional paintings, and the pictures often appear dry and sluggish, which is difficult to preserve for a long time.

In the 1920s and 40s, Beiping Art College, Art Department of Central University, Hangzhou Art College, Shanghai Art College, Suzhou Art College and Wuchang Art College trained a number of oil painting talents. Liu Haisu, Lin Fengmian and Xu Beihong are oil painting artists who have great influence on the education field, and their works represent a higher level at that time. Many painters, represented by Xu Beihong, insist on taking the real life content as the theme, depicting specific plots, and paying attention to rigorous body shaping and realistic colors. The theme of their works is closely related to the social and historical background at that time.

Cut the relationship, formed a strong social education significance. Some painters, such as Lin Fengmian and Liu Haisu, pay attention to absorbing the styles of various schools after European Impressionism, and express their subjective feelings about the scenery mainly through rich colors and free brushwork. The pictures have a strong sense of artistic form, and most of them are smooth and relaxed. In the 1940s, some oil painters who returned from studying abroad went deep into Dunhuang Grottoes and other places to study the ancient art of China, and drew works that absorbed the modeling and color characteristics of traditional Chinese painting.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's oil paintings gained popularity. In the late 1950s, oil painting teaching and creation were influenced by new foreign influences, and the Russian-Soviet oil painting model was mainly adopted. In basic operation, oil

The characteristics of painting techniques are: paying attention to depicting the effect of objects under a main light source, and taking the transition of light and shade, that is, sketch relationship, as the leading modeling. Color represents the hue formed between an object and an image due to the influence of environmental colors. Generally, multi-layer painting is used to keep the transparency of the dark part and the overlap of the bright color layers, and the brush strokes are wider and more obvious, forming a decent turning point and texture of objects and images.

China's oil paintings mainly follow the artistic principle of reflecting real social life. On the basis of observing life, he collected creative materials through sketching, formed a clear artistic conception, embodied the artistic theme by creating a certain instantaneous state of life scenes, and emphasized the plot and literariness of the content. Generally, the picture has a realistic focus perspective, which highlights the main body with light and shade and modeling, and the tendency of tone forms the artistic conception of the picture and sets off the theme. Many works based on real life and modern historical facts reflect the universal social consciousness in 1950s and the first half of 1960s, and the oil painting techniques are becoming increasingly rich, which has become a vibrant painting form in China. At the end of 1960s, China's oil paintings fell into conceptualization from a narrow artistic road, showing a single content. Many works became illustrations of political slogans at that time, almost completely losing the characteristics of oil painting.

After 1979, China oil painting gradually developed normally, which changed the situation of absorbing a single oil painting model in the past and absorbed various styles and schools from classical to modern in the West. Artists pay more attention to the aesthetic function of oil painting art, and pay attention to the diversification and individualization of the formal language of oil painting, thus forming the initial prosperity of China oil painting. Among them, the outstanding oil painting style is to absorb the techniques of French classical oil painting, pay attention to rigor and artistic generalization.

Type, delicate color changes and multi-level colors constitute a harmonious tone, and the atmosphere of the work is elegant and the artistic conception is fresh. Some draw lessons from American photographic realism and depict objects and works with reasonable structure with extremely fine brushstrokes.

Based on real life, it often shows an indifferent mood. More painters pursue artistic emotional expression and use oil painting materials flexibly to create works of art full of individuality.

The rich expressive force of oil painting is becoming more and more obvious in the development, and it is an important artistic language to communicate human emotions in the world.