What kinds of houses are there in China?

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From the modeling point of view, it can be divided into regular and irregular dwellings. A large number of residential shapes are very regular, first of all, in the plane layout.

The central axis is symmetrical, which is a typical northern quadrangle, and it is an independent cuboid living space. Before entering the quadrangle, you should cross the hutong.

Hutong is a quiet alley sandwiched between high walls on the side of quadrangles. Knocking on the inlaid doors on both sides, the first thing you see is the so-called zhaobi.

Brick walls are usually decorated with some exquisite brick carvings. Behind the zhaobi is the front yard, and the front yard and the inner yard are connected through the hanging flower door and pass through the hanging flower door.

It is the inner courtyard in the center of the house, surrounded by four houses.

"Siheyuan" got its name from this.

The main house with the courtyard facing south.

It is called the main hall, with wings on the east and west sides and an inverted auxiliary room on the opposite side. There is a back room behind the main room. The whole quadrangle is divided into east, west and south wings.

The external walls of the inverted seat and the back room are all external walls, and there are no windows on the external walls, so the space shape is very closed, and only a door is opened in the southeast corner of the external wall of the quadrangle.

In order to enter. The courtyard has a sense of central axis, in which the longitudinal axis passes through the key points of the whole courtyard, except the courtyard gate located in the southeast corner.

The quadrilateral is symmetrical on the plane elevation.

The enclosed space of this quadrangle is due to the cold weather in northern China in physiological sense. From a psychological point of view,

Fit the centripetal and introverted temperament of a family. The basic symmetry of the central axis can be regarded as the characteristic that traditional Confucianism pays attention to rules and norms.

The embodiment of architecture. The shape of this kind of folk house can be said to be the routine of China folk house, that is, the courtyards are combined in space, several times deeper and symmetrical in axis.

The spatial layout of.

Secondly, this kind of formal residence is more common in the north. Judging from the cultural character, northerners pay more attention to cultural norms than southerners. north

It's freezing in the cold, many things converge, and people's mentality is more rigorous. Confucian practical reason advocates seeking truth from facts and a calm and practical attitude towards life.

Ethical norms, so it is not surprising to pay attention to the emergence of life order and orderly living space, and the ancient north was sparsely populated.

Courtyards of houses such as quadrangles in the north are generally wider and can accept more precious sunshine.

Irregular houses are common in the south. Especially in hilly areas, the topography and geography are complex and changeable, so buildings have to adapt to local conditions. Some folk houses

The plane is I-shaped, and some are square; Some have courtyards, which are saddle-shaped, while others have no courtyards. This kind of house without yard is very close.

Southern residential buildings built on the street are more common; Some isolated villages are uniquely built by mountains, and the indoor planes are staggered and changeable; Some are made up of several adjacent houses.

Form a continuous and changeable spatial sequence, and the plane and elevation may be uneven. In short, culturally and psychologically, due to the warming climate in the south,

People's psychological activities are changeable, limited by basic conditions, especially different cultural traditions, and the irregularities of their houses may be obvious.

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According to the classification of building structure, it can be divided into the following three categories: (1) Brick-wall structure houses built in the north of China; Tie a knot with wood

Residential buildings in Yunnan and Southwest China; Mixed structure residence with main wood structure inside and brick-wood structure outside in Jiangnan area. On this basis,

It can be roughly divided into two categories: one is a typical folk house in the north, with no floor, surrounded by solid earth walls or brick walls, and the area is small.

The roof is a kind of wall-type residence, and the quadrangle belongs to this kind and is also an inner courtyard-type residence; The other is from southwest China.

Typical residence. A simple closed-roof house with floor and roof on columns and almost no walls around it. In order to resist sandstorms and north

For the enemy's invasion, the houses in the north are mostly wall-shaped. On the contrary, in order to adapt to the rainy and humid climate and make full use of abundant wood resources, South China

Many houses are rooftop houses. In ancient China, wall houses and roof houses were distributed on the north and south banks of the Yangtze River respectively, and then wall houses became popular.

The enclosure gradually expanded and developed across the Yangtze River to the south, so the distribution range of roof type retreated to the southwest. Appear in between at the same time.

The compromise between the two can also be regarded as one of the concrete manifestations of the gradual development of Chinese culture to the south of the Yangtze River. North wall residence

Generally, there are heating facilities-kang, which are used to cope with the dry and cold climate, and in order to get enough sunshine, most of them are surrounded by bungalows.

Close the layout of the inner courtyard. On the contrary, in the low latitudes south of the Yangtze River, in order to avoid the strong sunshine, there are two or more houses around.

Courtyard space is high and narrow, and such inner courtyard houses are very common. The exterior is surrounded by high walls, and the interior is a wooden knot picked out from the floor and eaves.

Building a house can be regarded as a compromise to the northern wall house.

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By region,

If we divide the north and the south by the Yangtze River,

One is to build a simple roof on a solid brick wall, which is very common in the north.

A wall house that lives in a room without a floor; The other is the open wall in the southwest, where the floor and roof are erected on the column beams.

Roof-style residence. With the southward migration of the Han nationality, the wall spread southward across the Yangtze River, so it was pushed to the southwest until now.

Today, there are eclectic houses in the middle of the wall and roof.

Generally speaking, the traditional houses in the south of the Yangtze River should belong to the wall type. The high brick exterior wall, with no floor at the bottom, follows the plane of the quadrangle.

Layout, at the same time, in order to cope with the cold wind in winter, high walls are used to prevent heat dissipation, while in summer, in order to prevent strong sunlight, it is also guaranteed.

It proved to be effective in ventilation, and the local people built this two-story or three-story patio. All the buildings in the house are around the patio, compared with the courtyard.

Courtyards and patios are narrower and deeper. But there is no unique greenhouse facility "Kang" in the north.

. In addition, the beautiful wooden structure members on the second or third floor inside the external wall are violent.

Exposed to the outside, the interior room is open to the patio, and it has the characteristics of roof-style residence. This is based on China's traditional Confucianism.

Layout, maintain the order of family life. Therefore, the traditional houses in the south of the Yangtze River are not purely wall-shaped, but can be regarded as a compromise.

Considering the folk houses, that is, the unique intermediate architectural style cultivated by Jiangnan regional culture.

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Judging from the living customs of people living in traditional houses,

The interaction angle between behavioral characteristics and spatial patterns,

Generally divided into quadrangles,

Building houses and caves.

Among all housing modes, courtyard-style housing is the most common housing type in China, and it is also the most advanced in housing use and structural technology.

The most abundant elements,

"Li"

The most complex levels and the most diverse types of decoration.

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Its main feature is that it is closed and has a courtyard.

The central axis is symmetrical, and the internal and external priorities are clear. Typical quadrangles are widely distributed in the north, although in scale, composition, decoration, courtyard sketches

There are many changes, but the basic morphological characteristics are the same. In addition, there are three hospitals and two hospitals that are more common in rural areas, although they are not as good as the typical four hospitals.

The courtyard is so complete, but without exception, it retains the gate, fence, courtyard and main wing. It should be said that it is a kind of quadrangle, and it is a simple quadrangle-style residence.

Simple form. Lin Yutang, a literary master, expressed the reasons why China people like quadrangles from the social and psychological aspects. He pointed out that quadrangles are like.

The roofs of buildings in China cover the ground, instead of towering like the spires of Gothic buildings. The greatest success of this spirit lies in

The harmony and happiness of people's earthly life provide a measure: the roof of China shows that happiness should be found at home first.

Gan Lan-style residence is a kind of residence with overhead lower part, which is a typical representative of architectural residence. It has the characteristics of ventilation, theft prevention, moisture prevention and animal prevention.

This kind of residential building has pushed the spatial form and combination, support, cantilever and staggered floors, and tenon-mortise technology of wood components to a high level.

On the level, it is combined with the distinctive folk culture of ethnic minorities, which embodies rich material civilization and spiritual civilization. Its characteristics

It is a small building with bamboo or wood as the column beam, with people living on the upper floor and livestock pens or sundries stored on the lower floor.

"Old Tang Shu" said:

"People live next door to each other and live on the stairs.

On the contrary, the number of dry columns.

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The traditional typical Ganlan wood building is made of wood, with a rectangular plan, a double slope, a large hanging mountain roof and two or three overhead buildings.

On the second floor, every household gathered densely along the hillside. Although the indoor space of Ganlan residence is dark, the eaves are far-reaching, shielding the radiation of the sun, and so are the verandahs.

This has been remedied. It has isolation effect on rainy and humid ground, good ventilation and adapts to local climate.