What are the Hundred Schools of Thought in Ancient China? The more the better.

I. Confucianism: Representative characters: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi Confucianism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, which took Confucius as its teacher during the Spring and Autumn Period, and took the six arts as its law, advocated "propriety and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartiality of the "doctrine of the middle ground", and advocated the "rule of morality" and "benevolent rule", and attached importance to the education of morality and ethics and the cultivation of human beings themselves as a scholarly school. Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, believing that emphasizing education and punishment is the way to stability and prosperity for the nation and the people. It advocated that "there should be education without discrimination" and that both the rulers and the ruled should be educated so that the whole nation would become morally upright. Politically, they also advocated ruling the country by rituals and convincing people by virtue, calling for the restoration of the "Rites of the Zhou", which they considered to be the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, the most important of which were Mencius and Xunzi. Mencius was mainly concerned with the idea that "the people are noble and the ruler is light" and advocated the implementation of "benevolent government" by rulers. In his discussion of human nature, he believed that human nature is inherently good and put forward the "theory of the goodness of nature", which was different from Xunzi's "theory of the evilness of nature". "The reason why Xunzi proposed that human nature is inherently evil is also a manifestation of the more acute social conflicts during the Warring States period. Second, Taoism: Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuang Zi, Lie Zi Taoism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, also known as "Taoism". This school of thought takes as its theoretical foundation the doctrine of Laozi on the Tao in the late Spring and Autumn Period, which explains the nature, origin, composition and changes of all things in the universe. They believed that the Way of Heaven is inactive, and that all things are born naturally. They denied that God, ghosts and gods dominate everything, and advocated that the Way should follow nature and go with the flow of nature, advocating quietness and inaction, and guarding the female and the soft to overcome the hard. His political ideals were "a small country with few people" and "rule by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different schools, the four most famous of which are Zhuangzi, Yangzhu, Songyin and Huanglao. Moism: Representative figure: Mozi. Works: "Mozi" The Mozi School was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and its founder was Mo Zhai. The founder of this school was Mo Zhai. This school based its doctrine on the principle of "love one another and benefit one another": "love one another" means to treat others as oneself; "love one another" means to love others as oneself. If "the world loves one another", the goal of "mutual benefit" can be achieved. Politically, he advocated Shang Xian (尚贤), Shang Tong (尚同), and Non-Attacking (非攻); economically, he advocated strengthening the fundamentals of the economy; and ideologically, he proposed to respect heaven and serve the demons. At the same time, they also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing the importance of relying on one's own strength. The Moists were closely organized, with members from the lower social strata, who were said to be able to go through fire and sword to inspire their own suffering. Their disciples were called "Mo Defenders" for those who engaged in debate, "Mo Warriors" for those who engaged in martial arts, and "Ju (Ju) Zi" for their leader. Their discipline was strict, and it was rumored that "the law of the Mozi was to kill those who killed and punish those who injured others" (Lü Shi Chun Qiu - Going to the Private Side). After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. At the end of the Warring States period, the three schools converged into two: one focused on epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "the post-Moist school" (also known as the "late Moist school"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the society of the Qin and Han dynasties. Legalism: Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang. Works: Han Fei Zi (Han Fei Zi) The Legalists were one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. They were called Legalists because they advocated the rule of law, and "did not differentiate between the close and the distant, nor between the noble and the lowly; they were all determined by the law". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of the Legalists. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Li Yul, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Zhi founded the School of Legalism. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei synthesized Shang Yang's "law", Shen Zhi's "power", and Shen Buhai's "art", as well as the ideology and doctrine of the Legalists. Economically, this school advocated the abolition of the well-field, emphasizing agriculture, suppressing commerce, and rewarding cultivation and warfare; politically, it advocated the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of counties, monarchical autocracy, the use of force and tactics, and the use of harsh and severe laws; ideologically and educationally, it advocated the banning of the doctrines of the various schools of thought, and the use of the law as a means of teaching, with the mandarins as the masters. His doctrine provided the theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a monarchical and authoritarian dynasty. The Book of Han - Art and Literature recorded two hundred and seventeen writings of the Legalists, nearly half of which survive today, the most important of which are the Book of the Lord of Shang and the Han Fei Zi. V. Famous Scholars: Representative Characters: Deng Analytics, Huishi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: "Gongsun Longzi" The Mingjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and it was called the Mingjia by later generations because it was engaged in the academic activity of arguing about names (names, concepts) and realities (facts, realities). At that time, they were called "apologists", "chashi", or "criminal (form) masters". The representative figures were Huishi and Gongsunlong. Sixth, the yin and yang family: Representative: Zou Yan yin and yang family is one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period, because of the promotion of yin and yang and the five elements doctrine, and use it to explain the social personnel and so named. This school of thought, when the ancient ruling class in charge of astronomy and calendars, the representative figure for the Warring States period Qi Zou Yan. The doctrine of yin and yang is that yin and yang are the two opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to illustrate the laws of development and change. The doctrine of the five elements that everything is composed of wood, fire, earth, gold, water and five elements, between which there are two major laws of the phases of life and the phases of victory (Saparilla), which can be used to illustrate the origin of all things in the universe and change. Zou Yan synthesized the two, and based on the theory of the phases of the five elements, he interpreted the attributes of the five elements as the "five virtues" and created the "five virtues of the end and the beginning", which was used as the law for the rise and fall of dynasties, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of the emerging great unification dynasty. Twenty-one works of this school were recorded in the Book of Han - Art and Literature, all of which have been lost. In the late Warring States period, the Book of Rites - Monthly Orders was said to be the work of the yin and yang family. Some of the articles in "Guanzi" also belong to the work of the yin and yang school, "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals - should be the same", "Huainanzi - Qi custom training", "History - Qin Shi Huang Ben Ji" in the retention of some yin and yang school material. VII. The Zongheng Family: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guigu Zi. The main statements in the "Strategies of the Warring States" (战国策) The Zongheng family was a group of strategists who lobbied the lords and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States period of China by means of the stratagem of "vertical and horizontal". They are listed as one of the Hundred Schools of the Zunzi (诸子百家). The main representative figures are Su Qin and Zhang Yi. During the Warring States period, the south and the north were merged into a vertical column, and the west and the east were connected into a horizontal column. Su Qin was the leader of the combined column of Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu in order to reject the Qin, while Zhang Yi was the leader of the combined column, who was responsible for the Qin's affairs in the six countries in a row, and thus the Zongheng and Hengjia were named Zongheng family. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military patterns during the Warring States period. The Strategies of the Warring States have a lot of records of their activities. According to Han Shu - Art and Culture Zhi, the Zongheng and Hengjia had writings of "sixteen hundred and seven articles". Miscellaneous Schools: Representative Character: Lu Buwei The Miscellaneous Schools were a comprehensive school of thought at the end of the Warring States period. Because of "both Confucianism and Mozambique, combined with the name and law", "in the hundred ways are not integrated" ("Han Shu. Art and Literature Zhi" and Yan Shigu's note). Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei gathered his disciples compiled "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", is a typical collection of miscellaneous writings. Nine: Nongjia was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It was named for its focus on agricultural production. This school came from the officials who managed agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, should be placed in the first place of all work. Mengzi. Teng Wengong" recorded Xu Xing's person, "for the words of Shen Nong", put forward the wise man should "with the people and plowing and food, food and entertainment and governance", expressed the agrarian socio-political ideals. This party also paid attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production techniques and experiences. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" in the "on the farm", "any ground", "defense of the soil", "review time" and other articles, is considered to be the study of pre-Qin agriculturists important information. Ten, novelists: novelists, pre-Qin nine streams of one of the ten, is the collection of folklore discussion, in order to examine the people's customs. The Han Book - Arts and Letters" cloud: "the stream of novelists, cover out of the barnyard. Street talk, hearsayers of the creation." Among the Hundred Schools of Thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the Hundred Schools of Thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains for three generations. As a result, the doctrines of Confucianism not only gained prominence among the hundred schools of thought, but also became the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, and had an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school of thought in the usual sense; the doctrine of Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of its inherent value system. It has permeated every capillary of traditional culture and greatly influenced every area of Chinese culture. All the doctrines and thoughts and religious sects that have emerged from Chinese soil, and even foreign cultures and religions, cannot avoid bearing the traces of Confucian culture. This is not the only case today. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (we know that the promotion of Confucianism in Japan and the Four Little Dragons was a remedial measure taken to solve the crisis of faith and the problem of moral decline brought about by modernization after they had already achieved or basically modernized. The so-called "Southeast Asian Cultural Circle" is basically a model of cultural composition with Confucianism as the main body. It has strongly promoted social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. (With the development of history, Confucian ethics are now being introduced into Western countries). Regarding the categorization of the schools of thought of the Hundred Schools of Thought, Sima Tan enumerated six schools, "He discussed the key points of the six schools and said: Yi Da Chuan: 'The world is unanimous and has a hundred considerations, and they all return to the same place, but they all have different paths. "The yin and yang, Confucianism, ink, name, law, and morality, this service is also for those who rule" ("Historical Records - Preface to the Duke of Tai Shi"). The Han Book - Arts and Letters Zhi" in Liu Xin "seven strategies" of the plurals are divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, yin and yang, law, name, ink, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, fiction. Excluding the novelists do not talk about, so called "nine streams of ten schools". The reason why Zu Zi is a general term for political schools is that the basic purpose of each school is to provide political strategies for the ruler of the country. Confucianism advocated the moralization of the people; Taoism advocated the rule by doing nothing; Legalism advocated the belief that rewards and punishments are necessary; Mohism advocated the principle of love and commonality; and the School of Names advocated the de-construction of the military. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and Naimism became extinct, Nongjia became an independent technical discipline, and Yin-Yangjia evolved into a mysterious art. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and Law had an impact on the politics of the later great unified dynasties. Many of the ideas of the Hundred Schools of Thought have left deep insights for future generations. For example, Confucianism's "benevolent government", "do not do unto others as you would not have them do unto you", "the way of forgiveness"; Mencius's ancient democratic thinking; Taoism's dialectics; Mohism's scientific thinking; Legalism's materialistic thinking; and the military thinking of the School of War. The military thinking of the School of War is still shining brightly today. Even the famous "sophists" created the field of logic in the history of Chinese philosophy. We can, and should, draw on the robust and enterprising spirit of Confucianism to inspire ourselves to strive for strength; draw on the Confucian spirit of public loyalty to the country to cultivate our patriotic sentiments; draw on the Confucian spirit of "righteousness in checking profitability" to inspire ourselves to correctly treat material interests; and draw on the Confucian spirit of love and benevolence to cultivate our noble sentiments of love for the people; We also draw on the Confucian concept of temperance to cultivate our own self-respect and self-improvement as independent personalities; on the Mohist concepts of "love for all", "respect for the wise" and "moderation of use"; on the Taoist concept of "less selfishness and less desire"; and on the Taoist concept of "less selfishness and less desire". "less selfishness", "Taoism"; "Taoism"; Legalism "abolition of private and public" and so on. XI. The School of War. The School of War focuses on guiding war and how to use force when force has to be used to achieve a goal. The founder is sun wu, the military family is divided into military power and strategy, military situation, military yin and yang family and military skill family four categories. The main representative of the military family, the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Wu, Sima Rang Tho; Warring States Sun Bin, Wu Qi, Wei Wei, Wei Wuji, Bai Qi and so on. The existing military writings are "Huang Di Yin Fu Jing", "Six Towers", "Three Slightly", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Sima's Law", "Sun Bin's Art of War", "Wu Zi", "Wei Wuji", "Yuliao", and so on. Although there are differences and similarities in the doctrines of various schools, they contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of the military schools had a great influence on the time and later generations, which is a valuable heritage of military thought in China's ancient times. From Si Ma Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian - Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "Jia Sheng was a young man, but he was well versed in the books of the various schools of thought and the hundred schools of thought. Emperor Wen called him to be a doctor." Twelve, medical doctors: Representative figure: Bian Magpie The formation of Chinese medical theory was in the second half of the fifth century B.C. to the middle of the third century A.D.*** experienced more than seven hundred years. In the second half of the fifth century B.C., China began to enter a feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of the feudal system was a period of great upheaval in Chinese history. Changes in the social system contributed to economic development and the emergence of new situations in ideology, science and culture, including the development of medicine. The term "healer" refers to all those who practiced medicine.