What are the characteristics of famous poets in Tang Dynasty?

This is the preparation period for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Important poets are Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, Shen Quanqi and Song, who are called "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty". Poetry in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty still developed along the inertia of poetry in the Southern Dynasties, which was soft, delicate and lifeless. The emergence of the "four masters" began to change this trend. They are brilliant, dissatisfied with the status quo, expressing indignation and heroic embrace through their own poems, and broadening the theme of poetry. For example, Yang Jiong's "Joining the Army": "The bonfire shines in Xijing, and my heart is uneven ... I would rather be a centurion than a scholar."

This inspirational and heroic style has brought a new wind to the poetry circle in the early Tang Dynasty. This poem expresses the young people's desire to join the army and make contributions to the frontier. I'd rather be a junior officer (centurion) than a scholar who has nothing to do with me. Following the "Four Masters", Chen Ziang criticized the weak poetic style since the Southern Dynasties in theory, arguing that this kind of poetry is specialized in playing with flowery rhetoric and empty in content, and abandoned the tradition of attaching importance to ideological content in The Book of Songs. He was deeply worried about this and advocated learning from the poetic style of Han and Wei dynasties to restore the poetic style of Jian 'an era. His 38 poems "Feeling" put his thoughts into practice and had great influence. He wrote on the Youzhou rostrum: "Before me, where was the past era? Behind me, where are the future generations? ; I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " Desolate and vast, sad but not hurt, is considered to be the swan song of ancient poetry. Han Yu once said: "A country is proud of its son and is high." He commented on his important role in the development of Tang poetry. The contributions of Shen Quanqi and Song are mainly in the aspect of poetic rhythm. They summed up the achievements of the poets in exploring poetic meter since the "Yongming Style" and promoted the stereotype of "Modern Poetry" with their own poems.

To appreciate Tang poetry, we must first have a brief understanding of the differences between "modern poetry" and "ancient poetry" and master their respective characteristics, so as to better appreciate their beauty.

Folding ancient poetry

Also known as ancient poetry or ancient style. This concept is different from the usual "ancient poetry". It is a special term, which refers to a poetic style that was popular before the Tang Dynasty and continued to be popular in the Tang Dynasty, as opposed to modern poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. The characteristics of classical poetry are: the number of sentences is not limited, the number of words in each sentence is not limited, and it can rhyme or not, and it can rhyme or change. It is not required that sentences should be flush with each other, and words should be confronted with each other. In a word, classical poetry is relatively free in meter, which is quite different from modern poetry in meter. Ancient poems can be divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems (or five-character poems and seven-character poems for short). In addition, there are ancient poems with irregular sentence patterns, which are generally classified as seven ancient poems. Some ancient poems are the same in number, number of words and meter, but different in rhyme, level and antithesis, so they are still ancient poems. The Nineteen Ancient Poems mentioned above and the poems of Tao Yuanming and others are all ancient poems.

Folding modern poetry

Also known as modern poetry ("Jin" and "Jin" are terms in the Tang Dynasty), it emphasizes strict meter. Modern poetry has four basic requirements: first, it stipulates the number of sentences and words; The second is to rhyme according to the prescribed rhyme department; Third, the words of the upper sentence and the lower sentence are required to be flat, right and sticky; Fourth, it is stipulated that some sentences should use words, that is, nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, etc.

Modern poetry is divided into two categories: (1) regular poetry, which consists of eight sentences, five of which are called five-character regular poetry and seven are called seven-character regular poetry. (2) The quatrains consist of four sentences, five of which are called five-character quatrains and seven are called seven-character quatrains. Here are a few examples. As we all know, Wang Zhihuan is in the Heron Villa:

The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.

By going up one flight of stairs, look further.

This is a five-character quatrain, and it must be four sentences and 20 words. Secondly, according to the rhyme, it must choose a word with a rhyme part as the rhyme, and the words "Liu" and "Lou" in this poem belong to the rhyme of "Eleven Have". Third, the words it uses must conform to the prescribed plane format, so that it can be read in a harmonious and pleasant way. The flat format of this poem is:

Flat and light, flat and light.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Some words can be flat and even, and the rest can't be flexible. Ping-refers to the word Pingsheng in ancient Chinese; Xu refers to the words "Shangsheng", "Desheng" and "Rusheng" in ancient Chinese. According to Putonghua, the flat tone (the first sound) and the flat tone (the second sound) are flat; The rising sound (the third sound) and the falling sound (the fourth sound) belong to Nuo. A quatrain poem can be antithetical or not. This quatrain is the first antithesis, and the last two sentences are "be poor" to "be good", "a thousand miles" to "the first floor" and "eyes" to "the building".

Let's take the poem Lusu as an example to illustrate the most basic metrical requirements of modern poetry. In addition, there are three flat and even formats of five-character quatrains and four formats of * * * *. Seven-character quatrains, five-character metrical poems and seven-character metrical poems also have four flat patterns. As for the flat format of modern poetry, I only give some hints with the above examples, and I won't introduce them in detail. If you don't want to write this kind of poems, but appreciate the works of predecessors, then it doesn't hurt to have a general understanding of the requirements of metrical rules.

Seven-character quatrains, we take Meng Haoran's "Send Du Fourteen Down to the South of the Yangtze River" as an example:

Jason Wu is the hometown connected with water, and you are going to Chunjiang.

When the sun sets, where does the solitary sail anchor? As far as the horizon is concerned, it breaks people's intestines.

I expressed nostalgia and disappointment when I saw off my friends who had traveled far away. The whole poem is composed of four sentences and 28 words, with "Seven Yang" as the rhyme, and is even according to the rules. There is no antithesis in this poem because antithesis is not allowed in quatrains.

Five-character verse, let's look at Dai Shulun's Except Sleeping on a Stone Hill;

Who asked about the hotel? The cold lamp is amiable.

Tonight is the last night of the year, and I am wandering thousands of miles away.

Looking back on the past, it is an insignificant thing, sad and sad; Lonely, I only have a wry smile and acid.

Sorrow makes my face old and my hair full of white hair. With a sigh, I ushered in a new year.

This is a poem on New Year's Eve. I am far away from my hometown and feel sorry for my own suffering. The whole poem consists of eight sentences and forty words, with the rhyme of "eleven truths", occasionally. One or two lines of metrical poems are called the first couplet, three or four lines are called the platoon couplet, five or six lines are called the neck couplet, and seven or eight lines are called the tail couplet. The antithesis of couplets and the neckline of rhyme must be opposite. For example, this couplet "One Year" is opposite to "Wan Li", "Will Do" is opposite to "Not Return", and "Night" is opposite to "People"; The neckline is sparse and disjointed, with a smile of sadness and joy, and the past never forgets the present.

Seven-character verse, let's look at Liu Zongyuan's "Don't be my brother Zong Yi":

Lonely soul and double sorrow, first frost tears crossed the river.

The treacherous party, because the party did not leave the capital, lived more than 6 thousand miles away; I left Baiyue desolate, gaunt and poor for the rest of my life.

Guiling malaria forest, black clouds hanging white; Welcome to the beautiful future of Dongting with spring scenery and water and sky.

Want to know the dream of lovesickness after that, just smoke in Jingmen.

This is a poem written by Liu Zongyuan when he was demoted to the wild dragon city and went to Jiangling to bid farewell to his cousin Liu. His mood is extremely sad and angry. The whole poem consists of eight sentences and 56 words, with the rhyme "one poem", which is parallel to each other, antithetical sentences and necklaces. The first sentence of the seven-character rhyme uses rhyme, but it doesn't need rhyme. This rhymes.

There is also a kind of "extension" of rhyme, which is to extend the rhyme to more than 10 sentences, or even a hundred sentences. Except for the first and last couplets, all the sentences in the middle should be antithetical sentences. The arrangement is usually five words.

The style of Tang poetry was complete in the early Tang Dynasty, and the peak of poetry creation appeared in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

Fold and edit this poem in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

By the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty had the so-called "Kaiyuan Shengshi", and its economy and culture reached its peak. There are also a large number of outstanding poets in the field of poetry creation, who have written extremely rich poems. Among them, pastoral landscape poems and poems describing frontier wars accounted for a considerable proportion, and Li Bai and Du Fu also appeared at this time. Let's briefly introduce them respectively.

Folding landscape pastoral poetry

Wang Wei is the most famous author of this kind of poem. Wang Wei, whose real name is miscellaneous, is the right post of Shangshu, also known as Shangshu. Influenced by Buddhist thought, he was tired of bureaucratic life, lived in seclusion for a period of time, loved nature and was familiar with the countryside. His poems are quiet and leisurely, with a static beauty. Such as a farmhouse by the Weihe River:

In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path.

A rugged old man in a thatched door leaned against a cane and thought about his son, the shepherd boy.

There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves.

Jojo and Fu Tian greet each other cordially.

No wonder I yearned for a simple life and sang "Decline" in disappointment.

The afterglow of the sunset reflected the village (the market fell), and the cattle and sheep returning to the pasture poured into the village lane. The old man missed his grandson who went to graze, and was waiting for his return outside Chai Men on crutches. In the sound of the pheasant, the wheat has sprouted, and the silkworm who has eaten enough mulberry leaves begins to sleep. The harvest year is just around the corner, and the farmers returning from Hoho meet each other and talk about their daily life with emotion. This beautiful scenery reminds the poet of the fatigue of official infighting, and he feels how peaceful and comfortable it is to live in such a rural area. I can't help singing "Decline, Decline, Hu Bugui?" In the Book of Songs. It's dark, it's dark, why don't you go home? ), indicating his interest in seclusion in the countryside. Wang Wei is proficient in music, calligraphy and painting, and has profound artistic accomplishment; Su Dongpo commented that there are paintings in his poems and poems in the paintings. The above poem can be said to be an idyllic painting.

The poet with the same fame as Wang Wei is Meng Haoran, originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), often called Meng Xiangyang. It is said that he met Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty by chance in Zhang Jiuling. Xuanzong knew the name of his poem and ordered him to recite it. When he returned to Zhongnanshan at the end of the year, he read this sentence, including "I was expelled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes" (I lack talents, so a wise monarch doesn't need me). Xuanzong was very unhappy and said, "You didn't ask to be an official. It's not that I won't let you be an official. How can you blame me! " Later, he was not admitted to the Jinshi and was not officially an official. He lived in seclusion for a long time and was famous for his landscape poems. His poem "Passing the Old Village" is the most popular:

This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm.

Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.

Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops.

Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.

An old friend killed a chicken to cook and invited him to visit the village. Close-up, dense green trees tightly surround the village; Looking from a distance, Castle Peak extends all the way into the distance. Open the window of the porch, you can see the yard full of food and the green vegetable garden; Talk about the growth and harvest of Sang Ma with a glass of wine. In such a natural picture, how happy and comfortable it is to drink wine, eat delicious food and laugh with friends! After drinking the wine, my friends were still reluctant to go, so they met/kloc-0 and got together again on the Double Ninth Festival in 1999, drinking and enjoying chrysanthemums.

Chu Guangxi is also a frustrated hermit. His Fish Bay describes the pleasure of seclusion:

Fishing in Green Bay comes in spring, and apricot blossoms come in spring.

The pool is clear and shallow, and the lotus knows the fish are scattered.

Waiting for lovers at dusk, the boat is green and the shore is green. Green covers the sky, falling flowers float to the ground, the bottom of the pool bottoms out, the lotus moves and the fish are scattered, and the fisherman does not care about fish. It is the best enjoyment to enjoy this beautiful scenery alone. Fishing and tying boats at sunset, waiting for good friends (lovers) to meet in the green grass, such a carefree life, isn't it equal to a fairy? In fact, their life will not be without troubles and troubles. However, when writing a poem, we should put it aside first, seize a beautiful scene and emotion, and give full play to it. The poet satisfies his own creative desire, and also brings readers the enjoyment of beauty. This is called poetry.

Folding frontier fortress war poems

In the foreign wars in Tang Dynasty, many literati participated in them, had personal experience of frontier fortress and military life, obeyed the army instead of writing, wrote poems to describe the desolate frontier fortress scenery, praised the brave spirit of soldiers, or cursed the disasters brought about by the war, so frontier fortress poets came into being. The famous poet Cen Can wrote a masterpiece The Journey to the West:

"don't you see: walk along the snow by the sea ... you won't need a real battle anymore! We are waiting for the news of victory in Xiguan! ! "(Space limitation, omitted)

The poems "Zoumachuan", "Luntai", "Jinshan" and "Automobile Market" are all common place names in the north or the western regions. The code used as a place name here is not a real reference. You don't have to seek truth when reading poetry, you just need to understand poetry. At the beginning of this poem, it vividly depicts the harsh environment of the western regions, which is turbulent and dusty. Xiongnu (representing the powerful northern nation) attacked, showing signs of chaos everywhere; The general led his troops to the battlefield to meet the enemy. At night, marching weapons collide with each other. Although the cold wind was like a knife, the snow-covered streaky horse was still sweating and soon became ice. Drafted a campaign (gauntlet) for the enemy in the tent, and the ink in the inkstone was frozen into ice before it was finished. Such a hard-working and brave army will definitely make the enemy dare not fight; Then let's wait for Simon, the automobile engineer, to win! The optimistic and heroic spirit expressed in the poem is the embodiment of the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. An old song by Li Jie is also famous:

During the day, the beacon tower climbing the mountain observes and gives an alarm, and at night, the horse leads the horse to the riverside.

The dark wind blew bursts of sounds, like the pipa of a princess in the Han Dynasty, full of hidden grievances.

Camp in Wan Li without battlements until the thick sky joins the vast desert in the snow.

The sorrowful Hu Yanyan flew through the air, and HUS soldiers were all in tears.

It is said that Yumenguan has blocked the road, so the soldiers can only follow the general around.

The bones of death are buried in the wilderness every year, and only grapes from the western regions are sent to the Han people.

During the day, the army will climb the mountain to watch the beacon warning, and at dusk, they will go to Jiaohe (in Turpan, Xinjiang, this generation has water, which is not true) to drink horses. Diao Dou is a kind of copper pot, which is used for cooking during the day and working at night. Soldiers carrying Diao Dou trudged through the dark sand. At this time, it must be full of bitterness to think of the pipa music played by the princess who married Wusun Wang from this road in the Han Dynasty. Camping in a deserted place for the night, the heavy snow that pervades the world floats and connects with the desert in the distance. In the autumn night, the cries of geese flying south were mournful, and Hu Bing, one of the warring parties, could not bear this hard life and shed tears. It is said that the imperial court has issued an order not to retreat, so it can only fight to the death with the general (an official who gets off lightly). Yumen is sealed, that is, it is not allowed to retreat into Yumen Pass. Using the allusions in Historical Records Biography of Dawan, Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, attacked Dawan and was defeated. He retreated to Dunhuang and asked the imperial court to retreat. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "was furious and ordered (the emissary) to block Yumen, saying: Those who dare to enter will be cut!" Nine times out of ten, I died in battle. Every year, countless people leave their bones in a foreign land. The only result was that grapes (Pu Tao) were introduced into the Central Plains from the western regions for the rich to enjoy. Although there is sadness in the poem, the tone is still high and enterprising.

War is cruel. In 7 14 A.D., there was a great war between Tang Jun and Tubo near Lintaolong Castle, and tens of thousands of Tubo people were killed or injured. Wang Changling's "Xia Sai Qu" wrote about this war:

Horses lead horses to drink across the river, the wind is biting, and the autumn wind is like a sword.

The sunset on the vast battlefield has not yet fallen, and I saw Lintao County in the distance in the dark.

The Great Wall once fought a fierce battle, saying that the frontier soldiers were in high spirits.

Since ancient times, there have been sandstorms, bones everywhere and weeds everywhere.

Many years after the war, the battlefield was still bleak and desolate, with long yellow dust and messy wormwood scattered among them and forgotten forever. No matter which side the deceased belongs to, it is a sad tragedy for him and his family.

There is also Wang Changling's "The Embankment", which exposes the sufferings brought by the war and hopes that he can defend his country.

Bright moon in Qin dynasty, bright moon in Han dynasty.

The Long March hasn't come back yet.

But Dragon City will fly in,

Don't teach Huma to climb the Yinshan Mountain.