What countries in the world have had tsunamis. Mudslides. Nuclear radiation

Tsunami caused by volcanic eruption in Indonesia

Death toll: 36,000

Cause: volcanic eruption

The August 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, on the volcanic island of Indonesia, was the most powerful in the history of mankind. The eruption could be heard as far away as Australia. The eruption triggered a tsunami wave as high as 130 feet (40 meters). According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the waves swept away 165 villages on the tsunami-hit islands of Java and Sumatra alone. The tsunami waves did not stop until 4,350 miles (7,000 kilometers) away in the Arabian Peninsula.

Fourth place, 1782, South China Tsunami

1782, South China Tsunami

Death toll: more than 40,000

Cause: earthquakes

Historical records of the disaster are not complete, but a Russian-language tsunami catalog published in 1964 puts the date of 1782, the year of the 47th year of Qianlong's reign, in the year 1782 (translation: The Tsunami of South China, according to the Qing Historical Records). : not recorded in the Qing Historical Manuscripts - Zhi XV - Disasters) that the Taiwan tsunami killed more than 40,000 people and inundated more than 75 miles (120 kilometers) of land on the island.

Third place, the tsunami caused by the Lisbon, Portugal, earthquake

The tsunami caused by the Lisbon, Portugal, earthquake

Death toll: 60,000

Cause: Undersea earthquakes

In November 1755, a massive earthquake in the Atlantic Ocean shook southwestern Portugal. The city of Lisbon was bankrupted by this earthquake and the concurrent fires. At the same time as the tsunami triggered by the eruption of the Cretan volcano in Ancient Greece, a tsunami triggered by the earthquake swept through coastal towns in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco. The waves that hit Lisbon were estimated to be as high as 18 feet (6 meters).

Second place, tsunami triggered by eruption of the volcano Crete in ancient Greece

Tsunami triggered by eruption of the volcano Crete in ancient Greece

Death toll: 100,000 or more

Cause: Volcanic eruption

At about 1500 B.C.E., the undersea volcano on the Mediterranean island of Syra (now also known as Santorini) erupted with great destructive force. Roots The tsunami caused by the eruption of the volcano in Crete, Ancient Greece According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Tsunami Research Center, the eruption created the first tsunami in recorded history. The exact death toll is estimated to never be known, but geographical evidence suggests that the tsunami inundated the coastal strip of Crete by 50 feet (15 meters).

First place, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

Death toll: about 226,000

Cause: Haiti earthquake

On December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake, strong enough to reach magnitude 9.1-9.3 on the Richter Scale, hit the coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and lasted for 10 minutes. The quake triggered the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami the tsunami even endangered coast dwellers as far away as Somalia. 166,000 people died in Indonesia alone and 35,000 in Sri Lanka. More than 2 million people were left homeless in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, the Maldives and East Africa.

The 226,000 deaths ranked only fourth in earthquake deaths but first in tsunami deaths.

Editorial

Records

Chinese scholars have found that the tsunami was recorded in China in 47 B.C. (i.e., the year of the Western Han Dynasty's first Yuanren year) and 173 A.D. (the second year of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Hiping year) for the Bay of Laizhou and Huangxian County of Shandong Province. These records have been widely cited by foreign scholars and are considered to be the two earliest tsunami records in the world The global tsunami occurrence zones are roughly in line with the seismic zones. There are about 260 recorded destructive tsunamis around the world, occurring once every six or seven years on average. Earthquakes and tsunamis occurring in the Pacific Rim alone account for about 80%. Earthquakes in and around the Japanese archipelago account for about 60% of the Pacific earthquakes and tsunamis, making Japan the world's most severely affected country by earthquakes and tsunamis.

Recently caused a large-scale tsunami

According to British news agency Reuters, Japan's northeastern coast was struck by a powerful earthquake at 14:46 p.m. on March 11, 2011 (13:46 p.m. Beijing time), with a preliminary estimate of the magnitude of the quake reaching 8.8 on the Richter scale, and then revised to 9.0 on March 13, 2011, according to a preliminary estimate of the magnitude of the quake. Witnesses in the quake zone said it was probably the highest magnitude earthquake to hit Japan in more than 20 years. Witnesses also said the quake shook many buildings in Tokyo and caused "many injuries," set at least one building on fire and triggered a 10-meter-high tsunami.

Chinese news network on October 26, 2010, according to foreign news reports, Indonesia's Sumatra island earthquake and tsunami, has caused at least 40 deaths, and more than 380 people are unaccounted for.

According to CNN, Indonesia's national disaster management department said that on October 25, local time, Sumatra Island, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7 or higher and triggered a tsunami, the west coast of Sumatra Island, the Mentawai Islands (Mentawai) was hit by a tsunami.

Officials said that as of the afternoon of the 26th local time, 40 people died in the Mentawai Islands (Mentawai) and other places *** due to the earthquake and tsunami impact. Some of the villagers' bodies were washed up on the coast so that they could be found. Earlier reports said the tsunami killed 23 people.

It has also been reported that more than 380 people are currently missing in Indonesia. Only about 40 of the more than 200 villagers from Betu Monga, a village off the coast of South Pagai island in the Mentawai archipelago, have been rescued, while at least 167 others are missing. Most of the missing are women and children. Another 100 or so are believed to be passengers on a boat that was lost to the tsunami.

In South Bagay, the tsunami created huge waves that intruded to within 600 meters of coastal villages, while in North Bagay the waves hit the roofs of homes directly. The big waves also created obstacles for rescuers to reach the affected areas in time.

The death toll from the earthquake-triggered tsunami in Indonesia has risen to 108, with hundreds missing, officials said, according to the latest news from AFP.

Previously reported, Indonesia's national disaster management agency said a powerful earthquake of magnitude 7 or higher struck the island of Sumatra and triggered a tsunami on 25 local time. Ten villages on an Indonesian archipelago were hit by the tsunami.

In South Pagai, an archipelago of Mentawai islands off the west coast of Sumatra, the tsunami created huge waves that invaded villages along the coast within 600 meters, while in North Pagai, the waves hit the roofs of homes directly. The waves also hindered rescue workers from reaching the affected areas in time.

On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake measuring 9 on the Richter scale struck off Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami struck Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar and the east coast of Africa, killing more than 300,000 people. The exact number of deaths has been impossible to count. See also 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Two 7.0-magnitude undersea earthquakes in July 1998 killed about 2,100 people in Papua New Guinea.

September 1992 tsunami in Nicaragua.

Thirty-six thousand people died in a tsunami caused by a volcano that erupted on Aug. 25, 1883, in the Dutch East Indies.

Tsunami source location Date Wave height (m) Victim area Deaths Remarks

Vancouver Island, Canada January 26, 1700 ? Northern California to Vancouver Island, Japan ?

Portugal November 1, 1755 16 Western Europe, Morocco and West Indies 60,000

Ryukyu Islands April 24, 1771 85 Ryukyu Islands 11,941

Sunda Strait August 26, 1883 35 Java and Sumatra 36,000

Japan Sanriku 1896 30 Japan 27,122

Aleutian Islands April 1, 1946 32 Aleutian Islands, Hawaii, and California 165

Chile May 22, 1960 25 Chile, Hawaii, and Japan 1,260

Alaska March 27, 1964 32 Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and California ?

Celebes Sea August 16, 1976 30 Philippine Islands 5,000

Off northwest Sumatra December 26, 2004 ? Indian Ocean 300,000+ Tsunami

The largest tsunamis in more than a hundred years:

▲ In 1883, the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia erupted, triggering a tsunami that devastated the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java, killing 3.6 million people.

▲In 1896, a 7.6-magnitude earthquake struck Japan, triggering a tsunami that killed more than 20,000 people.

▲In 1906, an earthquake struck the sea off Colombia, and a tsunami affected some cities in Colombia and Ecuador.

▲In 1960, a 9.5-magnitude earthquake (the strongest since the beginning of time) struck the bottom of the Pacific Ocean near south-central Chile and triggered the largest tsunami in history, affecting the entire Pacific Coast countries and killing tens of thousands of people, even as far west as the Pacific Ocean, hundreds of people in Japan and Russia were also killed.

▲Three tsunamis struck the Pacific Ocean in a 10-month period between 1992 and 1993***, killing more than 2,500 people.

▲On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake hit Japan, triggering a huge tsunami that affected Pacific Rim countries. (Japan's official revision is a 9.0-magnitude earthquake)

Typical cases

1. A severe mudslide in Indonesia on Feb. 17, 2002, killed seven people and injured many others.

2. On June 17, 2002, torrential rains triggered floods and mudslides, and 30 million yuan of emergency funds were rushed to the affected areas in Sichuan Province. The affected people 3, August 19, 2002 Yunnan Xinping mudslide death toll rose to 33 people, more than 3,000 people involved in rescue.

3. November 4, 2008 Yunnan mudslide caused 35 deaths, more than 1.07 million people affected.

4. At about 22:00 on August 7, 2010, Zhouqu County in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was hit by sudden heavy rainfall, and the mudslide in the north of the county town of Luojiayu and Sanyeanyu went down, rushing towards the county town from the north to the south and causing the houses along the river to be washed away, and the mudslide blocked the Bailongjiang River, forming a weir lake.

5, August 11, 2010 18:00 to 12 22:00, Longnan City, a sudden rainstorm, triggering mudslides, landslides and other geological hazards, resulting in a number of traffic sections blocked, power communication facilities are interrupted, institutions, factories, mines and residents of housing into the water or collapse.

Nuclear power plant accidents at a glance

September 29, 1957: The Soviet Union's secret nuclear plant in the Urals, Chelyabinsk 65, exploded in a warehouse containing nuclear waste, forcing the Soviet authorities to urgently evacuate 11,000 local residents.

October 7, 1957: A fire at a nuclear reactor in Windescale on the northeast coast of England contaminates the entire country with radioactive material and kills at least 39 people with cancer.

January 3, 1961: A nuclear reactor explodes in a laboratory in Iowa, killing three workers on the spot.

Summer 1967: Lake Karacha in the former Soviet Union, where Chelyabinsk 65 had been used to store nuclear waste, dries up and the winds blow so many radioactive particles around that the authorities have to evacuate 9,000 people.

November 9, 1971: An overstocking of the wastewater storage facility at a nuclear reactor at Northern States Power Company in Minnesota, USA, results in 5,000 gallons of radioactive wastewater flowing into the Mississippi River, some of which even makes its way into the municipal drinking water system in St. Paul.

March 28, 1979: Cooling water and radioactive particles escape from the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor in the U.S. due to mechanical failure and human error, but no injuries are reported.

August 7, 1979: A leak of enriched uranium in the US state of Tennessee results in 1,000 injuries.

January 6, 1986: An explosion caused by faulty heating at a nuclear power plant in Oklahoma, U.S., kills one worker and hospitalizes 100 people.

April 26, 1986: A massive explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union sends a cloud of radioactivity straight to Western Europe, killing about eight thousand people from radiation-induced illnesses. The explosion ultimately resulted in the contamination of more than 200,000 square kilometers of land, with today's Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus suffering the worst nuclear contamination. The radioactive contamination caused by the accident spread over 150,000 square kilometers of the former Soviet Union, where 694.5 million people lived. As a result of the accident, a 30-kilometer area around the nuclear power plant was designated as a quarantine zone, nearby residents were evacuated, crops were completely buried, and trees within 7,000 meters of the plant gradually died. For the next half-century, farming and grazing will not be allowed within 10 kilometers; milk production will be banned within 100 kilometers for 10 years. Chernobyl's radiation was spread by wind, rain and other means, contaminating some of the world's most productive soils in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. Seventy percent of the radioactive dust leaked from the Chernobyl nuclear accident drifted down to Belarusian territory. In the early days of the accident, most of the citizens of Belarus were exposed to varying degrees of nuclear radiation, 6,000 square kilometers of land were rendered unusable, more than 400 settlements became no-man's land, and the government had to close more than 600 schools, 300 businesses, and 54 large agricultural complexes.

March 12, 2011: A hydrogen explosion occurs at Unit 3 of Japan's Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant just after 11 a.m. local time. The Fukushima Prefectural Government said in a news release on March 13 that 19 people evacuated from a 3-kilometer radius of the Fukushima Daiichi plant were newly confirmed to have been exposed to nuclear radiation, bringing the number of people confirmed to have been exposed to nuclear radiation to 22 people. Nuclear material leaking from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has traveled to Tokyo, and the amount of radiation in the Tokyo area has exceeded 20 times the usual level, and continues to be on an upward trend. [4]

March 15, 2011: An explosion occurs at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, with units 1-4 shutting down automatically after the earthquake, and unit 3 going into "cold shutdown" immediately. As of the 15th, 1, 2 and 4 units all realize the "cold temperature stop" stable state, out of the state of emergency.