General knowledge of literature in junior high school language (language version, both ancient and modern)

01. Swaddling Clothes: Babies under the age of one year 02. Childhood: Children aged 2-3 years old

03. Tufts of Hair: Young children (also known as "total horns") 04. Cardamom: A woman aged 13 years old

05: a woman's fifteenth birthday 06: a man's twentieth birthday (also known as the "weak crown")

07: a man's thirtieth birthday 08: a man's fortieth birthday

09: a man's fiftieth birthday (also known as "knowing the fate of heaven", "half-life", "half-age", "half-life", and "half-height") ", "half a hundred") 10, the age of armor: refers to the age of sixty

11, rare years: refers to the age of seventy 12, old age: refers to the age of eighty, ninety

13, the age of the Yi Yi: one hundred years old,

2, Ming and Qing Dynasty imperial examinations (from the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty Guangxu, the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty). Sheng in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Qing Guangxu 31 years abolished)

(1) level: the court test (also known as the "children's test", county-level exams, the children to participate in the examination, the test on the "student", that is, "Xiu Cai"). "

Countryside examination)

The township examination (also known as the "autumn exam", provincial exams, students to participate in the examination, the test is "lifts.)

Congress examination (also known as the "spring examination", the national examination, the lifer to participate in the examination, the examination on the "Gongshi.)

The Palace Examination (national examination, the emperor examiner, the tribute to participate in the examination, the examination for the "scholar". Among them, the first named "scholar"

The second named "top eye", the third called "flower")

(2) content: the four books and the five classics, etc., the regulations

Three major holidays in ancient times

(01) Yuan Day: the first day of the first month, the beginning of the year.

(02) People's Day: the seventh day of the first month, the main children.

(03) Shangyuan: the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar calendar, when lanterns are opened for theater, also known as the "Festival of Lights"

(04) Shezhi: around the vernal equinox, when sacrifices are made and prayers are offered for agriculture.

(05) Cold Food: two days before Ching Ming, fire is banned for three days (Wu Zixu)

(06) Ching Ming: the beginning of April, sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices.

(07) Dragon Boat Festival: the fifth day of the fifth month, eating zongzi and rowing the dragon (Qu Yuan)

(08) Tanabata: the seventh day of the seventh month, when women beg for money (Cowherd and Weaving Maiden)

(09) Zhongyuan: the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when offerings are made to the ghosts and deities, also known as the "Festival of the Ghosts"

(10) Mid-Autumn Festival: the fifteenth day of the eighth moon, when people look at the moon, and think of home and family. (10) Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15, enjoying the moon and thinking of home

(11) Chung Yeung: the ninth day of the ninth month of the ninth month of the ninth year of the ninth lunar month, ascending to a high altitude and inserting cornelian cherry to avoid disasters

(12) Winter Solstice: also known as the "Day of Solstice", the starting point of the festival.

(13) Lunar New Year's Day: the eighth day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, drink "Laha congee"

(14) New Year's Eve: the evening of the last day of the year, the first old to welcome the new,

Four, the ancient penalties

(01) tattooed criminals: also known as the "ink torture ", forehead and cheeks pricked words painted with ink. (02) wakes: cut the nose

(03) flogging: also called "caning", beat the board (back, legs, buttocks)

(04) amputation: cut off the foot (and the jade)

(05) palace punishment: also called "rot punishment (05) Palace Punishment: also called "Corruption Punishment", removing the male genitals (Sima Qian)

(06) Bin Punishment: removing the kneecaps (Sun Bin) (07) Dabe: beheading (07) Dabe: beheading (07) Dabe: beheading (07) Dabe: beheading (07) Dabe: beheading) (08) Cannon Branding: barbecuing (08) Cannon Branding: barbecuing (09) Che Rupture: also known as "splitting the body of five horses" (Shang Yang)

(11) Tang Wok: boiling a person in a hot wok (09) (10) soup wok: people will be boiled to death (11) waist beheading: chopped from the waist traps

(12) lynching: also known as "death by a thousand cuts" (13) abandoned the city: the body in the street,

V. Ancient dating method (the heavenly stems: A Yi C Din E Himself Geng Xin Nong Kui ground branch: Zi Umber Yin Mao Cen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai)

() (1) stem and branch chronology: with the "Heavenly Stem" and "Earthly Branches" one by one to match the chronology of the method. Its characteristics are:

A, the heavenly stem and earthly branches of each one of the composition of a chronicle, such as "A Zi year", "B ugly year" and so on.

B, the matching of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches will always be singular to singular, even to even, with no possibility of parity.

C. The cycle of 60 years goes on and on.

(2) chronology: from Han Wu Di, the emperor on the throne have a chronology, after the use of imperial chronology to chronology. For example: the first year of Kangxi, etc.

*Nianniao chronicle and dry-branch chronicle can be used simultaneously, such as: Shunzhi two years b You April

(3) princes and dukes of the chronicle: used in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of a chronological method, such as: Zhao Huiwen Wang sixteen years,

Sixth, the problems related to the official position

1, the word

(1) granting of the official: in addition to the worship (2) promote the official: to move the pew (3) demoted official: (4) removal: deposed

(5) recruitment: enlistment (6) Beijing officials transferred to local officials: out of the migration (7) ministers resigned: begging bones

2, the six ministries:

(1) Ministry of Appointments (the appointment and removal of officials, such as the promotion and transfer of the Ministry) (2) Ministry of Households (land taxes, household accounts, etc.)

(3) Ministry of Rites (ceremonies, such as imperial examinations, schools, etc.) (4) Ministry of Criminal Affairs (the justice of the criminal prison cases, etc.)

3, Ministry of Justice (the Ministry of Justice)

(5) Ministry of War (military army, border defense, etc.) (6) Ministry of Industry (engineering, water conservancy, etc.)

*"Six Ministries" is a central official position after the Han Dynasty, and the chief of the ministries is the minister of the Shangshu, and the deputy minister is the minister of service.

Seven, about the history books

(1) Chronology: the historical events are organized by chronology as a clue. The arrangement of the relevant historical events. (*** three)

The first is the Spring and Autumn Period Confucius compiled the "Spring and Autumn Annals";

A detailed account of the events of the Spring and Autumn Period Zuo Qiu Ming made the "Zuo Zhuan";

The largest is the Northern Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang's "Ziji Tongjian".

(2) Country-specific: a history recounted separately by vassal states. (***Two)

The earliest one is "The Language of Nations" written by Zuo Qiu Ming during the Spring and Autumn Period;

The better one is "Strategies of the Warring States" compiled by Liu Xiang in the early Han Dynasty.

(3) Chronicle: reflecting historical events by recounting the activities of characters.

The first is Sima Qian's Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) from the Western Han Dynasty;

The second is Ban Gu's Han Shu (Book of the Han) from the Eastern Han Dynasty;
...... Qing Shi (History of the Qing Dynasty). (*** more than twenty)

(4) General History: breaks down dynastic boundaries and recounts history from ancient times to the present.

The first is Sima Qian's Shiji;

The second is Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian. (***Two)

(5) Broken history: recounting the history of a certain period or dynasty.

The first is the Book of Han by Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty;

The second is the Book of Later Han by Fan Ye of the Northern and Southern Dynasties;...... the History of Qing Dynasty. (*** more than twenty)

Note,

(1) The above is categorized according to different criteria, in fact, the same history book can be categorized into different styles. For example, in the case of the Shiji, it can be said that it

is a general history in the form of a chronicle.

(2) The "Twenty-four Histories" compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty were 24 histories, with the Shiji at the beginning and the Ming Shi at the end, all of which were in the form of chronicles and biographies. In addition, except for the Shiji, which is a general history, the other 23 are all interrupted histories.

Eight, the "first" in the history of Chinese literature

(1) The Book of Songs: China's first collection of poetry. (Author unknown)

(2) The Art of War: China's first military work. (Spring and Autumn? Sun Wu)

(3) Guoyu: China's first country-specific history book. (Spring and Autumn? Zuo Qiu Ming)

(4) The Spring and Autumn Annals: China's first chronological history book. (Spring and Autumn? Confucius)

(5) Zuo Zhuan: China's first chronicle of detailed history. (Spring and Autumn? Zuo Qiu Ming)

(6) The Records of the Grand Historian: China's first chronological history. (Western Han Dynasty? Sima Qian)

(7) The Book of Han: China's first interrupted history. (Eastern Han Dynasty? Ban Gu)

(8) Southeast Flight of the Peacock: China's first full-length narrative poem. (Author unknown)

(9) Li Sao: China's first long lyric poem. (Warring States? Qu Yuan)

(10) Shuowen Jiezi: China's first dictionary. (Eastern Han Dynasty? Xu Shen)

(11) Er Ya: China's first dictionary. (Compiled by the Scribes of the Han Dynasty)

(12) Ma Shi Wen Tong: China's first grammar book. (Author unknown)

(13) Wenxindiaolong: China's first systematic monograph on literary theory. (Southern Dynasty? Liu Fo)

(14) The Diary of a Madman: the first modern vernacular novel in China. (Modern? Lu Xun)

(15) The Goddess: the first modern collection of new poems in China. (Modern? Guo Moruo)

(16) Qu Yuan: China's first poet. (Warring States)

(17) Tao Yuanming: the pioneer of idyllic poetry in China. (Eastern Jin Dynasty)

(18) Xie Ling Yun: the originator of landscape poetry in China. (Northern and Southern Dynasties)

(19) Lu You: the poet with the most poems in ancient China. (Southern Song Dynasty),

Nine, the world's top ten literary heroes 1. Homer, the ancient Greek poet; 2. Dante, the Italian poet; 3. Goethe, the German poet, playwright, and thinker; 4. Byron, the British positive Romantic poet; 5. Shakespeare, the British Renaissance dramatist and poet; 6. Victor Hugo, the famous French writer; 7. Rabindranath Tagore, the Indian writer, poet and social activist; 8. Russian literary Russian literary giant Lev Tolstoy; 9. Gorky, the founder of proletarian literature in the Soviet Union; 10. Lu Xun, the great modern Chinese writer and thinker.

Ten, China's first

The first dictionary is Shuowen Jiezi The first dictionary is Erya

The first pharmacopoeia is Shennong Ben Cao Jing The first chronicle is Spring and Autumn

The first biography is Shiji The first intergenerational book is Hanshu

The first book of military affairs is Sun Zi The first general collection of poems is the The first book of discourse is The Analects of Confucius The first mythological novel is The Book of Sojourners

The first novel of notes is The New Words of the World The first and largest anthology of interrupted poems is All-Tang Dynasty Poetry

The first book of literary theory is Wenxin Diao Long The first book of traditional Chinese medicine is The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine

The first agricultural encyclopedia is The Essentials of Qimin. The first tea monograph is "Tea Classic" The first compilation of ancient cultural texts is "Yongle Grand Dictionary"

XI, China's top ten classical songs:

"High Mountains and Flowing Water" "Guangling Sanqinquan" "Flat Sand and Falling Wild Geese" "Plum Blossoms" "Ambush from Ten Sides"

"Sunset Drums" "The Quiz of Woodcutter and Fisherman" "Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia" "Autumn and Moon of the Palace of Han" "Yangchun White Snow"

The first literary theory book is "Wenxin Carved Dragon" The first Chinese medical text is "Huang Di Nei Jing

Twelve, China's literary alias

①Si Ming fanatic: the early Tang poet He Zhizhang; ②Qinglian Jushi: Tang poet Li Bai; ③Shaoling wild old man: Tang poet Du Fu; ④Xiangshan Jushi: Tang poet Bai Juyi; ⑤Yuxi Sheng: Tang poet Li Shangyin; ⑥Liuyi Jushi: the literati of the Northern Song Dynasty Ouyangxiu; ⑦Dongpo Jushi: the literati of the Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi; ⑧Shangu Taoist: Northern Song poet Huang Tingjian ⑨ Yi Anju Shi: Southern Song female lyricist Li Qingzhao

Thirteen, China's three major national treasures: Chinese painting, Chinese medicine, Chinese Peking Opera.

Fourteenth, the "first" of the elegant name: laurel, chelsea head, ask the tripod, leading, top of the list, to win, to win the standard, the ear of the bull.

Fifteen, China's four famous pavilions: Drunken Master Pavilion, Taoran Pavilion, Ai evening Pavilion, Lake Pavilion.

Sixteen, China's "four" four pastoral areas: Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet. The four plateaus: Inner Mongolia, loess, Yunnan and Guizhou, Qinghai and Tibet.

XVII, the four basins: Tarim, Junggar, Qaidam, Sichuan. Four major cultural capitals: Xi'an, Beijing, Luoyang, Nanjing.

Nineteen, four famous Buddhist mountains: Jiuhua Mountain, Wutai Mountain, Putuo Mountain, Emei Mountain.

Eighteen, China's ancient timekeeping: twelve hours Zi time: eleven o'clock at midnight to the next morning one Ushi time: morning one to three o'clock Cin time: three to five o'clock Ushi time: five to seven o'clock Cinni time: seven to nine o'clock Sisi time: nine o'clock to eleven o'clock Afternoon: eleven to thirteen o'clock Undetermined: thirteen to fifteen o'clock Shen: fifteen to seventeen o'clock You time: seventeen to nineteen o'clock Pentecostal: nineteen to twelve o'clock Ohio time: Twenty-one to twenty-three hours

Twenty, the most ancient books

1. The first dictionary "Shuowen Jiezi" 2. The first lyrics "Erya"

3. The first rhyming book "Cheyun" 4. The first dictionary of dialects "Dialect"

5. The first character book "Zitong" 6. The first anthology of writings "Zhaoming wenxuan"

7. The first Collection of Notes and Fiction "Shishu Xinyao" 8. First General Collection of Poetry "The Book of Poetry"

9. First Book of Discourses "Analects" 10. First Chronological History "Spring and Autumn Annals"

11. First Chronological History "The Records of the Grand Historian" 12. First Discontinuous History "The Book of Han"

13. First Historical Commentary "Historiographies of the Grand Historian"

14. First Book of Military Science Sun Tzu

15.The first history of ancient institutions, Tongdian 16.The first agricultural encyclopedia, Qimin yaoji

17.The first technical treatise on industrial and agricultural production, Tiangongkaiwu 18.The first pharmacopoeia, Xinxiu Bencao

19.The first botanical dictionary, Quanfangbizao 20.The first book of traditional Chinese medicine, Daisu of the Emperor's Internal Canon

21.The first Chinese medical book, Dazu of the Emperor's Internal Canon

22.The first Chinese book, Dazu of the Emperor's Internal Canon

23.

21. the first geography book "Yugong" 22. the first architectural monograph "Construction Method Forms"

23. the first history of the theater canon "Song and Yuan Opera Rhyme History" 24. the first classified directory of books "Seven Lilliputian"

25. the first book of literary theories "Literature and Art Diorama" 26. the first compilation of the ancient cultural canon "Yongle Daxian"

XXI. Top Ten Literary Heroes of the World

①. Homer - an ancient Greek poet ②. Dante - Italian poet

③. Goethe - German poet, playwright and thinker ④. Byron - English positive romantic poet

5. Shakespeare - English Renaissance dramatist and poet ⑥. Victor Hugo - French writer

⑦. Rabindranath Tagore - Indian poet and social activist ⑧. Tolstoy - a giant of Russian literature. Tolstoy - Russian literary giant

9. Gorky - the founder of proletarian literature in the Soviet Union

⑩. Lu Xun - a great modern Chinese writer, thinker and revolutionary

22. Confucius is known as the Most Holy Sage, who are the following sages?

Sage of Asia (Mencius) Sage of Poetry (Du Fu) Sage of Painting (Wu Daozi) Sage of Calligraphy (Wang Xizhi)

Sage of Commerce (Fan Li) Sage of Wine (Du Kang) Sage of History (Sima Qian) Sage of Medicine (Zhang Zhongjing)

Sage of Wushu (Guan Yu) Sage of Cao (Zhang Xu) Sage of Tea (Lu Yu) Sage of Soldiers (Sun Wu)

Sage of Counseling (Zhang Liang) Sage of Wood (Sage of Science) (Zhang Heng) Sage of Medicine (Sun Si Miao)

Twenty-three, fuzzy little set of time

Weeeight: a period of time from zero hour to six o'clock. Dawn: at first light.

Dawn: when it is almost light. Early morning: a period of time around sunrise.

Morning: a period of time from first light to eight or nine o'clock. Morning: a period of time between early morning and 12 noon.

Noon: the period of time around 12 o'clock in the day. Afternoon: a period of time from 12 noon to sunset.

Evening: a period of time from sunset to late night. Evening: a period of time towards evening.

Dusk: the period from sunset to just before starrise. Midnight: around 12 o'clock at night.

Night: a period of time between darkness and dawn.

Twenty-four: Top Ten Classical Chinese Tragedies,Top Ten Classical Chinese Comedies,Top Ten Chinese Books of Talent

Dou'e Grievance -- Guan Hanqing of the Yuan Dynasty , Saving the Wind and Dust -- Guan Hanqing of the Yuan Dynasty , Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The Orphan of Zhao" - Ji Junxiang, "The Western Chamber" - Wang Shifu, "The Water Margin"

"The Flag of Jingzhong" - Feng Menglong, Ming Dynasty, "Look at the Money Slaves". Zheng Yanyu -- Yuan Dynasty , The Legend of Good Marriage

The Spectrum of Qingzhong -- Li Yu, Qing Dynasty , The Wolf of Zhongshan -- Kang Hai, Ming Dynasty , The Cold Swallows of Pingshan Mountain

The Peach Blossom Fan -- Qing Dynasty, Kong Dynasty , The Peach Blossom Fan

"Autumn in the Han Palace" - Ma Zhiyuan (Yuan Dynasty), "Li Kui Takes a Bramble" (Yuan Dynasty) --Kang Jinyun, The Story of the Western Chamber

The Story of the Pipa--Gao Zecheng, Ming Dynasty, The Story of the Secret Chamber--Shi Junmei, Yuan Dynasty, The Story of the Pipa

"The Palace of Eternal Youth" - Hong Sheng, Qing Dynasty; "The Jade Pin --Gao Lian (Ming Dynasty), The Story of Beheading Ghosts

The Leifeng Pagoda (Qing Dynasty), Fang Chengpei (Qing Dynasty), The Kite Mistake (Qing Dynasty), Li Yu (Qing Dynasty), The Sword of Three Harmonies (Qing Dynasty)

Twenty-five, the other

1, taboo: the ancients on the "death" has many taboo, the main ones are:

(1) the son of heaven, the empress, ministers and princes of the death of the name: the princely, the collapse, a hundred years old, a thousand years of autumn, the anne driving, the mountains collapse and so on.

(2) The death of parents is called: see back, lonely dew, abandonment, etc.

(3) The deaths of Buddhists and Taoists are referred to as: nirvana, silence, seated, feathered, immortal, immortal death, etc. The term "immortal death" is used to refer to the death of a Buddhist or Taoist monk. "Immortal death" is now also used to refer to the death of a respected figure.

(4) The death of a person in general is called: death, sleep, death, passing away, death, death, death, death, death, old age, death, death, and so on.

2, four treasures: the old pen, ink, paper, ink stone four stationery general term.

Wen room, that is, the study. The Northern Song Dynasty Su Yijian wrote a book, "the four recipes", describing the four types of stationery categories and facts. These stationery, the production of a long history, famous hands, and rich in categories, unique style. The famous ones are: Anhui Jingxian Xuan paper, Anhui Shexian She ink, Guangdong Duanzhou ink stone, Zhejiang Wuxing lake pen.

3, the three cold friends: refers to the ancient poetry often mentioned in the pine, bamboo, plum. The pine is a cold-resistant tree that does not wither in winter and is often seen as a symbol of integrity. Bamboo, also by the winter does not wither, and the beauty of its own, it is straight, humble, not overbearing, not humble, dashing in the world, often seen as different from the vulgar symbol of the elegant people. Plum, welcome the cold and open, beautiful and vulgar, is a symbol of the resilience of the personality.

4, the four gentlemen of flowers: plum, bamboo, orchid, chrysanthemum, often mentioned in ancient poetry. Orchid, a flower color light fragrance clear, the second was born in a secluded place, so often seen as a symbol of modest gentleman. Chrysanthemum, it is not only elegant, fragrant, and has the characteristics of frost and snow; it is colorful in the withering of flowers, not with the group of flowers, so it has always been used to symbolize the quiet self-possession, proud and unyielding noble character. "Plum, bamboo" see above

5, modest: (1) expresses the attitude of humility, used to call themselves. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. I, humbly call themselves shallow knowledge. I, humbly call themselves or their own things are not good. Humble, to call oneself lowly in status. Stealing, with the meaning of privately, privately, using it often has the meaning of impudence and abruptness. Minister, to claim that one's status is not as high as the other's. Servant, humbly calling himself a servant of the other party, using it contains the meaning of serving the other party. (2) The ancient emperor's self-effacement words are lone (the king of a small country), oligarchy (less virtuous people), not valley (not good). (3) Ancient officials of the self-effacement words are lower official, the last official, minor officials. (4) The self-effacement words of the readers are 小生, 晚生, 晚学, etc., which indicate that they are newly learned juniors; if self-effacement is not talented, not sycophantic, or unshawlike, it indicates that they have no talent or mediocre talent. (5) the ancients called their own side of the relatives and friends, commonly used "home", "house" and other words of modesty. "Home" is to others to call their own seniority or older relatives with the word of modesty, such as the family father, mother, brother, etc.. "She" is used to humbly call their own home or their own young relatives, the former, such as the cold house, my house, the latter, such as the house brother, sister, nephew and so on. (6) Other words of self-effacement are: because the ancients sat in the seat of the elders on the top, so the younger generation or the low status of the person humbly referred to as in the bottom; Xiao Ke is the self-effacement of people of a certain status, meaning that they are very common, not worth mentioning; boy is the younger generation of children to the father and brother of the title of respect for the elders; the old people self-effacement with the old, old, old, old, old, and so on; the woman called herself a concubine; the old monks call themselves cassock; the king of the other country called their own king of the oligarchs.

6, honorific: the attitude of respect and politeness, also known as "honorific". (1) to the emperor's honorifics, such as long live the emperor, the emperor, the emperor, the emperor, the emperor, your majesty and so on. Driving, originally refers to the emperor's carriage. Ancient people believed that the emperor should travel the world by car, so they used "driving" to refer to the emperor. Ancient emperors believed that their power was established by the order of heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient subjects did not dare to reach the emperor directly, so they told the people under the ah (palace steps) and asked them to convey the meaning up, so they used "Your Majesty" to refer to the emperor. (2) The honorific title for the crown prince and prince is Your Highness. (3) The honorific title for generals is under their command. (4) The honorific title for people of a certain status: for envoys it is under the section; for people of a certain social status such as the three dukes and county guards, it is Your Excellency, which is now mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as His Excellency the Ambassador. (5) For each other or each other's relatives, there are honorifics such as Ling, Zun, Xian, and so on. Order, meaning good, used to address each other's relatives, such as your father (the other side), your mother (the other side), your wife (the other side of the wife), your brother (the other side of the brother), your son (the other side of the son), your love (the other side of the daughter). Zun, used to call people or things related to each other, such as Zunshang (call each other's parents), Zun Gong, Zun Jun, Zunfu (all call each other's father), Zundang (each other's mother), Zunjin (each other's relatives), Zunhao (call each other), Zun命 (each other's instructions), Zunyi (each other's meaning). Xian, used to call the peers or the late generation, such as xianjia (call each other), xianlang (call each other's son), xiandi (call each other's brother). Ren, expressed love, a wider range of applications, such as friends of the same generation longer than their own as Ren brother, said the status of the high people as Ren Gong and so on. (6) Calling an elderly person as zhang or zhangren, such as "Zi Lu thus meets zhangren" ("Analects"). After the Tang Dynasty, the father of the wife and the mother of the wife was called Taishan, and the mother of the wife was called mother-in-law or Taishui. (7) the predicate in front of the "first", said the dead, used to honor the high status of people or older people, such as the emperor has died for the first emperor, said the father has died for the first test or first father, said the mother has died for the first ci or first mother, said the dead people with talent and virtue for the first sage. Add "too" or "big" in front of the title to indicate another generation, such as the emperor's mother for the Queen Dowager, grandfather for the big (too) father, grandmother for the big (too) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperor more temple name, such as Tang Taizong, Tang Xuanzong, Song Taizu, Song Renzong, Yuan Shizu, Ming Taizu, etc.; Ming and Qing dynasties, also used the year number instead of the emperor, such as Zhu Yuanzhang as Emperor Hongwu, said Zhu Yuchan as Emperor Chongzhen, said Xuan Ye as Emperor Kangxi, said Hongli as Emperor Qianlong. (8) to the respected elders and used between the peers of the honorifics are Jun, Zi, Gong, foot, Fuzi, Mr., Mr., adults and so on. (9) The honorific title for a ruler to an official is qing or aiqing. (10) For people with noble character and superior wisdom, they were called "saint", for example, Confucius was called a saint, and Mencius was called a saint. Later, "sheng" was used for emperors and kings, e.g., shengshang, shengdao.

7, special title: the following four main:

(1) the people's title. Commonly, there are cloth, Qianshou, Limin, Shengmin, common people, Lishu, Cangsheng, Liyuan, rogue and so on.

(3) The titles between different friendships. When you are poor and lowly, the friends you make are called "poor and lowly friends"; the friends who are in good terms with each other and are as close as brothers are called "golden friendships"; the friends who are in the same life and death situation are called "axe and neck friends"; the friends who are in trouble are called "axe and neck friends"; and the friends who are in trouble are called "axe and neck friends". A friend in trouble is called a "friend in distress"; a friend with deep friendship is called a "bosom friend"; a friend of the opposite sex who has grown up together is called a "bamboo horse friend"; a friend who has grown up with the opposite sex is called a "bamboo horse friend"; a friend who has grown up with the opposite sex is called a "bamboo horse friend"; a friend who has grown up with the opposite sex is called a "bamboo horse friend". Bamboo horse friendship"; friends who are commoners are called "cloth friendship"; friends with different generations and big age difference are called "forgetful friends"; friends who are not bound by their status and appearance are called "forgetful friends". Friends who don't care about their status and appearance are called "oblivious friends"; friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of their status are called "car-hat friends"; friends who support each other morally are called "gentleman friends"; friends who share the same mind and know each other y are called "god friends"; and friends who have a similar mind and know each other y are called "god friends". Friends are called "God's friends" ("God's friends" also refers to the mutual admiration of friends who have not seen each other). 8, the good of Qin and Jin: during the Spring and Autumn Period, the kings of Qin and Jin were married to each other for several generations, and later referred to the marriage of the two surnames as "the good of Qin and Jin". "

9.

9, the moon's aliases: the moon is the most prominent of the natural objects mentioned in the ancient poems being depicted. Its aliases can be divided into:

(1) Because the early moon is like a hook, it is called the silver hook and the jade hook. (2) Because the stringed moon is like a bow, it is called the Jade Bow and the Bow Moon.

(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel or a disk or a mirror, it is called the golden wheel, the jade wheel, the silver disk, the jade disk, the golden mirror, the jade mirror.

(4) Because of the legend that there is a rabbit and a toad in the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, Toad Palace.

(5) Because of the legend that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called the Laurel Moon, Laurel Wheel, Laurel Palace and Laurel Prayer.

(6) Because of the legend that there are two palaces in the moon, Guanghan and Qingxu, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.

(7) Because of the legend that the god who drove for the moon was named Wangshu, the moon was called Wangshu.

(8) Because of the legend that Chang'e lived in the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Canyuan.

10. Ancient aliases for the months

January - first month, the first month of the year, the month of production, the month of Meng, the end of the month, Mengchun, the month of levitation, the month of Hua, the early spring, the new Zheng

February - the month of the woman, the month of apricots, the month of the middle of the spring, the month of the order, the month of the month, such as the month of the month, Li month, sound spring

March - Mei month, Peach month, Li month, Silkworm month, Tong month, Seasonal month, Xiaochun, Niao month, Cherry shoots, Peach wave

April - Yu month, Sophora month, Meng summer, Yin month, Plum month, Early summer, Zhengyang, Jumin, Ching Wazuki

May - Gaoyue, Durian, Puyue, Midsummer, Yuzhong, Tianzhong

June - Hoyue, Fuyue, Quarter-summer, Danmue, Jiaomue, Summer, Jingyin

July -Sang Moon, Qiao Moon, Frost Moon, Meng Autumn, Orchid Moon, Cool Moon, Melon Moon, Early Autumn, Early Autumn

August -Strong Moon, Gui Moon, Mid-Autumn, Mid-Autumn, Zhengzhi, Zhongshang

September - - Xuan Yue, Chrysanthemum Moon, Quarterly Autumn, Poor Autumn, Last Autumn, Green Woman's Moon

October - Yang Yue, Meng Dong, Liang Yue, Early Winter, Kai Dong, Zhengyang Yue, Xiaoyangchun

November - Jia Yue, Zhong Dong, Chang month

December - Tu month, waxing month, seasonal winter, waxing month, twilight winter, residual winter, the end of winter, star back to the festival, Jia Ping month

11, Wuyue: the general name of the five famous mountains, namely, Mount Taishan in the East, Mount Huashan in the West, Mt. Songshan in the Middle, Mount Everest in the North, and Mount Hengyeong in the South. Dreaming of traveling to Tianmu Yin Liubie: "Potential to pull up the five mountains to cover the red city."

12, landscape yin and yang: in ancient times to the south of the mountain, the water north for the yang, to the north of the mountain, the water south for the yin.

12: The yin and yang of mountains and waters: In ancient times, the south of mountains and the north of waters were regarded as yang, and the north of mountains and the south of waters were regarded as yin. "Han Yin" refers to the south of the Han River. The Record of Ascending Mount Tai: "In the sun of Mount Tai, the water of Wen flows in the west; in its yin, the water of Ji flows in the east." The Record of Traveling to Mount Baochan: "The so-called Huayang Cave is named after its being the sun of Mount Hua."

13, Bo (Meng) Zhong Shuji: the order of brothers in the line of succession of the eldest and youngest. Bur (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third, Ji is the fourth. Ancient aristocratic men's words are often added in front of Bo (Meng), Zhong, uncle, season, said the ranking, the word after the addition of "father" or "Fu" word for male, constituting the full name of the man's word, such as the father of Bo bird, Zhongni father, Shuxing father.

14, twelve zodiac signs: also known as phases. Ancient mathematicians take twelve kinds of animals to match the twelve earthly branches, son for the rat, ugly for the cow, c for the tiger, d for the rabbit, c for the dragon, six for the snake, afternoon for the horse, not yet for the goat, shen for the monkey, you for the chicken, huxu for the dog, ohio for the pig. Later thought that a person born in a certain year on the Xiao something, such as son born in the year of the Xiao rat, Ohio born in the year of the Xiao pig, known as the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac. In ancient times, the twelve signs of the Chinese Zodiac often coated with superstitious colors, a case of rest and wealth, often involved, especially in the marriage of men and women in the genus is very concerned, there are the so-called "chicken and dog head-breaking marriage", "dragon and tiger are incompatible," and so on

15, the five valleys: Ancient reference to the five kinds of grains. "Five grains", there are a variety of different sayings in ancient times, the most important two: one refers to rice, millet, millet, wheat, beans; another refers to hemp, millet, millet, wheat, beans. The difference between the two is: the former has rice without hemp, the latter has hemp without rice. Ancient economic and cultural center in the Yellow River basin, the main source of rice in the south, and the north of the limited rice planting, so the "five grains" in the initial no rice.

Twenty-six, the novel three elements are: the environment, plot, character

1, narrative essay this style of writing mainly through the words and deeds of people and things to show a certain central idea. Narrative essays are mainly narrative, description, description, discussion and expression techniques. Narrative essays generally require the content of six elements, namely, characters, events, time, place, passage and ending.

(2), argumentative essay is the author of things or people to express their views, evaluation. An argumentative essay has three elements, namely, thesis, argument and argumentation. An argument is the author's opinion and claim about the issue being discussed. An argument is the facts and reasoning used to prove the argument. Argumentation is the method of using arguments to prove the thesis. General expression of the three elements of the link: the argument to solve the problem of "what needs to be proved", the argument to solve the problem of "what to prove", the argument to solve the problem of "how to carry out the proof of The argumentation is to solve the problem of "how to prove". There are two basic types of argumentative essays, thesis and refutation.

(3), expository essay is a kind of illustrative method as the main mode of expression of the genre. It aims to introduce the reader to the shape, nature and structure of events, and to explain the causes, functions and relationships of things. This style of writing generally requires the description of things to be characterized. There are many ways to explain things, commonly used: classification, definition, examples, comparisons, figures, metaphors, charts and so on.

(4), the script must be suitable for stage performance: the script must have a concentrated, sharp conflict; the language and actions of the characters must be in line with their respective identities and personality traits.

(5), the characteristics of prose can be summarized in three points, namely, a wide range of materials, flexible structure and a variety of techniques. The important feature of prose is that "the form is scattered, but the spirit is not. "Shape scattered" refers to the material of prose is very broad and free, not subject to the limitations of time and space; performance methods are not confined, that is, or the development of the narrative events, or describing the character image, or the object of the lyrical expression, or comment on the discussion. "God is not" means that the central idea expressed in the article should be clear and focused, no matter how extensive the content, a variety of methods of expression, but must serve to express the central idea.

(6), poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Derived from the labor trumpets and folk songs of ancient mankind, it was originally a general term for poetry and song; at the beginning, poetry and song were not differentiated, and poetry was combined with music and dance, and collectively referred to as poetry. Chinese poetry has a long history and rich heritage, such as "Shijing", "Chu Shi" and "Han Lefu" and the works of countless poets; Western European poetry, by the ancient Greek Homer, Sappho, Pindar and the ancient Roman poets such as Catullus, Vergil, Horace and other poets to open the source of creation. Poetry is highly concentrated to summarize and reflect social life, full of the author's rich thoughts and feelings, rich in imagination, the language is condensed and strong figurative, with rhythm and rhyme, generally arranged in lines. Classical poetry is organized in lines and rhymes, but modern poetry has been greatly enriched in form and content, and is highly scalable. The basic characteristics of poetry: ① lyrical. Poetry is the expression of emotional currents. ②Musicality. Rhythm is the main factor in the musicality of poetry. Another manifestation of the musicality of poetry is rhyme. ③ Highly condensed and figurative language.

(7), the classification of drama (drama, opera, dance drama; one-act play, multi-act play; historical drama, modern drama; tragedy, comedy, drama).