Geography review materials for the first year of junior high school [RENGJIUANG EDITION

Unit VI The continent where we live - Asia

I. Geographic location, topography and rivers of Asia

1. Geographic location:

① hemispheric location of Asia: most of Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere, but it is also across the East and West Hemispheres and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres ② the Asian latitude position: Asia is located roughly between 10S - 80N, across the tropics, temperate and cold, is the world's most planted across the latitude of the continents. ③ Land and Sea Location: Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, and Europe in the west, and the dividing line is the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, the Turkish Straits, and the Mediterranean Sea. Southwest across the Suez Canal and Africa as neighbors, east across the Bering Strait and North America, southeast across the sea and Oceania Asia is the longest east-west distance between the continents.

2. size: Asia is the world's largest continent. Seven continents according to the size of the arrangement is: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica, Europe and the Ocean.

3. Geographic subdivisions: customarily divided into six regions of Asia: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia. Various regions and countries are shown in the table below:

Regional countries

East Asia China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, etc.

Southeast Asia Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Timor-Leste, etc.

South Asia Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.

South Asia, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.

Maldives, Maldives, etc.

West Asia Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Kuwait, etc.

North Asia Part of Russia

4. Terrain:

① Terrain features: high plateaus and mountainous terrain, with a high average elevation; and the land is very undulating, there are the world's highest mountain peaks. - Mount Everest (8,844 meters), there is also the world's lowest elevation of the lowlands - the Dead Sea (1,400 meters), is the world's largest continent in the ground undulation; terrain in the middle of the high, surrounded by low.

② Asia's world's largest: the highest mountain range: the Himalayas; the highest mountain: Mount Everest; the highest plateau: the Tibetan Plateau; the largest saltwater lake: the Caspian Sea; the deepest and largest freshwater lake: Lake Baikal; the lowest point on the land surface: the Dead Sea; the largest peninsula: the Arabian Peninsula; the largest archipelago: the Malay Archipelago; the largest landlocked country: Kazakhstan; the largest country with the largest population: China; the longest (the most populous country: China; the longest canal: Beijing-Hangzhou Canal)

5. Rivers: Asia's great rivers are affected by the terrain, most of them originate from the central highlands and mountains, and then radiate along the terrain to the sea in all directions, and the main rivers flow into the sea as follows:

River Flow Characteristics Injecting into the sea

The Yangtze River from west to east Length and flow rate of the first in Asia, and the world's third Pacific Ocean

The Yellow River from west to east Length and flow rate of the first in Asia, and the world's third in the Pacific Ocean

The Yellow River From west to east Length 5500 km, the second longest river in China Pacific

The Mekong River From north-west to south-east In China, it is called the Lancang River, and it is the river that flows through the largest number of countries in Asia Pacific

The Ob River, the Yenisei River, and the Lena River From south to north Located in the north of Asia, with higher latitude, the rivers have a longer ice age in winter Arctic Ocean

The Ganges River From west to east Located in the south of Asia, flowing through India and Bangladesh. South Asia, flowing through India, Bangladesh Indian Ocean

Indus River from north to south in southern Asia, flowing through Pakistan Indian Ocean

Two, complex climate

1. Climate characteristics:

① climate complexity and diversity: Asia's land across the frigid, temperate and tropical, east, north, south of the three sides of the ocean, the south-west of the deep into the interior of the continent of Europe and Asia; topography Complex and diverse. By the latitudinal position, sea and land distribution, the influence of the terrain, Asia's climate is complex and diverse. In addition to the temperate oceanic climate, the world's various climates are distributed in Asia.

② significant monsoon climate: Asia backed by the world's largest land - Asia and Europe, bordering the world's largest ocean - the Pacific Ocean, the ocean and the land between the thermal push the difference is very significant, the formation of the world's most typical monsoon climate zone. The most typical monsoon climate zone in the world is formed. Tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate are distributed, of which the tropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, only Asia has the distribution

③ continental climate distribution (temperate continental climate accounted for almost half of Asia): Asia is the world's first continent, the area is vast, Asia's inland is far away from the sea, by the ocean's influence on small. Summer inland warming fast, winter cooling fast, so cold in winter and hot in summer; due to the inland far from the sea, the ocean water vapor is difficult to reach, so the precipitation is less, and concentrated in the summer.

2. Climate impact on agriculture: in Asia, the monsoon climate on agriculture is particularly prominent. In the eastern and southern monsoon climate zone in Asia, precipitation and the strength of the summer wind has a close relationship. Generally speaking, years with strong summer winds bring more water vapor from the ocean and more precipitation; conversely, years with weak summer winds also have less precipitation. If there is too much precipitation, flooding may result; conversely, if there is too little precipitation, drought may develop. As a result, eastern and southern Asia (the monsoon zone) have the same period of rain and heat, which allows crops to grow vigorously, but are often affected by unstable summer winds that cause droughts and floods, which are a serious threat to agricultural production.

Fine points: ( l ) the world's most populous continent: Asia's population accounts for 61%.

①The world's continents or regions in order of population: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. In order of average natural population growth rate: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

② the world's population of more than 100 million countries **** there are 10, six of which are located in Asia: East Asia, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, South Asia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

3 the impact of the large population on resources and the environment:

2. Diverse regional cultures: Asia's large and small ethnic groups*** about 1,000, accounting for about half of the world's total number of ethnic groups (ethnic groups in different regions, in the architecture, clothing, music, dance, rituals, etc., showing a different cultural and artistic styles and different folk customs. For example, earthquake-resistant buildings in Japan, tents and robes in Saudi Arabia. In Asia, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the Indus River Basin and the Mesopotamia Plain (Two Rivers Basin) have become the birthplaces of human civilization respectively because of their suitable temperate or tropical climate, abundant water sources and fertile land.

3. Economic development brigade: Asia, except Japan is a developed country, the rest of the countries are developing countries. The differences in economic development of the countries is very large. The main reason is: in addition to Japan, countries in the past, long suffered from colonial rule, the industrial base is generally weak. From the 1970s, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and other rapid economic development.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Question 1: Characteristics of Japan's Natural Environment

1. Territorial Composition: It consists of four large islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and more than 3,900 small islands and their surrounding waters.

2. Major cities are located along the coast, such as Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Kitakyushu and Nagasaki.

3. Terrain characteristics: mainly hills and mountains. The plains are narrow in area and are distributed in the coastal areas. The Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan.

4, more good harbors: the coast sea zigzag, more good harbors, especially the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea for the best, which is very favorable to Japan's fisheries, shipbuilding, maritime transport and foreign economic ties. Kobe and Yokohama are the two most important foreign trade port.

5, many volcanoes and earthquakes: Japan is located in the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, the crustal movement is more active, belonging to the Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt, so, Japan has many volcanoes and earthquakes. More than 1,500 earthquakes are felt every year. Japan is known as the "Earthquake Country" and the "Volcano Museum of the World". Japan's tallest mountain, Mount Fuji, is an active volcano. It is also the highest mountain in Japan, and is regarded by the Japanese people as a "sacred mountain".

6, Japan's north and south of the country is long and narrow, and with the meridian diagonal, most of Japan in the 23?N - 46?N between the latitude and longitude across the wide will make Japan's geography more complex and diverse, such as across the latitude across a wide range of Japan's north and south of the temperature difference will be large, across the longitude across a wide range of east and west of the time difference between the places will be large.

Question 2, Japan's economy

1. Unfavorable and favorable conditions for the development of Japan's economy. Japan's small geographical area, iron ore, oil, coal and other mineral resources are poor, the vast majority rely on imports. The domestic market is small and most of the products are exported. But Japan also has the advantages of economic development: a, the island country has many ports and harbors, sea transportation is convenient; b, the quality of the labor force is high; c, management efficiency.

2, "import - processing - export" type of economic model. With the rapid development of the economy, Japan imports a large number of raw materials, fuels, and then rely on high technology and sufficient labor resources, processing of imported raw materials, made of high-quality industrial products, and then sold around the world, the formation of the processing trade-based economy. The main targets of foreign trade are the United States, China and Europe.

3. In recent years, Japan has accelerated the expansion of overseas investment and the establishment of overseas production and sales bases. The main targets of Japanese investment in factories are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Advantages: ① use of cheap resources and cheap labor in developing countries, reduce production costs; ② to join the international economic and technological cooperation and competition in the international market; ③ to protect the country's natural resources, slowing down the consumption of resources to protect their own resources; ④ to reduce the cost of transportation investment. Impact on other countries: ① Japan's move of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; ② Japan has a strong sense of protecting its own resources from its own national interests, but the large number of imported timber or overfishing in distant oceans will lead to serious damage to the resources of the rest of the world's countries and regions, which will lead to the dislocation of the global ecological environment.

4. Characteristics and causes of industrial distribution: Japan's industry is concentrated in a narrow strip of land along the Pacific Ocean and the Seto Inland Sea.

5, the favorable and unfavorable impact of the Japanese economy: Japan's economy is heavily dependent on foreign countries, the favorable impact is that it can promote the rapid improvement of Japan's level of science and technology, can promote the improvement of the quality of the labor force, so that Japan's industrial products in the international market is more competitive; unfavorable impact is the occurrence of the world economic crisis is bound to make Japan's economy suffered a heavy blow.

Question 3: Location of Southeast Asia, Rivers and Cities

1. Location of the Crossroads: Southeast Asia consists of two parts, the Central South Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The southern part of the Central South Peninsula is also known as the Malay Peninsula. Southeast Asia is located in Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean between the "crossroads". In particular, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra between the Strait of Malacca, is the communication of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean natural waterway, from Europe, Africa, sailing east to Southeast Asia, East Asia, the shortest route of the port must be, is connected to the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean sea corridor, the Japanese called it the "sea lifeline".

2, Southeast Asia countries: Southeast Asia **** there are 11 countries. One of the land border with China is: Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam; the only landlocked country is Laos; Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago countries, known as the "country of a thousand islands".

3, the relationship between rivers and cities: the Central and South Peninsula's large cities are mainly located along rivers and estuarine deltas.

4. Tropical Climate and Agricultural Production

Question 4: Characteristics of India's Natural Environment

1. The World's Second Most Populous Country: India is the world's ancient civilization, with the world's second largest population. The large population puts great pressure on resources, environment and economic development. Therefore, the Government of India has elected a family planning policy.

2, location: ① most of them are located between 10?N - 30?N, mainly in the tropics. ② land and sea location: southern Asia and Europe, north of the Indian Ocean, east of the Bay of Bengal, west of the Arabian Sea.

3, terrain: divided into three parts, the north is the Himalayas, the central Ganges Plain, the south is the Deccan Plateau.

4, the main rivers: the Ganges River originates in the Himalayas, from northwest to southeast into the Bay of Bengal.

5, self-sufficient food production: India since the implementation of the "Green Revolution", food is not only self-sufficient, but also a certain amount of surplus food for export. The main household products for rice and wheat, rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges River Plain and coastal plains, wheat is mainly distributed in the upper Ganges River and the northwestern Deccan Plateau.

6. Climate: tropical monsoon climate is dominated by high temperatures throughout the year, and the year is divided into distinct dry and rainy seasons. June to September each year, the prevailing southwest monsoon, precipitation, the rainy season. Every year from October to May, the prevalence of the northeast monsoon, drought, less rain, for the dry season. India's frequent floods and droughts, mainly caused by the instability of the southwest monsoon (a plate of the southwest monsoon wind is weak, come late, retreat early, the formation of drought; on the contrary, the formation of floods).

Question 5: Russia's location, topography, climate, rivers

1, location: Russia's higher latitude, the vast majority of which is located in the northern temperate zone. Across Asia and Europe, but also across the East and West hemispheres. West of the Baltic Sea, north of the Arctic Ocean, east of the Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Black Sea, northeast of the Bering Strait and North America. The main neighbors are Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. The country is vast, is the world's largest country.

2, across Asia and Europe, the European countries: although the European part of the area only accounted for 1/4, but the population accounted for 3/4, industry, agriculture, the capital, the main cities are located in Europe, has been the history of the national political, economic and cultural center. Therefore, historically recognized as a European country.

3, terrain: relatively flat, mainly plains and plateaus. Large rivers and mountain ranges become the important dividing line of the terrain area.

4, rivers and lakes: Russia has four major rivers, "mother river" Volga River is located in the East European plains, from north to south into the Caspian Sea, is Europe's longest river, but also the famous inland waterways. It is the longest river in Europe and also a famous inland river. It has rich flow, gentle current and high shipping value. The Obi, Yenisei and Lena rivers flow from south to north into the Arctic Ocean. The main lakes are: the Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world and the largest inland (saltwater) lake), Lake Baikal (the deepest lake in the world).

5. Climate: temperate continental climate, due to high latitude, long, long and cold winters and short, warm summers.

Question 6: Russia's Resources, Industry and Transportation

1. Resources: Russia has a full range of natural resources and abundant reserves, and is one of the few large countries in the world that is self-sufficient in resources. The main mineral deposits are: the Kursk iron ore mine, the second Baku oil field, the Tyumen oil field, and the Kuzbass coal mine.

2. Industry: heavy industry is well developed, consumer goods manufacturing is developing slowly, and industry is mainly distributed in the European part of the country. Four major industrial zones: ① Moscow-centered industrial zone; ② St. Petersburg-centered industrial zone; ③ Ural Industrial Zone; ④ Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

3, transportation: Russia's transportation sector is complete, railroads, highways, aviation, inland waterways, pipeline transportation are very developed, mainly railroad transportation. The European part of the railroad network is dense, with Moscow as the center in a radial shape. The Asian part of the railroad network is relatively sparse, mainly Siberian Railway (Asia-Europe Continental Bridge).

4, the main cities: Moscow (the capital, the largest city), St. Petersburg (the second largest city), Murmansk (year-round frozen port), Vladivostok (Vladivostok), Volgograd (Volga River river port).

Chapter 8 Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

I. Reasons for the Middle East to Become a Long-Term Hot Spot Issue

1. Important Geographic Position: Two Oceans, Three Continents and Five Seas. The Middle East is located in the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, surrounded by the Caspian Sea (the world's largest saltwater lake), the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, communicating the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the Suez Canal communicates the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, the Turkish Straits communicates the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, and therefore the strategic location is very important.

2, rich oil resources: the Middle East is currently the world's largest oil reserves, production and output of oil in the region. This is the reason why some big countries are competing for it.

①The oil of the Middle East is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, the main oil-producing countries are the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Egypt and other countries;

②The Middle East's oil, most of which is shipped by tankers from the ports of the Persian Gulf coast to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy.

3 oil export routes: a: to Japan

Persian Gulf → Strait of Hormuz → Indian Ocean → Strait of Malacca → Pacific Ocean → Japan

B: to Western Europe, the United States

Persian Gulf → Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Mendeham Gap → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Strait of Gibraltar → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe, the United States

C: the Middle East, most of the Middle East by the ports along the Persian Gulf coast by tankers to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan. p>

C:Transportation to Western Europe and the United States

Persian Gulf→Strait of Hormuz→Arabian Sea→Indian Ocean→around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa→Atlantic Ocean→Western Europe and the United States

3. Scarcity of water resources: a fuse for war and a constraint on the development of agriculture in the region. The Middle East is located in the Tropic of Cancer through the west coast of the continent and the interior, hot and dry all year round, mainly tropical desert climate, only in the Mediterranean coast distribution of a narrow Mediterranean climate. The scarcity of water resources on the production of the Middle East countries and even people's lives have a great impact.

4, cultural differences: an important reason for the instability of the Middle East.

The Middle East is mainly white race, but most of the ethnic groups gathered here, each ethnic group has its own religious beliefs and customs, the majority of residents in the Middle East believe in Islam, a small number of residents believe in Christianity, Judaism and other religions.

Most of the residents of the Middle East countries and regions, mainly Arabs, believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries". Jews are concentrated in Israel and are mainly Jewish. Persians are mainly found in Iran, the masters believe in Islam. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the holy city of Islam. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as a holy city.

II. Countries, Industry and Tourism in Western Europe

1. Areas of Concentration of Developed Countries: The western part of Europe accounts for about half of Europe, which is densely populated with a large number of countries, the vast majority of which are developed countries. In order to further strengthen ties, the region's regional international organization, the European Union (EU) was formed. It has 25 member states, all of which are economically developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and on the international political stage.

2, industrially developed, mainly processing and manufacturing industries. The western part of Europe is engaged in manufacturing a high proportion of the population. Industrial centers, face cloth dense, was "ten" shape distribution. Since the United Kingdom to the east to the Polish territory, since the Scandinavian peninsula to Italy, the formation of the world's famous workers to the dense zone.

3, the prosperous tourism industry: western Europe's natural and cultural tourism resources are exceptionally rich. Southern Europe's sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic areas and beach baths, Northern Europe, winding, deep fjords, fascinating; central towering Alps, is a good place for mountaineering and skiing; unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches, numerous museums, so that the western part of Europe has become the world's tourism industry developed areas. France, Spain and Italy have become Europe's famous three major tourist countries.

Three, western Europe's topography, climate and agriculture

1, terrain: low terrain, mainly plains. Plains are distributed in the center, with the Rhine River as the boundary, west of the West European plains, east of the Bordeaux Plain. Mountains are mainly found in the south and on the northern peninsula. There are the Scandinavian mountains in the north and the Alps in the south. The Alps run in an east-west direction, which favors the deep inland penetration of the warm and humid Atlantic current.

2. Climate: temperate continental climate, mild winters, cool summers, more annual precipitation, seasonal distribution is relatively uniform.

3, the relationship between the three:

located in the west coast of the continent of the mid-latitude geographic location → temperate oceanic climate; plains-based topography → succulent pasture, extensive pasture → developed animal husbandry

Four, sub-Saharan Africa

1, the region is located in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean in the low-latitude region, the terrain is dominated by the high plateau, the majority of the elevation in the 1000 meters above the topography of the eastern and southern high, central and western low.

2, the region's climate is dominated by the tropical climate, so is the home of many tropical cash crops, such as coffee, cocoa; In addition, many of the region's mineral resources in the world has an important position, such as diamond, copper.

3, single-commodity-based economy: ① concept: over-reliance on the production of a particular product or a few products of the economy; ② drawbacks: the low price of primary products, the price of manufactured goods is expensive, restricting the development of the country's economy; ③ formation of the reasons: the long-term rule and control by colonialism; ④ way out: the development of diversified agriculture, revitalization of national industry.

4. The region has the highest natural population growth rate in the world. The population is growing too fast, exceeding the rate of food and economic growth, and constituting an increasingly serious population and food problem. As a result of long-term colonial rule and control, the region is backward in science and technology, and the level of agricultural and animal husbandry production is very low, so food is never self-sufficient. The population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the area of arable land, or overgraze the land, which leads to a decline in soil fertility, degradation of grasslands, and exacerbates desertification of the land, and makes the ecological environment gradually deteriorate. Measures to solve the problem: controlling the number of people; raising the level of agricultural and animal husbandry production; and protecting the natural environment.

V. Australia

1. Topography: As can be seen from the topographic map, the eastern, central and western parts of Australia have different topographies. In the east, there is the Great Dividing Range, which runs from north to south. The country's largest river, the Murray River, originates from the western part of the Great Dividing Range and empties into the Indian Ocean to the southwest. The northeast coast is home to the world-famous Great Barrier Reef. The vast low plateau in the west accounts for about half of the country's area. In the center is a large plain with Lake Eyre at the lowest point of the terrain. There are few rivers on the plains, but there is plenty of groundwater, and when a well is drilled in a low-lying area in the middle of the plains, the groundwater can flow out of the ground automatically, making it an artesian well, which is why it is also known as the "Great Artesian Basin".

2, topography and agriculture and animal husbandry: the western part of the vast low plateau less than 1,000 meters above sea level, the central part of a large area of the plains, rich in groundwater, excellent pasture, there is no large carnivorous animals, suitable for open fenced grazing.

3, climate and agriculture and animal husbandry: Australia's central, western and northern regions for the vast tropical desert climate and hot grassland climate zone, drier, suitable for livestock winter and breeding. The southeast has hot and rainy summers and mild, wet winters; the southwest has mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, so the climate is suitable for both animal husbandry and farming, so these areas have developed mixed agriculture.

4, riding on the back of the sheep of the country: Australia is the world's largest number of sheep and wool exports.

5, Australia's sheep farming regional differences in the natural causes: more than 70% of Australia's sheep are concentrated in the southeast coast of the mixed operation of the zone, the other vast areas of stocking relatively few sheep. Because the southeastern and southwestern regions of the terrain is relatively flat, the southwestern region of the climate is suitable, precipitation is more abundant for other areas, the southeastern region is in the Great Dividing Range of the rain shadow area, but the diversion of water for irrigation can meet the use of its wheat cultivation and animal husbandry, so the development of this region is more favorable to the development of mixed agriculture.

6, the world's living fossil museum: Australia is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, surrounded by the sea on all sides, an area of 7.68 million square kilometers, is the world's only one continent alone. Tens of millions of years ago, the Australian mainland and other continents separated, living alone, independent development. For a long time, the natural conditions are relatively homogeneous, slow animal evolution, and no large predator intrusion, many rare primitive animals endless, has been reproducing to date. Specialized animals include: kangaroos, emus, wombats, platypus and so on.

7, sitting in the country on the mine train: Australia is very rich in mineral information, many mineral reserves among the world's top: such as iron ore in the west; the eastern coast of the coal mines and bauxite in the northeast. Australia's mining and export of minerals is also an important position in the world.