What are the methods of mountain soil and water conservation and slope protection?

Compared with grazing grassland, the soil and water conservation benefits of different vegetation in gneiss mountain area of Taihang Mountain were observed and studied. The results show that among the three common vegetation (Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Ailanthus altissima forest and Vitex negundo shrub) in gneiss mountain area of Taihang Mountain, Robinia pseudoacacia forest plays the most obvious role in water conservation, soil and water conservation and soil structure improvement, followed by Ailanthus altissima forest. Litter layer under forest plays an irreplaceable role in forest soil and water conservation.

The problem of soil erosion in mountain tea gardens has seriously hindered the improvement of tea yield and quality, so it is undoubtedly of great significance to take targeted soil and water conservation measures to improve the benefit of tea planting.

1, the establishment of mountain tea gardens should focus on soil and water conservation, adjust measures to local conditions, and do a good job in overall planning and design. Practice has proved that the principle of slope ≥25 degrees is not suitable for reclamation, and those that have been reclaimed should be gradually transformed or returned to forest and grassland. In planning, we should pay attention to the decentralized construction of the park, do not force large areas to be contiguous, and do not open "bare mountains." Actively promote the effective land use mode of "wearing a hat at the top of the mountain, wearing a tie on the mountainside and wearing shoes at the foot of the mountain" in the construction of the park. In addition, it is necessary to design a scientific water storage and drainage system and an inter-garden project to reduce runoff energy, that is, to reclaim mountain tea gardens into terraces with equal height.

2. Greening the ladder wall and fixing the ladder to protect the ridge. We can plant rotary green manure plants on the ladder wall, and pay attention to reducing collapse and erosion. According to the survey, compared with the blank area, planting green manure Parthenocissus tricuspidata on the terrace wall can reduce erosion by 32.59%. Planting day lilies on terraced fields in tea gardens can not only protect terraced fields, but also increase income.

3. Reasonable close planting, correct arrangement of tea shops, and improvement of terrace canopy density. The planting mode and density of tea trees have great influence on soil erosion in tea gardens. According to the observation, the amount of soil and water loss: cluster planting ≥ strip planting, single planting ≥ multiple planting, sparse planting ≥ dense planting, planting along slope ≥ horizontal planting. Therefore, proper close planting, planting at the same height as the cross slope and improving the coverage rate of terraced fields are all effective measures to control soil erosion.

4. Rational farming, scientific management, improve the ability to resist soil erosion. In order to reduce surface runoff, we should advocate horizontal contour farming in mountain tea gardens. In addition, it should be changed to hoe the ladder wall and cut with a grass knife. Planting trees and leaving grass on the roadside in the garden can not only reduce soil erosion, but also improve the ecological microclimate of tea garden and improve the yield and quality of tea.

5. Make full use of the advantages of mountain grass resources and implement comprehensive coverage of tea gardens. Planting grass in tea garden is one of the effective measures to reduce soil erosion. Practice has proved that the soil loss of tea garden with a slope of 20 degrees without grass is 8.2 times that with grass.

Slope protection refers to all kinds of paving and planting on the slope to prevent the slope from being washed away.

In the reach where the bridge site is located, the concave bank of the river bank is washed away by the current year by year, which will make the river bank collapse continuously. In order to protect the safety of bridges and dikes, protective buildings must be built on concave banks. In addition, when the river changes its flow direction due to the bridge, scouring the bank and endangering farmland and villages and towns, protective buildings must also be built on the bank. This kind of building is usually called revetment. The forms of bank protection include direct protection and indirect protection. Direct protection is to directly reinforce the bank slope of the river and resist the erosion and erosion of water flow. Riprap, dry rubble, mortar rubble, gabions and pointed beams are usually used in buildings. Indirect protection is suitable for river sections with wide riverbed or long protection length, and groins, shun dams and lattice dams can be built to lift water away from the river banks.

According to the function of slope protection, it can be roughly divided into two types: (a) Slope protection workers with weathering and erosion resistance, who do not bear lateral earth pressure, such as shotcrete slope protection, frame planting slope protection, plant slope protection, etc. , only suitable for gentle and stable slopes, and will not slide. (2) Soil retaining and slope protection that provides anti-sliding function can be roughly divided into: (1) rigid self-weight retaining walls (such as masonry retaining walls, gravity retaining walls, inclined retaining walls, hanging retaining walls and buttress retaining walls), (2) flexible self-weight retaining walls (such as snake cage retaining walls, frame retaining walls and stiffening retaining walls) and (3) anchor retaining walls.