Introduction to couplets: the first lecture: the basic steps of creating couplets

The basic introduction of couplets vector diagram _ _ Spring Festival couplets _ material-saving couplets are also called couplets, named after couplets that were often hung in halls and houses in ancient times. Calling even characters, couplets, couplets and doors began in the Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of dual literature, which originated in Fu Tao, and it is a national style that uses the characteristics of Chinese characters to write. Its wonderful combination with calligraphy has become a colorful artistic creation of the Chinese nation. [2] Video couplets recommended by folk calligraphers to write Spring Festival couplets 4- couplets generally don't need to rhyme (some couplets of orthographic poems only need to rhyme). Generally, it can be divided into poetry couplet and prose couplet, which are relatively strict and divided into large and small parts of speech. Traditional couplets are connected in form, with the same content, harmonious tone and rigorous antithesis. As a custom, couplets are an important part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. In 2005, the custom of couplets was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in the State Council, China. The custom of couplets is passed down and spread in Chinese-speaking areas and ethnic groups with cultural origins of Chinese characters, which is of great value for promoting Chinese culture. [3] The official script couplet video created by the famous calligrapher Li Xiao. The custom of couplets originated from the dual phenomenon of ancient Chinese in China. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, China had the custom of hanging peach symbols for the New Year. The so-called Fu Tao is to write the names of the legendary gods "shentu" and "Lei Yu" on two mahogany boards and hang them on the left and right doors to exorcise ghosts and eliminate evil spirits. This custom lasted for more than 1000 years. [4] During the layered Western Jin Dynasty (around 290 AD), the couplet source file _PSD appeared symmetrical antithesis, which can be regarded as an important symbol of its formation. In the course of more than 1,700 years of historical circulation, traditional literary forms such as couplets, parallel prose and regular poems have influenced and borrowed from each other. After three important periods of development, namely Northern Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, the forms became increasingly diverse and the cultural accumulation gradually enriched. It was not until the Five Dynasties that people began to write couplets on mahogany boards. According to "Songshi Shu Family", Meng Chang, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties, "in addition to the year after year, the bachelor's degree was inscribed with a peach symbol, and a bedroom door was set around. At the end of the year (AD 964), the bachelor was lucky enough to write a poem by Yin Xun. Because of his non-job, he pretended to write a poem: Qing Yu in the New Year, Jia Jienuo. Changchun. " This is the earliest Spring Festival couplets in China. After the Song Dynasty, it has become quite common for people to hang Spring Festival couplets in the New Year. In Wang Anshi's poems, the phrase "Thousands of households always change new peaches for old ones" is a true portrayal of the grand occasion at that time. Because the appearance of Spring Festival couplets is closely related to peach symbols, the ancients also called Spring Festival couplets "peach symbols". It was not until the Ming Dynasty that people began to use red paper instead of red boards, and modern Spring Festival couplets appeared. According to Miscellaneous Notes of Mao Yunlou, before the Lunar New Year's Eve, after Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, made Jinling his capital, he ordered officials and literati to hang a pair of Spring Festival couplets at home, go out incognito in person, watch from house to house and have fun. From then on, all scholars think antithesis is an elegant thing. After entering the Qing Dynasty, couplets once flourished, and many famous couplets appeared. [5] With the development of cultural exchanges between countries, couplets have also been introduced to Vietnam, North Korea, Japan, Singapore and other countries. These countries still kept the custom of pasting couplets at the beginning of the 20th century. The main categories of folding are 1, and Spring Festival couplets: special door couplets for Chinese New Year. Such as: Kyushu willow spits green; Peach and apricot compete for spring in May. 2. Greeting couplets: used for birthday, wedding, housewarming, having children, opening business and other festive occasions. Such as: a pair of red hearts for the four modernizations; Two new hand-painted pictures. (Xi Lian), as happy as the East China Sea; Life is better than Nanshan. (Shoulian) [6]3, elegiac couplet: used to mourn the dead. For example, books have a strong future and will shock the world; Let the spirit shine forever and then benefit the people. 4. Gift giving: praise or encourage others to use it. Such as: wind, rain, reading, the sound in the ear; Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world care about everything. 5. Self-encouragement: Self-encouragement. For example, books about the country are often read; Nothing is useless to body and mind. 6. Industry Association: Different industries are posted at the gate or in the store. Such as: to know things from ancient times to the present; I have to read five books. (Bookstore) Although it is a clean business; But it's top kung fu. (Barber shop) welcomes guests in spring, summer, autumn and winter; Entertain people from east, west, north and south. (Hotel) 7. Yan Zhilian: The purpose of talking about ambition. Such as: I would rather be Zhao's ghost; Not for him, minister. The folding of couplets can be divided into 1, short couplets (within the cross) 2, couplets (within 100 words) 3, long couplets (above 100 words) and so on. Folding is divided into 1 and dual forms: word pair, object pair, pair pair, opposition pair, working pair, width pair, running pair, palindrome pair and thimble equivalence. 2. Rhetoric: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic. 3. Wording skills: embedding words, Tibetan words, compound words, reduplicated words, radicals, word analysis, word segmentation, numbers, etc. 4. Logical structure: juxtaposition, turning, choice, cause and effect. Folding is divided into 1, couplets: hung on posts, used in houses, institutions, temples, historical sites and other places. 2, door couplet: posted on the gate. 3. Main hall couplets: couplets hung in conspicuous places in the living room and bedroom to match calligraphy and painting. Folding is divided into 1 according to the source of couplets, and set sentence couplet: a couplet composed entirely of ready-made sentences in ancient poetry. 2. Ci couplets: couplets composed of ancient Copybook for calligraphy articles and characters. 3. Sentence-picking couplets: Couplets made by picking antithetical sentences directly from other people's poems. 4. Create couplets: couplets independently created by the author. According to the artistic characteristics, couplets are overlapping: the same word appears continuously. Compound word combination: the same word appears discontinuously and repeatedly. Thimble: The bottom word of the previous clause serves as the center word of the next clause. Embedded couplets: including embedded ordinal number, orientation, solar terms, year number, surname, name, place name, name of things (such as medicines), etc. Split couplets: split a combined word into several independent words; Some people divide it into "word segmentation, word combination and word analysis". Phonological association: including homophones, homophones and rhyming words. Humor association: take the meaning of humor. Don't love: the meaning of couplets doesn't matter, but the words are neat. Most loveless couples are interesting and can be classified as humorous associations. Palindrome: read backwards, read backwards, the meaning is exactly the same. The longest pair of couplets: The author was a scholar Zhong in Jiangjin in the late Qing Dynasty, who wrote it in Chengdu Prison in the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1904) to express his resentment. The writing format is couplet source file _ Spring Festival _ poster design 1, with equal words and consistent sentence breaks. In addition to deliberately leaving a place for a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be the same, neither more nor less. 2. Be straightforward and have a harmonious tone. The traditional habit is to "pucker up and fall flat", that is, the ending word of the last sentence of the first couplet is puckered up and the ending word of the last sentence of the second couplet is flat. 3. Parts of speech should be relative and in the same position. It is generally called "virtual to virtual, real to real", which means that nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, quantifiers to quantifiers, adverbs to adverbs and related words must be in the same position. 4. Be content-related, from top to bottom. The meaning of up and down links must be interrelated, but they cannot be repeated. 5, hanging couplets, the traditional practice must also be to write vertical stickers, from right to left, from top to bottom, can not be reversed. 6. The horizontal criticism closely related to couplets can be said to be the title and center of couplets. Good reviews can make the finishing point and complement each other in couplets. Basic feature 1, the unity of uniqueness and universality. It is generally believed that couplets are the most unique literary form in China. Its uniqueness is mainly manifested in structure and language. Couplets can be called "dual structure" style. Standard couplets always consist of two opposing parts. The former part is called "Lian", which is also called "sentence", "antithesis" and "antithesis". The latter part is called "bottom link", which is also called "antithesis", "antithesis" and "antithesis". These two parts are paired. Only the upper part or the lower part can be regarded as semi-joint. Many couplets, especially those written and hung, have horizontal comments in addition to the upper couplet and the lower couplet. Horizontal criticism is an organic part of this kind of couplets, which is often a summary, the finishing touch or compatible with couplets. Generally, it is four words, but also two, three, five and seven words. From the linguistic point of view, the language of couplets is neither a verse language nor a prose language, but a special language that pursues antithesis and is full of musicality. The special "language structure" of couplets is completely determined by the special nature of Chinese and its characters. The uniqueness of this "language structure" makes the creation of couplets different from other literary forms in conception, conception, layout and writing. With the same objective object and content, we always try to observe and describe things from two aspects and angles, and strive to "shape" the language into a binary and symmetrical structure. 2. Unity of parasitism and tolerance. The so-called parasitism refers to couplets developed from parallel prose in China's ancient ci and fu. In short, they are a pair of compound sentence, so they can be parasitic in various styles. Poetry, words, songs, fu, parallel prose, and even prose, drama and novels all have neat antitheses. On the other hand, couplets are extremely inclusive. It can combine the characteristics of other styles, absorb the expressive techniques of other styles, especially long couplet and super-long couplet, and simply combine the achievements of Chinese stylistic techniques. For example, the refined meaning of poetry, the exaggeration of fu, the long tone of words, the significance of songs, the free and easy prose, the short rhyme of scriptures, etc., are all eclectic and innovative. 3. Unity of practicality and artistry. As a form of Chinese classical literature, couplets are naturally literary and artistic. It embodies the artistic style of Chinese characters in China with unprecedented flexibility and perfection in poems, words and songs. The beauty of couplets lies in symmetry, contrast and unity of opposites. In Song Dynasty, Hu Zai recorded it in Fu Zhai Man Lu, the last volume of Tiao Xi Yu Yin Cong Hua. Yan Shu once invited Wang Qi to dinner and said his last sentence: "I can't help spending it", but I hated it. Answer: "I have seen Yan before." Yan Shu was overjoyed and wrote this wonderful antithesis into the word Huanxisha. Yang Shen called this antithesis "a beautiful second language, a natural equivalent". This is the artistic charm of couplets. The artistry of couplets can be summarized by a pair of couplets written by Bai, a contemporary scholar: they are sincere and sincere, can be satirized and sung, comparable to poems and essays, and like a pearl reflecting Baoyu; Combining this grand view has a long history and is also interesting. It adds luster to halls, mountains and rivers and people, just like old trees and new flowers. 4. The unity of popularity and elegance. No literary form rewards the elegance and vulgarity of couplets. Like couplets, they are scholars in the upper class and obedient children of women in the lower class. They can walk into the ivory tower and the people in Long Mu, including people from Chun Xue and the lower classes in Ba Li. The reason for this wonderful unity is that couplets are simple and complex, pure and rich art, and the rules of couplets are not complicated, especially the color and style of language, and there is no requirement for theme and content. They are generally short and widely used in social life. Different from other literary forms, they have an elegant face and are easy to learn, understand, remember and write. As long as it is right, regardless of the vulgarity and elegance of the language, the size of the theme and the depth of thought, it will become a couplet. Couplets are both vulgar and elegant. The rules of couplets are simple and the form is pure, but they are profound and endless in Taoism and art. The unity of seriousness and playfulness. Couplets have always been regarded as a pen and ink game by many people. Although it is biased, it also shows the characteristics of couplets as games. Because couplets pursue antithesis, it is natural that the more stable the better. This is not only a literary creation, but also contains elements of thinking the game and language games. If you simply develop the right job and skills, it will become a Chinese-style, ideological struggle. In fact, many game couplets are purely for recreation and wits. They are often written by various rhetorical devices and ingenious ideas with the help of the special situation of sound, form and meaning of Chinese characters. The main metrical folding Tibetan character lattice is also called "Queruge", which consciously omits some words in couplets to express a certain meaning skillfully. Such as: Part I: 2345; Downline: six seven eight nine. Horizontal criticism: the moral of the North-South alliance: lack of one (clothing), lack of ten (food), nothing. Word segmentation is to split a combined Chinese character into several independent Chinese characters. Such as: the first part: Zhang Changgong, riding a strange horse, playing pipa and pipa, taking the eight kings to court and fighting alone. Bottom line: Pretending to be human, attacking dragon clothes, enchanting shadows, and four little ghosts invading the border, take them together. Folding overlapping words are emerald red, and Yingying Yanyan has ups and downs everywhere. Every year, folding compound words will repeat one or several words many times according to certain rules. Kou Zhun went out with friends and said: The moon under water is the moon in the sky. There is no comparability. Yang Danian just arrived, then replied; The person in the eyes is the person in front of me. Everyone cheered. It is said that there was a "natural residence" restaurant in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty. Gan Long traveling incognito, into the store to drink, suddenly thought of this pair of palindromes, very proud. Guests come from nature, but guests come from heaven. Later, he took this couplet as the first couplet. However, he couldn't think of the second couplet, so he asked Ji Xiaolan to write it correctly. Ji Xiaolan said, "A guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in heaven." . People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others. Couplets composed of sentences from China's ancient prose and poetry. Read through Wan Juan (Du Fu), put pen to paper, and Qunying (Li Bai) folded the thimble to check the green hills outside the building, the white clouds outside the mountain, the green trees beside the flying clouds in the sky, and the red rain falling down the stream at the edge of the trees. This is the method of chapter structure. Only when there is a chapter to follow, the chapter is complete, close and harmonious, and the central meaning is clearly prominent; Without discipline, it will be messy, loose, incomplete, irregular, unclear and even unintelligible. The basic principle of folding couplets is couplets. Yes, they are two opposite things, or two sides of the same thing; Contact means that the two are interrelated, cooperate with each other, promote each other and express a theme in a unified way. The basic composition of couplets completely conforms to the law of unity of opposites in philosophy. There are similarities between the composition of couplets and the words divided into upper and lower parts. The contents of the first part and the second part should not be repeated and entangled back and forth, but should focus on each other and work together. There are various situations according to the writing object: 1. There are space state and time state in landscape writing. Space has distance, up and down, back and forth, size and so on. Time has morning and evening, day and night, winter and spring, present and past, etc. There are also different situations such as movements, melodies, and constant changes. As far as the specific objects are concerned, there are heaven and earth, land and sea, mountains and rivers, Yunlin, Chunyan, natural objects and buildings. There are pavilions and temples on the building and peach and apricot pines on the plants. In this way, the scenes of the opposing sides are endless. Uplink and downlink can be divided into two parts, such as write space state and write time state; Write far, write near; Write a sound and a color; Write a spring, a stone; Write a building and a pavilion; Write the real scene in front of you, and write the imaginary or once virtual scene. This * * * shows the characteristics of the scenery. For example, the Qingshan Temple Association in Kowloon: Shili Songshan Wei Ancient Temple; Hundreds of clouds and water surround the green hills. The first part of the book is about close-up and static scenery, which combines the natural landscape with the Millennium Temple, quiet and solemn. The second part is about the vision and dynamic scenery, surrounded by clouds, infinitely open, and the water ring rushes, making Qingshan very imposing. In this way, the upper and lower couplets cooperate with each other and set off each other, making Qingshan Temple surrounded by clouds, water, pine and fir extraordinary and colorful. 2. Write the division of labor and their respective priorities in the narrative, which can be said to be others or yourself; Write a story to express your feelings; One is solid and the other is empty. When talking about others, the upper and lower leagues can write about morality and achievements, morality and knowledge, achievements and life, public and private, words and deeds, literature and martial arts, joy and evil, gains and losses, present and past, before and after death, present and future, etc. Both of them are about humanities, and the upper and lower couplets can be divided into poems, classics, ci fu, calligraphy and painting, poetry and calligraphy, piano and chess calligraphy and painting, teachers' teaching and friends' evaluation. For example, Tang (Tan Qiu) wrote a couplet of a temple in Taiwan Province: a scholar was crowned king, propping up half of the old rivers and mountains, and making a name for the world's scholars; Drive foreigners out of the country and open up a new world for future generations. Those who have the will in China will be brave again. The All-China Federation praised the achievements of national hero Zheng Chenggong, and there is still a division of labor between the upper and lower leagues. The first part is about his resistance to the Qing Dynasty, and the second part is about his expulsion of foreigners, that is, the expulsion of Dutch colonists from Taiwan Province Province. One is to "support the old mountains and rivers" and the other is to "open up a new world"; One focuses on the past and the other on influencing the future; The first part praised his achievements, and the second part raised hope for the younger generation: Zheng Chenggong was fully affirmed and praised. The theme is the intersection and connection of the upper and lower parts, which is the link between the upper and lower parts. When writing couplets, if you can grasp the theme and meet the meaning of the topic, the upper and lower couplets have their own emphasis, and express a central meaning with * * *, that's right, that's right. Turning from inheritance to knot (combination) is the composition of poetry, which is of reference value to couplets. Each quatrain poem has four sentences, which are the beginning, the connection, the turning point and the end in turn. The same is true of two couplets and four couplets in couplets. For example, Zhu Yuanzhang's gift to Xu Dalian: breaking the shackles and being barbaric, (first) being the first in ancient and modern times; (bear) will enter the phase, (turn) will chinese odyssey. (Conclusion) It is naturally impossible for two couplets to have a beginning, a bearing, a turning point and an end. From beginning to end, there is only beginning and end. When it is linked, it shoulders the dual tasks of "starting and carrying"; Under the connection, it shoulders the dual task of "turning and knot". The first part must be well established and the second part must be well concluded. The medium-long couplet is relatively complete and has its own connection. For example, the couplets of Zuyue Temple in Qian Shan are semi-couplets with four sentences. The couplet "Liao River in the Water World" is the beginning, "Shan Tong Hua Biao" is the inheritance, "Yu Xiu and Zhong Ling generations" is the turning point, and "Truth is the oriental beauty" is the knot. The bottom line is this. For long couplet, it is especially necessary to pay attention to the hierarchical structure of full couplet and semi-couplet, and pay attention to the beginning, bearing, turning and ending of full couplet and semi-couplet; Otherwise, reading can't grasp the essentials, and writing is easy to be chaotic. Sun Zui's long couplets of Daguanlou are full of feelings and articles, which are also worthy of the law in terms of composition. Folding editing the creative law of this paragraph Folding Li Yuanming's couplets-couplets-Taobao-celebrity calligraphy and painting should be "paired", that is, composed of upper and lower couplets. The upper and lower couplets must have the same number of words and the same content, that is, the upper and lower couplets can be "linked", and two unrelated sentences cannot be casually combined to form a couplet. Generally, couplets are written vertically, with the last word (tone) of the first couplet posted on the right (hand) and the last word (tone) of the second couplet posted on the left (hand). Although antithesis of couplets has something in common with poetry, it is more demanding than poetry. Couplets can be divided into wide pairs and narrow pairs. Wide pairs can only be formed if the contents of the upper and lower couplets are related, while narrow pairs should be written in strict accordance with the standards of Li Weng Dui Yun. However, in practical couplets, wide couplets are often used, while narrow couplets are rarely used, because the requirements for antithesis are too strict, which restricts people's thinking and is suspected of harming righteousness because of the text. The rules of folding flat couplets are basically the same as poems. One yin applies the basic rules of poems, and there is no distinction between 135 and 246. To judge the upper and lower couplets, we should not only distinguish them from their contents, but more importantly, judge them from the flat sound of the couplets. It is strictly stipulated in couplets that the last word of the first couplet should be in a flat voice and the last word of the second couplet should be in a flat voice. Later generations called this rule "flat rise and flat fall". In ancient times, many linguists elaborated on the four tones of ancient Chinese in detail. For example, Shi Vacuum made the following analysis in the book Jade Key Song: 1. Peace and prosperity, peace and prosperity. When reading, the pronunciation is peaceful, with a long ending and aftertaste. 2. Go up-go up and shout. Pronunciation is loud, voice is short, and there is no ending. 3. It's a long way to go-to sound and mourn. The ending sound is short and high. 4. Input-Input a short and urgent set of sounds. The entrance is simple and urgent, the reception is short and deep, and there is no ending. In addition to rhyming antithesis, the couplets with folded structure also have certain rules in terms of phrases and structures. Such as: single group, four-character structure: part I: contentment is always happy; Bottom line: can tolerate self-safety. The phrases and structures of couplets should be consistent. The upper couplet is a verb-object structure, and the lower couplet must also be a verb-object structure phrase, such as "shake red; Cui Di. " The upper couplet is a radical phrase, and the lower couplet must also have a radical phrase, such as "concentric knot" and "flower with the same pedicle", which are all of the same phrase structure. When planning the layout of couplets, we must pay attention to the fact that the phrase structure of the upper and lower couplets must be consistent, which is also an important rule that the couplets authors must follow.