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The famous saying is clear: China's "Thanksgiving Day" is Tomb-Sweeping Day.

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Time: 2010 April 3 Source: Beijing Evening News Author: Editor: Meng

Tomb-Sweeping Day embodies multiculturalism.

Another year of spring grass is green, and another year of Qingming. Qingming is a solar term, but among the 24 solar terms in the China lunar calendar, only Qingming is still a festival. It's just that this festival is different from other traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and Double Ninth Festival. Tomb-Sweeping Day makes people feel a little heavy. In fact, Tomb-Sweeping Day is a multi-cultural festival: remembering the martyrs, offering sacrifices to ancestors, planting willows and going for an outing are all the contents of Tomb-Sweeping Day.

-theme planning of magnolia manshanensis

Tomb-Sweeping Day is not only a traditional festival in China, but also a multicultural festival. Tomb-Sweeping Day is not as simple as the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, but has diversified meanings.

Thanksgiving in Tomb-Sweeping Day.

Yan chongnian

Tomb-Sweeping Day is a multi-cultural festival. It has at least six meanings: First, solar terms, one of the 24 solar terms in the lunar calendar, the earth revolves around the sun endlessly, and in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the air is clear, the scenery is beautiful, and various machines are in the ascendant. The second is farming. There is an agricultural proverb "Before and after Qingming Festival, plant melons and beans". After the Qingming Festival, we began to be busy with farming. The third is cold food, which Tomb-Sweeping Day ate a day or two ago. According to legend, it commemorates the story of Jin Wengong and meson tui (introduced later). On Qingming Day, we don't move fireworks, but only eat cold food. Fire is forbidden in Qingming, or the legacy of worshipping fire. After that, Qingming and cold food gradually merged into one section. Su Shi's famous Huangzhou Cold Food Sticker has been handed down from generation to generation. The fourth is to go for an outing, that is, peach blossoms are in full bloom and people go for an outing. Fifth, folk custom, Tomb-Sweeping Day shooting willows is a festival activity combining military and entertainment. Nanjing, Liaoning, Jinzhong and other places, from the imperial court to the people, gathered ladies, the atmosphere is extremely prosperous, showing the nationality of customs. Fu Cha Dunchong's Year of Yanjing records that Beijingers are still swinging and having fun. The sixth is to sweep the grave. In short, during Tomb-Sweeping Day, there were both sentimental feelings of being cautious and pursuing distance, and joy of stepping on the spring; There are not only memories of ancestors, but also fresh and bright celebrations.

Of course, sweeping graves in Qingming is a common social psychology of the people. This psychological feature is "gratitude". There is Thanksgiving Day in the West, and Thanksgiving Day in China is Tomb-Sweeping Day. Tomb-Sweeping Day's ethical and cultural value should be "gratitude".

There is a historical story about the origin of Qingming "Thanksgiving". Historical Records of the Golden Family records that Zhong Er, the son of the State of Jin, was troubled in his early years, exiled everywhere, humiliated and went through hardships. Sage mesons push their troubles and * * *. When Zhong Er had no food to eat, he "starved and begged food from barbarians". Legend has it that one day Zhong Er fainted from hunger, and meson pushed "cutting stocks to satisfy hunger", that is, he cut a piece of meat from his leg and baked it for him with fire. Zhong Er was exiled for nineteen years. At the age of sixty-two, he returned to the State of Jin and became a monarch. This is Jin Wengong, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. When he was promoted to the senior minister, meson pushed "not to say that Lu is not as good as Lu"-he did not seek merit and was not promoted. Did Jin Wengong forget to put forward meson deduction, or did he have other considerations? History is unrecorded and nobody knows. Meson retreated to Mianshang (now Nanmian Mountain, Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province) and died. Jin Wengong is a grateful meson. Legend has it that this mountain is called Jieshan. Later generations compiled a blood poem left by meson tui to Jin Wengong: "I have a clear conscience in Jiuquan, and I am diligent in my ambition." . In fact, during the Qingming Festival, people pay homage to their ancestral graves with deep gratitude, which is earlier than this story.

Qingming sweeping graves is a traditional custom in old Beijing. Pan Rongbi, a native of Qing Dynasty, recorded in the book "Ji Sheng at the Age of Emperor Jing": "Men and women in the whole city rushed out of the suburbs, carrying boxes and wheels facing each other." Residents, men, women and children from Beijing's inner and outer cities rode or walked to the suburbs to sweep graves with sacrifices in Tomb-Sweeping Day.

As a matter of fact, in China, from the city to the countryside, from the mainland to the border, Tomb-Sweeping Day has the custom of sweeping graves. This is mainly gratitude and admiration for ancestors, sages and martyrs.

Yu's Book of Filial Piety clearly says at the beginning: "The first thing a husband should do is filial piety." Why are you kissing? The reason is simple: "The body is covered with skin and is influenced by parents." Parents have great goodwill in nurturing, nurturing, teaching and caring for their children, so they should be filial to their parents-filial to life, filial to illness, filial to death, and filial to Qingming. The ancients attached great importance to filial piety and thought that "five punishments and three thousand, unfilial is the biggest". Grave-sweeping activities are "looking for the distance carefully, caring for relatives and relatives".

Therefore, this is true for the immediate ancestors, as well as for the ancestor of China, the Yellow Emperor. I have been to Huangling, Shaanxi Province, and now every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, a solemn public sacrifice is held for Chinese at home and abroad. We should respect the sages such as Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, and Sun Tzu, as well as the sages such as Wen Tianxiang, Yu Qian, and Yuan Chonghuan in Beijing in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, and even more, we should respect other sages who "kept their hearts for the country". Don't forget them when Tomb-Sweeping Day visits the grave, and pay homage to them.

Over the past 100 years, for the sake of national liberation, people's justice, resistance to foreign aggression, saving the people from fire and water, risking their lives to forget death, and public and personal interests, they have shed their blood, "devoting all their lives to death", which is even more worthy of the admiration of future generations. They also pay homage in Tomb-Sweeping Day.

Qingming pays homage to ancestors, sages and martyrs, focusing on gratitude. Thanksgiving ancestors, grateful sages, grateful martyrs. Gratitude and respect are very important. Confucianism attaches importance to the word "respect": "Xiu De's contribution is greater than respect." Respect, respect for heaven, respect for land, respect for ancestors, respect for people, dedication and respect for oneself. The ancients said: always pay tribute, everything is everywhere. Is to respect every thought, every time, every thing and every place. Behavior should be pious and humble; Treat people with humility and prudence. People often say, "All bets are off, but humility benefits." This is a universal truth. The cultivation motto of the ancients is: "Don't be arrogant in the world, be high but not dangerous; Festivals are careful, full but not overflowing. "It's worth remembering.

A Qingming poem that has been passed down through the ages is repeatedly recited by people every year. A picture of the riverside at Qingming Festival is a national treasure, but few people mention it. This is also the theme of Tomb-Sweeping Day. Why are there two situations?

A Qingming poem and a Qingming painting

Li Guowen

Every time I go to Tomb-Sweeping Day, I think of the poems written by Du Mu in Chizhou, Anhui. "It rains in the Qingming period, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls. Where can I ask the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. " It is said that as soon as this poem came out, there were at least seven or eight places in the country called Xinghua Village, claiming that Du Mu wrote about their village. In fact, it is doubtful whether this poem was written by Du Mu. But apart from business and tourism considerations, everyone came to claim this poem because it is really good, meaningful and charming. Fortunately, the last sentence "the shepherd boy refers to the walk" gives readers a lot of imagination. It is precisely because it is a good poem that it has been circulated through the ages and is widely known. It is because it is a good poem that you are winning glory for your country, right?

There are many poems about Qingming, and there are many good poems about Qingming. However, Tomb-Sweeping Day's paintings are rare, and Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty is even more unique. However, during the Qingming Festival, it is easy for people to think of Du Mu's Qingming poem, but seldom think of this Qingming painting of Zhang Zeduan collected in the Forbidden City. This painting and this poem, written in the Qingming Festival, are cold and hot, heavy and noisy, depressed and excited, low-key and high-spirited, leaving people with absolutely different feelings.

Perhaps it is because of all the poems written by Qingming, because of the cold food, because of the sweeping, and because the weather is warm and cold in late spring, the poet's pen inevitably reveals a touch of sadness and shallow sadness, which is the mental state of "pedestrians on the road want to break their souls." However, we can have a look at the riverside map on Qingming Festival, which is based on the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. That's another kind of Tomb-Sweeping Day that is extremely sunny and pleasant. Not only will it never be "dead", but it will be attracted to Kaifeng City in the Song Dynasty and put into a carnival-like festival. Everyone writes clearly, but poetry and painting can make people feel different, which is probably the charm of art.

This picture is five meters long and 0.24 meters high. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and it is a rare book. After ten years' work, the painter presented this northern song dynasty region with developed economy, rich people, prosperous mountains and rivers and colorful flowers to your eyes with a high degree of artistic generalization. Its patchwork composition, just right layout, complex and changeable picture and relaxed and changeable scene make you dazzled and amazed. Painter Zhang Zeduan, we only know that he used to work in Hanlin Painting Academy, and he is a native of Zhucheng, Shandong Province. We know nothing else. However, his paintings have made him immortal.

The most respectable person, Zhang Zeduan, as a royal painter, set his sights on the streets of Kaifeng in the Qingming Festival, jumped out of the red tape of the imperial court and entered the ordinary world of citizens. It can't be said that it is a unique innovation. He took numerous people as the main line, urban life as the script, river boats, road and bridge cars, street tourists, shop vendors, teahouses and pubs, pawn shops, residential courtyards, trees and flowers as the background, and combined all kinds of people such as riding horses, riding sedan chairs, carrying loads to drive donkeys, selling tea and wine, and fortune telling into such a rich content, huge scale and form.

Along the picture scroll of this painting, from the suburban scene in spring, to the busy Bianhe pier, and then to the busy downtown block, we not only heard the cries of boatmen and trackers fighting against the rapids, but also heard the voices of mules and camels walking in the market, as well as the cries of vendors and storefronts, and the shouts of guessing fists and drinking in restaurants and hotels. We not only saw pedestrians and onlookers whispering. So the historical value of this painting lies in its vivid portrayal of social life in China a thousand years ago. No matter in China or in the history of world painting, it is a unique treasure.

How did Kaifeng people live in Song Dynasty? We can learn a thing or two from Yuan Zhen's Dream of Tokyo and Lian's Records of Bianjing Ruins, but the written records are far less than Zhang Zeduan's paintings to provide you with an intuitive image. Thanks to this painter, we have witnessed the face of the capital city of Bianliang in the heyday of the Northern Song Dynasty from 1 1 2nd century, and it is also the most vivid, smart and true montage picture. Then let's learn how Kaifeng, a world-class city with a population of1million, was rich, prosperous, developed and civilized at that time.

The purpose of literature and art has always been divided into "for the ego" and "for the ego" (or "for the ego"). Although there is no distinction between "for the ego" and "for the ego" (or "for the ego"), those who "for the ego" usually pay attention to the vicissitudes of the times, the complexity of life, the vagaries of society and the fall of the world before their own joys and sorrows. And "for the ego" (or for the ego), always consider personal joys and sorrows, or some people's love and hate. Because of the difference between primary and secondary, the weight of exertion, the breadth of vision and the different pursuits, the concept of time and space of "for greater self" is relatively broad and grand, so we can climb high and see far, but we can carry it forward, so the works of "for greater self" will always bring us spiritual shock. This kind of atmosphere, heroism, courage and vitality of people who are "for the big ego" is not available to people who are "for the small ego" (or "for the self"). Similarly, the exquisiteness, exquisiteness, exquisiteness and exquisiteness of "for the ego" (or "for the ego") can usually bring us emotional buzz, and these places are also easy to become the weak links that "for the ego" does not take care of and scrutinize.

The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is not only a panoramic production, a grand scene and an epic work, but also a work with meticulous details, seeking truth from details and sparing no effort in details. This is a perfect work. According to Qian Zhuo Tang Wen Cun cited by Baidu Encyclopedia, The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival has 1659 characters and 209 animals, which is 1638+095 people in the classical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and 975 people in A Dream of Red Mansions. And all are lifelike, all are lifelike. Therefore, it has been regarded as a treasure of China culture by China people for thousands of years.

Du Mu's poem Qingming is elegant and beautiful, which is an indispensable part of literature. Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival has a strong sense of the times and a profound sense of history, which is exactly what this ancient China with cultural connotations needs. It should be said that a country and a nation, from the perspective of literary history, always spend flowers and plants, but there is no dry city, always sing lightly, but there is no yellow bell and big Lu, always wretched, but there is no resentment, always very much in love, and no conscience of home and country. I'm afraid the consequences are really worrying.

Wei: My mother-written in Tomb-Sweeping Day in 2009.

Author: Wei Source: updated on May 29, 2009

It has been 22 years since my mother died. I often think of my mother, and I am always a little sad when I think of my mother. People who know me always ask me why I always miss my mother and seldom mention your father. I said, because when my father died, I was really too young, only two years old, and it was difficult to remember my father. Now that I think about it, I seem to have two impressions of my father's memory, but it can only be an impression, and I dare not say whether it is true or not, so some people say that the memory is unreliable. Once, it seemed that my father went to a half-sister's house behind my back. While climbing the mountain, he asked, Mao Zi (my nickname), do you still have that foreign bowl? I don't know if it's really my memory or this detail my mother told me later, which impressed me deeply.

Foreign bowls are actually made of iron. Why is it called a foreign bowl? At that time, many daily necessities had a foreign word in their names, meaning from overseas. Just like imported goods today. In my hometown, rural children like to follow adults and usually bring foreign bowls. I guess there are two purposes to bring a foreign bowl. One is afraid of breaking other people's bowls when eating, and the other is to consider hygiene issues. I don't know where my foreign bowl came from. I have been eating with it until I was six or seven years old, so I remember that there was a hole missing in the bowl abroad, and it was broken and polished to be ultra-thin and shiny. I don't know where it went, but it's gone anyway.

Another impression is that when my father died, he seemed to stop in the middle of the room in the broken wooden house on my right. I didn't know that my father was dead and I would never see him again. I happily wandered around in front of my father's body, saying that my father was asleep and dead, as if it had nothing to do with me. This is the impression, so I have been unable to arouse my feelings for his old man. I can only miss my mother and have mixed feelings about her.

I think my mother must have been very beautiful when she was young. She has a clear outline, bright eyes, thin figure and looks very energetic. She grew up by a river, and that place is called Shancenxi. Her father, that is, my grandfather, is in business, and his business is very big. It is said that many goats will be driven to Zunyi to sell at one time. Before liberation, there was no road. Our generation rushed sheep to Zunyi to sell for a few days, and we really admired it. My mother's family business should be worthy of the name. At 1970, I can see it from my rich uncle's house. There are five sisters in my mother's family, and only one brother is my uncle. It's just that my uncle didn't think highly of me because my mother died early, and my mother and I were embarrassed for a long time, so I didn't like my uncle very much. I haven't met my grandparents, and I don't know when they died. Anyway, I seldom go to my uncle's house since I was a child. The family my mother married for the first time is also a big family in our mountain village. At the beginning of liberation, it was classified as a rich peasant. Later, because of a conflict with a powerful family in Zhaishang, the defendant was accused of being a landlord. My mother's first husband finally couldn't help hanging himself in various actions of "beating the landlord" I don't know the exact year.

Later, my mother remarried and formed a family with my father, but my father didn't live long and soon went to see Marx. My father is a literate man and a poor farmer. He is very prestigious in the cottage. It is said that he was a township head or something before liberation. I guess that the purpose of a mother remarriing her father with her children may be to get the protection of her father. Unexpectedly, my father is a short-lived man. After his death, my mother kept quiet and put this burden on me.

I was born a year before the Cultural Revolution. When I was sensible, I saw my mother scolded by the production team for three days, and she was easily dragged to a meeting. Cruel militiamen often beat her to the waist, and my mother got sick during this period: convulsions. My mother and I don't have enough to eat every year, and we always borrow from the east and the west to tide over the difficulties when the green and yellow are not available. I remember one year, my mother reclaimed a few small pieces of soil behind the wooden house where we lived, planted corn and harvested dozens of kilograms of grain. No one asked my mother when she plowed the soil, and no one interfered with her farming. Someone made trouble when harvesting crops, and when harvesting food, it exceeded the harvest. So, the person in charge of the task force came to the back of our house with people, and my mother reasoned with them. Those people say that the landlord is dishonest and has many tricks. The leader said, take her to the commune. Just when those people caught my mother, my mother suddenly fainted to the ground, foaming at the mouth and convulsing all over. Those guys let go and left the scene. My mother lay on the ground for several hours before waking up. Mom woke up and asked where those people had gone. I said they had left. Although my mother's "illness" suffered a little physically, it saved the loss of dozens of kilograms of food in our family. Since then, I have always held a grudge against the leader of the task force. Although he is from another village, I often meet this juryman when I go to the county to catch the show. After the reform and opening up, the land was contracted to households, and the organization of the task force had already vanished. Once, I met this guy named Chen Maochang in the street of the county seat, and saw that his face had turned into ginger, his back was bent, and he had turned back into a travel-stained old farmer. The prestige of the team leader has long since disappeared. He can't recognize me, but I will always recognize his once fierce face. At that moment, I really wanted to rush up to him and say, do you remember what you used to look like? But I forgave him and didn't remind him of the past.

Later, my mother twitched as soon as she was punished, and foamed at the mouth when she got sick, which made my mother suffer physically, but reduced the torture and criticism. I wrote in an article that once, my mother was hanged and criticized by people arrested in the team. When I was about seven or eight years old, I hated my mother because I was unreasonable and thought she was really a bad person. The pain is because she is my mother and a relative who raised me, but for a seven-or eight-year-old child, that kind of injury is beyond anyone's understanding. I am sad, but there is nothing I can do. Seeing my mother hanging from the beam, I was helpless and ran to a hillside to cry. I was afraid to go home when it was dark. Although my mother was hanged, she took her son home at night.

My mother is not only bullied by her neighbors, but also often called to the commune to be criticized. After the fight, she will do volunteer work, ranging from a week to three or four days. At that time, my mother and I had a really hard life. My mother mentioned many times that I must die outside, not at home, because I am still young and worried that I am afraid (ghosts are circulating in our cottage), but she still didn't commit suicide like her first husband, until the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Producers' Party in 1978 * *. For her mother, it was a liberation. When she heard that the landlord's hat was taken off by Deng Xiaoping in Beijing, she couldn't believe it at first. When she learned that it was true, her mother cried. She said: I am not afraid of other people's dirty laundry, and I don't have to do those wrong things. ...

My 50-year-old mother has been a different person since then. She almost never twitched again, and her spirit suddenly got better. But after all, it is her "early liberation" and the beginning of our new life, so life is always very difficult. But after all, it is getting better every year, about 1984. My mother and I saved some money to renovate our crumbling wooden house into a new one, but my mother left me before she enjoyed it for three years. That's because we are still too poor. My mother was ill and dragged on for more than 20 days, until it became appendicitis perforation, and it was too late to save her.

After my mother left, I bought a poor coffin and buried her in the ground. Then I left my hometown and went to study in the provincial capital. Since then, I have been wandering around and it is difficult for me to return to my hometown. 1In the early 1990s, I saved some money and went home to put a simple tombstone on my parents' grave. On the tablet, I carved the words "filial piety to Wei". At that time, I thought I was doing well. Where did I do my filial piety? This is totally self-deception. No matter before or after, I have been wandering and displaced, and I haven't been able to return to my hometown during the Spring Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day. Slowly, many things are indifferent in the long river of years. If it is not a touching scene, even the closest people in my mother's life can't remember their voices and smiles. What can we talk about?

On the eve of Tomb-Sweeping Day this year, I happened to watch a program about missing relatives hosted by Zhu Juntai of CCTV. I found many celebrities to "commemorate", including,, Ge,, Ni Ping and so on. When they miss their loved ones, some cry and some are depressed. I especially feel the same way about Professor Ge of Fudan University's nostalgia for his tutor. His teacher's ashes were not preserved, but scattered in mountains, rivers and lakes. He said, I have no place to learn from my teacher, but I will think of him. He will always be with us. ...

I think when a person dies, he loses his mind. He comes from nature and returns to nature. Why should he leave a box to add to the living relatives? What's the point of offering sacrifices or not? To put it mildly, it is not good for the whole society. Add a lot of safety awareness to relevant departments every year. The only thing that can illustrate this point is that we China people have "filial piety" and traditional virtues. But what can it do?

Like me, my parents have been dead for so many years, and every year Tomb-Sweeping Day fails to go back to worship them and sweep their graves. They are still not like this. Maybe my daughter can't remember her grandparents at all in the future, just as I can't remember my grandparents, because I have never met my grandparents, and even if I have, I am very affectionate? Within three generations, their graves are still overgrown with weeds and miserable. Times have changed, and maybe even the grave can't be found.

I think my future home should not make my daughter very tired. When I leave, I will burn my body into powder, then scatter it in my favorite mountains and rivers and blend in with my favorite nature. It's really a big deal.