The difference between "politics" and "philosophy"?

? Generally speaking, the research object of political science is the country and various political relations and phenomena centered on the country, and its content and scope are very extensive. In ancient and modern European societies, the study of political issues is mainly carried out in the field of philosophy. Those famous philosophers are also famous political scientists, such as Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece, Cicero and Augustine in ancient Rome, and Locke, Spinoza, Hobbes, Kant and Hegel in modern times. They discussed political issues from the perspective of paying attention to human destiny and social change, which laid a profound theoretical foundation for the formation of political science in the future. In this sense, political philosophy came into being much earlier than political science. As a relatively independent discipline, political science came into being after the second American War of Independence in 1980s. Its code name is 1880 10. At the initiative of John W. Burgess, an American scholar, the United States established the Institute of Political Science of Columbia University, and began to train doctors in political science and carry out political science research with disciplinary significance. Since then, in order to facilitate the study of political science, foreign political scholars have repeatedly classified the content of political science within disciplines, but so far, there is no recognized and authoritative internal classification in the world.

However, once politics, that is, politics, came into being, it showed a completely different research idea from traditional political philosophy. For example, Burgess, an outstanding figure and pioneer of American political science, is convinced that the experience and empirical methods of natural science can be used in political research. He believes that the evolution and operation of the political system, as a natural process, has certain regularity, so this regularity can be revealed through a set of elaborate analytical methods, thus establishing political science. He called this analysis method historical comparison method, emphasizing the collection, collation and comment of historical documents. Burgess tried to replace the speculative and deductive methods of modern political philosophy research with this empirical analysis method. Shortly thereafter, Burgess's skepticism and criticism centered on historical documents and confined to historical scholars began. After the 20th century, Woodrow Wilson, Frank J. Goudreau and Arthur Bentley, famous thinkers in American political science, advocated replacing the historical-comparative method with "realism", and political science must study real political life. Wilson advocates that political science research should go to the society and go deep into the people, and draw the original materials of political science research from the streets, offices and parliament buildings; Goodnow emphasized that political science should study "fields related to the whole real country"; Bentley believes that political science should study political groups and their activities. However, it is obvious that this realistic research tendency has not changed but strengthened the status and characteristics of political science as empirical and empirical science.

To sum up, political science is actually a discipline that analyzes social development trends from a philosophical perspective.