Who is the originator of cursive script?

The cursive script has no ancestors, and the more famous figures are as follows:

1, Zhang Zhi

The date of birth is unknown, and he died in the third year of Chu Ping of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (about AD 192). He was born in Jiuquan, Dunhuang (now Gansu) and is good at Cao Zhang. After that, he got rid of his old habits and preserved Cao Zhang's stippling, becoming a "modern grass". Call him "learning Cui (Ji)". The font is written in one stroke, occasionally interrupted, but the veins are continuous and even connected. Dan Wei, a calligrapher of the Three Kingdoms, called him a "sage of grass". Jin Wang's book only praised Zhong (Yao) and Zhang (Zhi) for Han and Wei calligraphy, but thought the rest were not satisfactory. It had a profound influence on the cursive scripts of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi. Zhang Zhiqin's spirit of practicing calligraphy has become a historical story. Wei Heng's "Four-body Book" records: Zhang Zhi "Where clothes and silks are at home, you must write before you practice (boiling and dyeing);" Learn books in the pool, and the pool is exhausted. "Later generations called calligraphy" Linchi ",that is, from this. You Cao have the reputation of "sage of grass". At that time, people even cherished his Mo Bao to the point of "leaving every inch of paper". The evaluation is quite high, especially the cursive script. There are few original works of Zhang Zhi's calligraphy. Only the Song Dynasty's Spring Pavilion Post contains two volumes and five posts by Zhang Zhi. Whether these are genuine or fake is controversial, and it is still difficult to draw a conclusion.

2. Wang Xizhi

(303-36 1 year), Han nationality, with few words, was named Lian Zhai, originally from Linyi (now Shandong), and later moved to Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). He is a general of the right army and has a look at the civil history. He was a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was honored as a "book saint" by later generations. His son Wang Xianzhi is also very good at calligraphy. People call them two "two kings", and the other son, Wang Ningzhi, is a general of the right army and is called "Wang Youjun" and "Wang Huiji". Representative works include: Le Yi Lun in regular script, Huang Ting Jing, Seventeen Guas in cursive script, Gua for Aunt in Running Script, Gua for Quick Snow Clear, Gua for Mourning, Preface to Lanting in Running Script, etc. Intensive study of body posture, imitation of heart and pursuit of hand, learning from others' strengths, and casting in one furnace created a running script of "natural, rich in gods and the world", which was praised as "the sage of books" by later generations.

3. Wang Xianzhi

(344 -386), a calligrapher and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in Linyi, Shandong Province, Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) and the seventh son of Wang Xizhi. In order to distinguish it from later calligrapher Wang Min, people called it Wang Daling. He and his father are also called "two kings". Wang Xianzhi practiced calligraphy with his father since childhood, and he was very ambitious. Later, he regarded Zhang Zhi as a whole. He is famous for his running script and cursive script, but he also has a deep foundation in regular script and official script, because Tang Taizong didn't appreciate his works very much, and his works were not as many as his father's. The masterpiece "Thirteen Lines of Luo Shen Fu" handed down from ancient times is also called "Thirteen Lines of Jade Edition". Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy art mainly inherited the family style, but did not stick to the rules and made a breakthrough. In his calligraphy works handed down from generation to generation, it is not difficult to see his inheritance of family studies and traces of his own new way. Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy was appraised by predecessors as "dancing in the snow, burning in spring, and Yue Long in spring". Clever and skillful, unexpected'. His pen, from' internal extension' to' external extension'. His cursive script is even more valuable. Yu Zhuo once said:' The cursive script was handed down from Zhang Zhi in the Han Dynasty, and it's wonderful that it's just an official slave. His cursive script Mo Bao handed down from generation to generation includes Duck Head Pill Post and Mid-Autumn Post, all of which are imitations of the Tang Dynasty. His "Duck Head Pill Tie" is a cursive script with the word * * * 15 in silk. In Qing Dynasty, Wu Qizhen highly praised this post in Calligraphy and Painting, saying: "(This post) calligraphy is elegant, magical and natural, and it is the highest product. His Mid-Autumn Post is a cursive script with 22 words. It looks new and rare in the world. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty listed it in Sanxitie as a' national treasure'. He also created a' book', which turned his father's unconnected grass from top to bottom into connected grass, often with coherent numbers, and was valued by the world because of his heroic and magnificent calligraphy. Like his father, Wang Xianzhi's study of books is not limited to the whole subject, but poor. Therefore, we can create our own unique style on the basis of "gathering the strengths of many families and the beauty of many bodies". Finally, he achieved an artistic position alongside Wang Xizhi. Book traces include Mid-Autumn Post written by Mi Fei in the Song Dynasty. For a century and a half from the end of Jin Dynasty to Liang Dynasty, his influence even surpassed that of his father Wang Xizhi. Until the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong highly praised Wang Xizhi and belittled Wang Xianzhi. Some calligraphy critics began to think that Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy was inferior to his father Wang Xizhi. But Mi Fei, a calligrapher in Song Dynasty, mainly learned from Wang Xianzhi. Hu Xiaoshi, a famous modern scholar and calligrapher, thinks that Weeds by Zhang Xu and Huai Su was developed from Wang Xianzhi cursive script.

4. Sun Guoting

Sun was born in 648 and died in 703. There are two opinions about his native place: one is Liu Chen (now Kaifeng, Henan); Said Fuyang (now southwest of Hangzhou) people. Generally speaking, he is called Fuyang, but he calls himself Wu Jun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Chen Ziang made an epitaph for him, saying that he "went to court at the age of forty and was criticized." He was a member of Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian. Cao Youwei, the official to the right-back, joined the army and led government clerks to join the army. Good at calligraphy and calligraphy theory. He can write freely, and cursive writing is really good. Cursive script teaches "two kings" "Use a pen to break the strength" (Continued Book), such as "Danya is absolutely ravine, but the pen is firm" (Tang Wei continued Continued Book). Good at cursive writing, especially with a pen, but still curious. He is also good at copying ancient posts, and it is often difficult to distinguish between true and false. Tang Gaozong once said that the fine print of the imperial court is enough to confuse the words and offer them, and its vividness is obvious. Chen Ziang's "Sun Lu of the Sacrifice House" said: "Yuan often died, but he didn't pass it on, and the monarch left Han, which will be the same from generation to generation." Comparing Sun Bin with Zhong You of Wei, we can see that his calligraphy attainments are very high. Guo Ting is also a calligraphy theorist, and his Book Score won the purport of calligraphy. So far, it has become a model for learning cursive script. Song Gaozong commented: "Pu Shu's bandit words are gorgeous, with both grass and law." It can be seen that this Book Score is not only rich in calligraphy, but also has many incisive and original opinions, which can be said to be a model of both calligraphy and writing. Sun's calligraphy, tracing back to the "two kings", is adopted by others and combined into one to express his own meaning. His brushwork is standardized, his statutes are great, and he has a legacy of Wei and Jin Dynasties.

5. Zhang Xu

Zhang Xu, born in Wu Jun (Suzhou, Jiangsu), was born in Gaobo and Ji Ming. At first, he was a commander in Changshu. Later, he became the commander of Jin Wu, known as "Zhang Changshi". His mother Lu is the niece of the calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, that is, the granddaughter of Yu Shinan. Lu's books have been handed down from generation to generation, which is famous in history. Zhang Xu is free and easy, generous, outstanding, brilliant and knowledgeable. Du Fu befriended Li Bai and He Hao, and was listed as the "Eight Immortals of Drinking". He is a master of cursive script with great personality. Because he is often drunk, clamoring for madness, then writing books, and even writing with his hair dipped in ink, he has the nickname "Zhang Dian". After Huai Su inherited and developed his brushwork, he also got his name from cursive script and called it "drunk". Tang Wenzong once wrote a letter, regarding Li Bai's poems, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive script as "three unique skills". He also wrote poems, and was called "Four Gentlemen of Wuzhong" with He, Zhang and Bao Rong. Zhang Xu's calligraphy began with Zhangzhi and Erwang, with cursive script as the highest achievement. History is called "the sage of grass". He himself is proud of inheriting the tradition of "two kings" and writes very well. On the other hand, he imitated Zhang Zhi's cursive art and created an unpredictable wild grass, which shocked the world. According to legend, he saw the princess arguing with her husband, and he heard the advocacy and got the meaning of brushwork; When I was in Yexian County, Henan Province, I loved watching Gong Sundaniang dance the sword of Xihe River, so I got the grass god. Yan Zhenqing resigned twice and asked him for his brushwork. Zhang Xu is a pure artist. He pours his emotions into stippling, and no one looks at it, and he is as intoxicated as a madman. There are "Stomach Pain Sticks" and "Four-character Poems" handed down from ancient times.

6. Huai Su

Huai Su (737 ~ 799) was a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. The common surname is money, and the word hides the truth. He is from Lingling County, Hunan Province. Born in the 25th year of Kaiyuan in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (737), he died in the 15th year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (799). Because he became a monk, he was called "Lingling monk" or "Shichangsha" in history. Huai Su is an outstanding calligrapher in the history of China. His cursive script is called "Crazy Grass". His pen is round and powerful, making it turn like a ring, unrestrained and smooth, just like Zhang Xu. Later generations called it "Zhang Dian vegetarian" or "drunk". It can be said that it is a classical romantic art, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. He also wrote poems and had contacts with poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu and Su Xun. Good at drinking, whenever drinking rises, regardless of walls, clothes, utensils, arbitrary writing, when people call it a "drunken monk." His cursive script was written by Zhang Zhi and Zhang Xu. The general manager said in the reading comments: "Huai Su cursive script, with the help of electricity, changes at will." Song and Zhu Xushu were out of context and listed Huai Su's book as a wonderful work. The commentary said: "If a strong man draws his sword, the color of the gods is moving." Huai Su was smart and studious since childhood. When I was 65,438+00 years old, I suddenly felt homesick, and my parents couldn't stop me. In his autobiography, he said straight away: "Huai Su lives in Changsha. He was a young man and became a Buddha. After Zen, I liked writing very much. " His spirit of studying hard and practicing hard is amazing. Because he couldn't afford to buy paper, Huai Su found a board and a disc and painted it with white paint to write. Later, Huai Su thought the lacquer board was smooth and not easy to ink, so he planted more than 10,000 plantains on a wasteland near the temple. When the plantain grew up, he picked its leaves, spread them on the table and waved at the post. Because Huai Su practiced calligraphy day and night, the old banana leaves were peeled off and the lobules were reluctant to pick, so he thought of a way to stand in front of the banana tree with pen and ink and write to the fresh leaves, even if the sun shone on him like a frying pan; The biting north wind cracked his hands and skin, but he kept practicing calligraphy regardless. He kept writing about one place after another. This is the famous calligraphy practice of Huai Su Banana. In Chang 'an Huai Su's fame, there are as many as 37 poems praising his cursive script. His cursive scripts include autobiographical notes, bitter bamboo shoots, fish-eating notes, notre dame notes, essays in books, thousands of grass articles, thousands of grass articles, forty-two chapters, thousands of words, Tibetan true notes, seven notes, Beiting cursive pens and so on. Among them, "fish paste" is extremely thin, strong in bone strength, cautious and calm. However, the book "Self-narrative Post" is full of charm because of its different mood from the book "Eating Fish Post". It's really amazing. Mi Fei's "Haiyue Book Review": "Huai Su is like a strong man wielding a sword, and his spirit is moving, but he advances and retreats in a roundabout way." Many poets in the Tang Dynasty praised it, such as Li Bai's cursive music and Huai Su's master Manji's cursive music.

7. Huang Tingjian

Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105), whose real name was Fuweng, also known as Huang, was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui, Jiangxi). Poets, poets and calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty were the founders of Jiangxi Poetry School. Good at writing, poetry, especially calligraphy. The poetic style is strange, thin and hard, and it is difficult to get rid of vulgar habits and create a generation of ethos. In his early years, he was known by Su Shi, and he was also called "Four Bachelor of Su Men" with, Chao and Qin Guan. Poetry and Su Shi are also called "Su Huang", and there is also The Collected Works of Mr. Huang. Along with Qin Guan, there are also "Guqin Interesting Tales" and "Mr. Huang's Ci". Ci is romantic and heroic, close to Su Shi, and is the ancestor of Jiangxi Poetry School. The main ink marks are Song Fengge Poetry, Hua Yanshu, Jingfubo Temple, Duxi, Li Bai's Nostalgia for Ancient Poems and Kuzhun Fu. For book reviews, see Jin Lun Book, On Books, He Qingfang and Shi Gu Tang Shu Hua Ji. Huang Tingjian is one of the four sons of Su Men. His poems are as famous as those of Su Shi, and he is called "Su Huang". His poetic style is peculiar, thin and blunt, and he strongly refuses to belittle vulgar habits. Advocate a generation of ethos and be the originator of Jiangxi poetry school. Exquisite calligraphy, and Su, Mi and Cai are also called "". Ci is as famous as Qin Guan, but its artistic achievements are not as good as Qin Guan. In his later years, he had a close relationship with Su Shi, with a thin style of ci, deep feelings, bold and elegant, and sometimes brilliant. There is "Valley Ci". Huang Tingjian's calligraphy was first learned by Zhou Yue in Song Dynasty. Later, influenced by Yan Zhenqing, Huai Su, Yang Ningshi and others, and inspired by the style of Yi He Ming by Jiao Shan, Huang Tingjian developed his own cursive style. Huang Tingjian's big-character running script is concise and powerful, and its structure is peculiar. Almost every word has some exaggerated long paintings, and he tried his best to send them out, forming a brand-new method of combining Chinese palaces and diverging on all sides, which had a great influence on later generations. The structure is obviously influenced by Huai Su, but the rhythm is completely different from that of Huai Su. Before him, roundness and fluency were the keynote of cursive script, while Huang Tingjian's cursive script was extremely dangerous in word structure and creative in composition. He often breaks the boundaries between words by shifting, making lines form new combinations and the rhythm changes strongly. Therefore, it has a special charm and has become an outstanding representative of calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with Su Shi, it has become the pioneer of a generation of calligraphy style. The so-called more artistic calligraphy in Song Dynasty by later generations is to change the style and structure of calligraphy and pursue the artistic conception and interest of calligraphy. Cursive scripts include Li Bai's Memories of Time Past, Zhu Shangtie, etc. With gorgeous words and elegant brushwork. On the basis of inheriting Huai Su's cursive script, it shows the uniqueness of Huangshu.

8. Dong Qichang

Dong Qichang was a famous painter, calligrapher, painting theorist and connoisseur in the late Ming Dynasty. The main representative of "Hua Tingpai". Dong Qichang was born in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1555) and died in the ninth year of Chongzhen in Zong Yi, Ming Taizu (1636). He is called "Dong Huating". Wanli Jinshi, awarded editing, official to the history of the Ministry of rites. Huating (Songjiang, Shanghai) people. A Shanghainese (Shanghai was Huating County in the Tang Dynasty and belonged to Songjiang Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. Huating, Yun Jian, Songjiang, Shanghai and Louxian are all one place). Dong's calligraphy is the highest among cursive scripts. Although Dong Qichang was in the era when calligraphy was popular in Zhao Mengfu and Wen Zhiming, his calligraphy was not blindly influenced by these two calligraphy masters. His calligraphy combines the calligraphy styles of Jin, Tang, Song and Yuan, and forms its own system. His calligraphy style is elegant and ethereal, elegant and self-sufficient. The brush strokes are elegant and plain. Use a pen accurately, always keep a positive face, and rarely use a pen that is depressed and dull; In terms of composition, word for word, line for line, branch layout, density symmetry, and strive to catch up with the ancient law. Ink is also very particular, dry and wet, wonderful. Calligraphy in Dong Qichang can be said to be a masterpiece of ancient methods, and the "six styles" and "eight styles" were all refined by him. At that time, it was "famous abroad, lacking in size, spreading among the people, and competing for beauty." (Biography of Wen Yuan in Ming Dynasty). Until the middle of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi and Qianlong took Dong Shu as the patriarchal clan system and praised him. They even copied Dong's books themselves, often listed on the right side of the seat, and read them in the morning and evening. Kangxi once wrote a long postscript praising his ink: "Hua Ting Dong Qichang's calligraphy is very different. Its elegance and roundness are popular between Chu and Mo, which is beyond the reach of many scholars. Every time you are not careful, you will be unique, such as a breeze blowing and Wei Yun winding, which is quite natural. Taste its structural fonts, all from the Jin people. Wang Wenzhi, a famous scholar and calligrapher in Qing Dynasty, called Dong Qichang's calligraphy "a calligrapher's masterpiece". Xie Zhao called it "the pen of cooperation, which is often unprecedented." Zhou Zhi said that he was "invincible in six bodies and eight methods, surpassing the Soviet Union and entering the rice, while his style was forgetting me".

9. Wang Duo

The feeling of Wang Duo (1592 ——1652). After entering the customs in Qing Dynasty, he was awarded a bachelor's degree from Shangshu, Guan Hongwen College, and a young prince. He died in his hometown in Shunzhi for nine years. Nanjing, the axe king, is called Waiting for Dongting University. Enter the official to the university, and serve as the minister of rites. Duo's erudition is so old that his work in poetry and prose. The landscape paintings are magnificent, and there are few grinding marks. They are filled with light dyes, light colors, thick and rich, and their interests are also different. Landscape, flowers, trees, bamboo and stones are all in the book. Wang Duo has made great achievements in poetry, calligraphy and painting, especially in calligraphy, which is called "Wang Duo" in the world. His calligraphy is as famous as Dong Qichang's, and he is known as "the king of South, East and North" in the late Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy is unconventional and relaxed, but it is full of free and easy and vigorous flowing. Wang Duo is good at cursive brushwork, vigorous and free and easy, dripping with fun. Dai said in the Postscript of Wang Duo's Cursive Poems: "(Mi Fei) is crazy about cursive writing, but his absolute thoughts are all about emotion. The sweeping of the floor in Wei and Jin Dynasties made him extremely happy and brave, which was beyond the reach of Zhao and Dong. " His ink has been handed down from generation to generation, and many calligraphy posts, letters and inscriptions have stone carvings, the most famous of which are Zhushan Garden Post and Langhuating Post. His calligraphy is very popular in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and other countries. Wang Duo's calligraphy is very appreciated by the Japanese, so it developed into a genre called "Ming and Qing Tunes". His "Mountain Garden Post" was introduced to Japan and caused a sensation. They think Wang Duo is a first-rate calligrapher. Put forward the view that "the first king (Wang Duo) wins the first king (Wang Xizhi)"

Toyama 10

Fu Shan was born in Shanxi Yangqu (now Taiyuan) from the thirty-fifth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty to the twenty-third year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1607── 1684, aged 78). He was a famous scholar, calligrapher, poet and doctor in the late Ming Dynasty. Fu Shan was born in a scholarly family, and his ancestors had many literary names, but by his father, his family began to decline. Fu Shan is the second of the three brothers. Brother and brother are both ordinary people, but Fu Shan is smart since childhood, has a strong memory of blog posts, is diligent and studious, and is good at thinking. He inherited and carried forward his family studies, and wrote forty volumes of Frost and Red Niche. In poetry, writing, calligraphy and painting, Fu Shan is good at learning and using it skillfully, and has made great achievements. Among Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty, his extensive knowledge and great achievements are unparalleled. Fu Shan's calligraphy is known as "the first writer in the early Qing Dynasty". His calligraphy is a beginner in Zhao Mengfu and Dong Qichang, and he can almost confuse the fake with the real. His Notes on Shanglan Wulong Cave Garden was written in the 14th year of Chongzhen (A.D. 164 1), which is no different from that of Song people. Deng Sanmu said in "A Journey to the West": "Fu Shan's small letters are the best, extremely Gu Zhuo, but he didn't do much. Generally, he wants to ask in cursive, but his cursive is not tacky at all, with elegant appearance and stubborn connotation, just like him. " His writing style is very good. There are many couplets and posters in his writing style, all of which are dignified and vigorous. He summed up the experience that "Ning Zhuo is not smart, preferring ugliness to flattery, preferring fragmentation to tactlessness, and making no arrangement directly". He wrote cursive script in the form of big grass, adding lines and combinations of Lian Mian, making it richer and more expressive.