What is the fruit tree industry?

The plantation industry that exploits perennial woody or perennial herbaceous fruit trees that provide dry and fresh fruits (fruits or seed kernels) for large-scale commercial production; it is an integral part of agricultural production.

Figure 1Origin, development and distribution

Fruit trees are generally divided into deciduous and evergreen fruit trees, which can also be divided into temperate fruit trees and subtropical and tropical fruit trees (see Fruit tree classification). The origins of the different species are discussed in detail in the works of DeCan-dolle (Switzerland) and Н.И.Ва-вилов (USSR) (see Cultivated fruit tree origins). Various wild communities of fruit trees in different centers of origin, under artificial selection and natural domestication, spread by ancient man, began to have a primitive cultivation of fruit trees. Among them, fruit trees such as fruit mulberry, grape, hairy leaf date (Zizyphus mauritiana), busy fruit, apricot, lentil, peach, pear, apple, quince, pomegranate, fig, date palm (Phoenix dectylifera), banana, etc., have been cultivated for more than 3,000 years now. An overview of ancient fruit tree cultivation and fruit processing can be seen in ancient Egyptian, Babylonian and Greek tomb stone carvings and murals (Figures 1 and 2).

Since the 12th century AD, due to increasingly frequent human interaction, in addition to the ancient has been introduced to domesticate a small number of fruit trees, continue to introduce more and more domesticated fruit trees, the scope is more and more extensive, almost all over the world. These fruit trees are mainly peaches, plums, plums, apricots, cherries, apples, pears, grapes, figs, pomegranates, persimmons, jujubes, chestnuts, walnuts, long hickory, sweet oranges, wide-skinned oranges, loquats, lychees, longan, pineapples, bananas, papayas, avocado, coconuts, busy fruits, breadfruit, pineapple, strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, lingonberries and so on. One of the origin of China's peach in the 2nd century BC from China into Persia, and then by the Mediterranean coast into France, Germany, Spain, Portugal and other countries. 9 century in Europe has been widely cultivated. 16 century into the United States. 18 century, Japan and from China to introduce the peach (Figure 3). Now the cultivation of peach has spread all over the world. The pineapple, which is native to the New World, was spread to India, the Philippines and Java by the Portuguese and the Spanish in the 15th century, and then to China, Burma, Thailand, South Africa and North Africa in the 16th century, and then to the whole of Europe through the Netherlands in the 18th and 19th centuries (Figure 4). These fruit trees introduced domestication history, can be said to be a fruit tree cultivation history. With the introduction of domestication at the same time, many countries in different historical periods have been committed to the development of fruit tree production, and has accumulated a variety of experience, China's ancient agricultural books on fruit tree planting, fruit tree pruning, fruit thinning, ring peeling, grafting, pest control, cold and fruit storage and processing of the account, is a good example of a number of (see China's history of development of fruit tree industry). The historical process of world fruit tree production is not entirely consistent, but all experience three important milestones. The first is the emergence of fruit tree varieties; the second is the emergence of grafting technology in the 4th century BC; the third is with the progress of science and technology, fruit tree varieties selection and cultivation of nursery technology is becoming more and more developed, the emergence of the 20th century 30's dwarfing dense planting as the center of the intensive cultivation of fruit trees, prompting the fruit yield per unit area and the quality of a new level.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4There are 2792 species of fruit trees in the world***, belonging to 134 families and 659 genera, and there are more than 300 species of more important ones, among which, the temperate deciduous fruit trees and nuts, small berries are mainly distributed between 30°N~50°N and 30°S~50°S, and the tropical fruit trees, such as coconuts, bananas, pineapples, tropical fruit and cashews, are mainly distributed between 30°N~30°N. Mainly distributed within 30 ° N ~ 30 ° S, as for citrus is mainly distributed in subtropical areas, including the Mediterranean coast, South America, South Africa, the United States, southern Japan, China's Yangtze River Basin and the USSR Black Sea coast, today's main fruit tree-producing countries, after a long period of hard work and management, in the history of their own peculiar production areas, types and varieties (see the world fruit tree industry).

Characteristics and importance

Cultivars of fruit trees are highly heterogeneous and, if propagated by seed, are prone to segregation and mutation of offspring. In order to keep the germplasm unchanged, asexual reproduction is generally used. In addition to a small number of fruit trees with cuttings, pressure, planting propagation, most fruit trees are grafted by the rootstock scion composed of a unified organism. Between the rootstock for grafting, can enhance the adaptability of fruit trees, improve pest resistance, to expand the cultivation of fruit trees to create favorable conditions, especially the use of dwarfing rootstock, but also can control the growth of the tree, is conducive to the implementation of intensive intensive cultivation. Fruit trees have perennial, multiple results, long life cycle, age period is obvious, the tree is tall, a single plant occupies a large land area characteristics, requires special cultivation techniques different from field crops, such as early results of young trees, to overcome the size of the fruit tree pruning, ring stripping, ring cutting, fruit thinning, such as high-quality yield, stable yield technology, and so on.

The production value of fruit trees is multi-faceted. Its importance is manifested in: ① since ancient times is an important source of rural economic income. The Records of the Grand Historian said: "Anyi thousand trees of jujube", "Yan Qin thousand trees of chestnuts", "Shu Han Jiangling thousand trees of orange", "all of them with a thousand marquis and so on. ". The amount of revenue is evident. Even now, in a variety of fruit trees concentrated production areas, especially the more remote hilly mountains or barren sandy wasteland, fruit trees than the income of field crops often 2 to 5 times higher. It is in the proportion of total agricultural income, in general production areas for about 10%, in the main production areas up to 50% or higher. Many countries around the world to develop fruit tree production as a way to accumulate capital, foreign exchange. ②It is the necessary side food for people's life. As early as 2000 years ago, China's first medical monograph "Nei Jing - Suwen" has pointed out that: the reasonable composition of human food is "five grains for nutrition, five fruits for the help, five animals for the benefit of the five dishes for the full", of which five fruits is the general term for dried and fresh fruits, has a "for the help of the "The role of by-products. Today, the world's countries in the composition of the food, but also less on the demand for fruit. Just with the passage of time, scientific and technological progress, many countries according to the characteristics of their own country and the standard of living of nationals, in the adjustment of the traditional food composition, so that it is perfected day by day. In a variety of adjustment programs in a *** with the characteristics of the fruit supply increased significantly, in the food structure of the status of the food is becoming more and more important. ③ has a certain nutritional and medical value. Fruits are rich in sugar, inorganic salts and vitamins and other indispensable nutrients for life activities (see the nutritional value of fruits), not only for direct nutrition and there are also "kidneys should be peach, the heart should be Lee, lungs should be apricot, the spleen should be chestnut" (《内经-Suwen〉), the medicine and health care functions. The Han Dynasty drug monograph "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" divided herbs into the upper, middle and lower three products, jujube is listed as the top grade, can be taken for a long time of nourishing drugs. Ming Dynasty "Compendium of Materia Medica" fruit listed in the Department of fruit there are as many as 60 kinds of. Fruits can be used as medicine, has been inherited by traditional Chinese medicine, and some development. since the 1960s, Western medicine through the Chinese medicine fruit drug testing, animal experiments and clinical treatment, so that their efficacy and therapeutic effects have been scientifically confirmed for the treatment of various diseases and put into application. ④ It helps to transform nature and beautify the environment. Fruit trees as economic forestry, in the sandy wasteland, hills, sea and other areas of development, or planted in front of the house, city parks, in addition to making full use of land resources, do not compete with cotton and grain, and can prevent wind and sand, water storage and moisture conservation, climate regulation, with the improvement of ecological conditions, greening, landscaping the role of the environment.

Fruit production

is the main body of the fruit industry, the development of the fruit industry plays an important role.

World fruit production

According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in 1988, the world's total fruit production of 333.604 million tons, of which 329.506 million tons of fruits, accounting for 98.8% of the total fruit production; 4.098 million tons of dried fruits, accounting for 1.2% of the world's total production. The production situation of each continent is shown in Table 1: Asia has the highest production, followed by America, and then Europe, Africa, the Soviet Union and Oceania. With the 1986 to 1988 three-year average production estimates on behalf of the annual production estimates, the annual output of more than 10 million tons of bananas, grapes, citrus, apples, etc.; annual output of 6 million to 9 million tons of pears, peaches, nectarines, plums, etc.; annual output of 1 million to 5 million tons of jujubes, strawberries, apricots, etc.; annual output of less than 1 million tons of walnuts, currants, chestnuts, hazelnuts, etc. ( See Table 2).

Table 1

Table 2 to a single species, the apple 1988 output of 40.86 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average annual output growth of 18.26%. To the highest production in Europe, amounting to 15.385 million tons, followed by Asia 11.285 million tons, 7.193 million tons in the Americas (of which, 4.998 million tons in Central and North America; South America 2.195 million tons). Among the fruits, the largest area planted with grapes, amounting to 83.58 million hectares in 1988, 11.3% less than the 1979-1981 average area. Production is second only to bananas, ranking second in the world's total fruit production. 1988 production of 59.776 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production decreased by 10.38%. One of the highest production in Europe, amounting to 30.982 million tons; the Americas, followed by 11.264 million tons (of which, 5.763 million tons in Central and North America; South America 5.501 million tons). Pear, in addition to China, Japan for the Oriental pear, Western countries are Western pear. 1988 pear production of 9.873 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production growth of 15.35%; to the highest production in Asia, amounted to 3.954 million tons, followed by Europe 3.676 million tons; Americas, 1.258 million tons (of which, in North and Central America 870,000 tons, 388,000 tons in South America). Wide-peeled orange, the output of 8.375 million tons in 1988, an increase of 8.82% over 1979-1981; the highest production in Asia reached 4.301 million tons; followed by 1.729 million tons in Europe, 1.215 million tons in the Americas (of which, 706,000 tons in Central and North America, and 509,000 tons in South America), 562,000 tons in Africa, and 45,000 tons in Oceania. Bananas (excluding plantains), the 1988 output of 41.913 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production growth of 14.19%; to the highest in the Americas, amounting to 12.269 million tons (of which, 1.562 million tons in Central and North America; South America 10.707 million tons). Coconut, 1988 output of 36.802 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production growth of 59%; to the highest production in Asia, amounting to 29.9 million tons; followed by the Americas 2.707 million tons (of which, 1.678 million tons in Central and North America, 1.029 million tons in South America), Oceania 2.315 million tons. Busy fruit, the 1988 output of 14.961 million tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production growth of 14.54%; to the highest production in Asia, amounting to 11.728 million tons; followed by 2.229 million tons in the Americas (of which, in Central and North America, 1.562 million tons; South America, 667,000 tons), Africa, 989,000 tons. Walnuts in 1988 production of 842,900 tons, compared with 1979 ~ 1981 average production growth of 8.63%; to the highest production in Asia, amounting to 328,300 tons, followed by Europe 224,500 tons, America 198,800 tons. Chestnut, 1988 production of 577,000 tons, compared with the 1979-1981 average production decreased by 26.5%. Flat peaches, 1.17 million tons in 1988, an increase of 15.8 percent over the 1979-1981 average production.

As a result of the development of world fruit production and market conditions change, land and labor costs increase, consumer demand for fruit quality is increasing, the international fruit market competition is increasing. 1960s to the 80's of the 20th century more than 20 years, the world's fruit production and cultivation formed a **** the same trend is committed to the commercialization, specialization, intensification of the development. People not only from the orchard business requirements, the orchard investment to the minimum, fruit economic returns to the maximum, but also requires from the fruit tree varieties, rootstock, cultivation and management until the harvest, processing and transportation, storage, packaging and other aspects of a set of production management, are the implementation of a series of reforms, in order to improve and enhance the quality of fruit and production efficiency. Reform measures and management techniques taken by each specific content and requirements, but in general, there are the following aspects: ① selection and promotion of new varieties; ② tissue culture, heat treatment detoxification, cultivation of virus-free seedlings; ③ the use of compact varieties or dwarfing rootstocks as the basic content of intensive cultivation emphasizes the reasonable dwarfing of dense planting; ④ simplify the shaping and pruning techniques (see Fruit Tree Plasticity, Fruit Tree Pruning); ⑤ Sound soil management system, inter-row grassing, inter-plant weeding or whole garden weeding no-till or mulching system. Improve water conservancy facilities, the use of sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, according to the growth and development of fruit trees, quantitative water supply, water conservation; ⑥ according to the results of nutritional diagnosis and soil diagnosis, to determine the amount of reasonable fertilizer; ⑦ extensive use of plant growth regulators for different purposes, especially aimed at promoting dwarfing of the tree and the formation of buds of the application of pp333; ⑧ to improve the storage and processing facilities and technology, the construction of refrigerated warehouses, air-conditioned warehouses, and the development of Canning, the system of juice and the system of sprinkling processing industry; ⑨ to strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases, in addition to chemical control, the implementation of integrated prevention and control system to reduce food and environmental pollution: ⑩ to improve the level of mechanization, a substantial increase in labor efficiency; (11) the implementation of production, supply and marketing of a unified form of joint venture organization, to more intensive, specialization, the direction of the development of the Torus.

China's fruit production

China's fruit trees have a long history of cultivation, known for a complete range of varieties, rich in the world. Native China counts: Oriental pear (white pear, sand pear, Xinjiang pear), hawthorn, peach, Chinese plum, Ussuri plum, apricot plum, apricot, plum, Chinese cherry, jujube, persimmon, chestnut, hickory, hazelnut (hazelnut), tephrosia, ginkgo, olive, fruit mulberry, kiwi, citrus (orange, red orange, pomelo, yellow peel, etc.), lychee, longan, loquat, prunus, luo han guo and so on more than 30 kinds of specialty fruit trees; also introduced grapes, Apples, pears, quince, European plums, American plums, western cherries, figs, pomegranates, walnuts, pecans, pistachios, olives, hazelnuts, grapefruit, lemons, lemons, pineapple pears, coconuts, lychees, guavas, papayas, avocados, cashews and other more than 20 kinds of exotic fruit trees, the specialty fruit trees and exotic fruit trees totaled more than 50 kinds. China's large population, per capita arable land area is small, in order not to compete with cotton and grain, fruit tree production and cultivation of the vast majority of the development from the hilly and mountainous areas. In addition to hilly and mountainous areas, but also in the sandy wasteland, beach, sea development of fruit trees. 1985, in the mountainous areas, sandy wasteland, beach, sea orchard area of about 85% of the national orchard area, of which the proportion of mountain orchards is particularly large.

Since 1949, especially in the 1980s, China's fruit trees have gained great development. According to China's Agricultural Statistics (1988), the area of fruit trees was 5,066,000 hectares; the total output was 16,660,000 tons, which was 3.1 times and 2.5 times higher than that of 1978 respectively. It far exceeded the sum of the growth in the previous 30 years, especially in the four years after 1984, when the development was more rapid. Per capita possession increased accordingly, from 6.8 kilograms in 1978 to 15 kilograms. In a variety of fruit trees, apples due to the development of large-scale over the years, the speed of the country's largest fruit. 1988 apple planted a total area of 1.66 million hectares, accounting for 32.77% of the country; total output of 4.344 million tons, accounting for 20.28% of the country, all ranked in a variety of fruit trees in the first place. The development of pear is relatively stable, in 1988, the planting area of 487,000 hectares, accounting for 9.62% of the country, less than citrus in the third place; the total output of 2,721,000 tons accounted for 17.18% of the country, higher than citrus in the second place. Citrus from the 1970s the development of faster, 1988 planting area of 955,000 hectares, accounting for 18.82% of the country, second only to apples; because many young trees have not yet results, the total output of 2.560 million tons, accounting for 11.81% of the country, ranking third. However, in 1989, the position of various fruit tree production was a new change, citrus production has exceeded the apple, and jumped to the first place of various fruit trees (see China's fruit tree industry), other fruit tree production are within a few hundred thousand tons. Among them, 792,000 tons of grapes, persimmons 733,000 tons; 485,000 tons of pineapple, 119,000 tons of lychee; longan 78,700 tons. For the area and production of various fruit trees by province, region and city, see China's fruit tree industry.

China's fruit tree production in the 1950s to 1960s are tree anvil sparse cultivation. To the early 1970s, there was a tree anvil dense planting cultivation. Drawing on foreign fruit tree production technology, the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, in addition to a small number of anvil intensive cultivation, and actively promote a series of dwarf anvil and short-branching varieties as the main content of dwarfing intensive cultivation. In addition, in the mountain orchard management has been focusing on the construction of terraces or lift trench project to prevent soil erosion. The implementation of deep tilling soil, planting green manure, increase the application of organic fertilizer a series of measures to increase soil organic matter content; focus on shaping and pruning techniques to regulate the reproductive growth of trees, nutrient growth of nutrient distribution. Storage, the introduction of cold storage, air-conditioning storage at the same time, focusing on the use of modified folk storage facilities, the implementation of the origin of storage and the creation of energy-saving storage system. In terms of processing, in addition to the development of canning, juice, wine and other modern processing industry, but also the development of dry, sugar, traditional folk processing industry, increasing the variety of processed foods.

Fruit tree research

is an important part of the fruit industry. The development of fruit production plays an important guiding role.

World fruit tree research

Research involves a wide range of scope and content, mainly for four aspects: ① germplasm resources research. In order to adapt to the needs of fruit tree breeding, since the 1960s, fruit tree germplasm resources research is developing rapidly, has established a collection, preservation, evaluation and identification and utilization of a set of research system. In the collection and preservation, many countries have built a national fruit tree germplasm nursery or germplasm bank of varying sizes, on the one hand, marking the development of fruit trees and varieties of improvement achievements: at the same time, there is a need to save once the gene source can be used. For example, the Soviet Union, the All-Soviet Institute of Plant Cultivation (referred to as VIR) belongs to the 11 experimental stations to collect and preserve the fruit tree germplasm material *** 31,000; the United States has a national fruit tree nutritional system of germplasm bank 7, a collection of a variety of fruit tree germplasm material more than 6,000 copies. In all the research, to trait identification and genetic evaluation for the most important, aimed at cytogenetic determination of germplasm materials with specific traits of genetic behavior, to explore the potential breeding value of the gene source. The United States, the United Kingdom have successively identified a number of different trait gene sources of apple and pear breeding materials. ② Breeding research. Currently the world fruit tree breeding is still hybrid breeding, bud seed selection, both radiation breeding, chemical mutagenesis and polyploid breeding, breeding varieties of the number of good quality, is less than the previous 30 years. Many of them have been widely used in production. In order to shorten the breeding cycle in cross-breeding, but also focus on the study of live seedlings in advance of the results, early identification, pre-selection of the theory, technology and methodology, has made some progress. 1970s, more biotechnology applied to fruit tree breeding, the use of screening of isolated mutants, protoplast culture, genetic recombination of genetic engineering has achieved preliminary results. ③ Cultivation of physiological research. In addition to carry out to promote intensification, dwarfing and dense planting for the purpose of fruiting management research, tree management research, orchard soil and productivity relationship research, orchard water management research, which nutritional physiological research, the main study of carbon nutrient nutrients in the photosynthetic performance, the distribution of photosynthesis products; carbon storage nutrients in the fruit tree, a single nutrient element in the soil, the transformation, the movement of the tree's absorption, operation, distribution; nutrient element Physiological balance between nutrient elements, nutritional disorders research, focusing on the lack of calcium, boron, iron, magnesium caused by physiological disorders of fruit trees manifested by physiological disorders, put forward a variety of corrective measures, has been applied in the production. In addition, there are also carried out the application mechanism of plant growth factors, which pp333 application mechanism of the most attention.

Chinese fruit tree research

began in 1902, Zhili agricultural experiment field horticultural department engaged in fruit tree cultivation experiment. This century 20 ~ 40 years in the middle of the century, the main content of Chinese fruit tree scientific research are varieties of investigation, morphological classification, fruit habit, introduction of cultivation, breeding, fruit production at that time has played an important role in promoting. But due to the lack of attention, scientific research progress is slow. 1949 after the founding of new China, fruit tree scientific research into the national and provincial, municipal and autonomous regions of the agenda, the establishment of the corresponding fruit tree research institutes (see China's fruit tree scientific research institutions). At the same time, the implementation of a planned and organized multidisciplinary, multi-species, single or comprehensive research, has made great progress. The main achievements and progress were in the following five areas: ① germplasm resources research. the national fruit tree resources survey carried out in the 1950s, which lasted until the 1970s, successively discovered a number of wild forests of apples, walnuts, lentils, oranges, loquats, lychees, and new species or varieties of citrus, pears, peaches, and apples, and unearthed a number of valuable varieties (lineages) and rootstocks, which have been successively used in production. 1982 saw a comprehensive resources survey of Tibetan fruit trees, which was carried out by the Tibet Institute of Fruit Tree Research (see Chinese Fruit Tree Research Institutes). In 1982, a comprehensive resource survey of fruit trees in Tibet was carried out, and it was found that 1/4 of the species of national fruit trees were distributed in Tibet. Among them, the native species accounted for 90.6%, indicating that the Tibet Plateau is one of the origin centers of fruit trees in China. In addition, a new wild species of citrus, the Red River Great Winged Orange, was discovered in Yunnan, and a wild banana diploid type was found in Guangdong, proving that China is also one of the places of origin of sweet oranges and bananas. All of this provides a new basis for the argument that China is the world's largest center of origin of fruit trees. Following the planning and establishment of fruit tree original material nurseries in the 1950s, 15 national fruit tree germplasm nurseries (see National Fruit Tree Germplasm Resource Nurseries) were established in different eco-geographical regions in the 1980s, laying a material foundation for the systematic study of fruit tree germplasm resources. Successively carried out microscopic explorations in physiology, cytology, and sporology, and discovered polyploid species and varieties of the genera Apple, Pear, Hawthorn, Chinese plum, and common apricot, of which the wild species of pear, Pyrus xerophyl-la, has the same polyploid type as many of the wild species of apple, proving that pear's evolution also has variations in chromosome number. Identification of traits through the fruit tree research, screening out a number of species or varieties of resources at the same time, but also through sporulation, isoenzymes, karyotypes and other means of research on citrus, pears, peaches, apples, a number of species or varieties of kinship between each other to observe the identification of fruit tree genetics, classification, origin, evolutionary research provides a favorable clue. ② Breeding research. the early 1950s, many regions have carried out citrus, pear local varieties selection research, as well as peach, grape bud selection research. At the same time also created a new era of domestic cross-breeding, has continued to the present, including apples, pears, peaches, grapes, citrus, loquat, pineapple and more than 10 species, has bred more than 70 new varieties and apples, pears, some of the new rootstock types, and some units of radiation breeding, selected apples, pears, citrus, excellent mutants. All these new varieties and rootstocks selected and bred have played a positive role in enriching and improving the composition of fruit tree varieties and developing fruit tree production. In addition, the principles and technical methods of shortening the childhood period of fruit trees, early identification and pre-selection have been explored and researched, especially the application of biotechnology in the study of fruit trees, and the culture of protoplasts of apples and citrus and anther culture of apples and citrus have been successful. ③ Research on fruit tree zoning, cultivation technology and physiology. Timely fruit tree zoning research, put forward the corresponding commodity production base planning and construction program, in order to improve the yield of fruit trees and fruit commodity quality to create favorable conditions. On the basis of summarizing the experience of fruit farmers, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology and experience of foreign countries, through demonstration and popularization, the yields and qualities of the main producing areas were improved accordingly. 7) Since the 20th century, in view of the fact that the world's fruit production has been moving towards the intensive cultivation centered on dwarfing and dense cultivation, and there is a tendency to cultivation pattern, a comprehensive research on the cultivation system of dwarfing and dense cultivation has been carried out, and a summary of suitable varieties and rootstocks of dwarf-rootstocks of apples, mandarin oranges and peaches has been put forward. It summarizes and proposes suitable varieties of dwarf rootstock apple, citrus, peach, planting mode and density, shaping and pruning technology and other supporting comprehensive technical measures. At the same time, we also carried out soil analysis for fruit tree nutritional diagnosis, leaf analysis research and application research of various growth regulators including pp333. In the calcium deficiency caused by apple water heart disease, boron deficiency caused by fruit tree greening mechanism research, has put forward the corresponding corrective technical measures; in the apple bud differentiation mechanism research, initially found that the balance of endogenous hormones, genetic expression and bud differentiation of the close relationship between the three, put forward the reshaping pruning, spraying flower hormone, can make the young tree early results, the adult low-yield trees into more flower results. Research on plant protection. The main pests and diseases of fruit trees, ecological characteristics and other basic research has done a lot of work, such as apple rot disease in the 1950s on the basis of its latent infestation of a clear, new discoveries on the onset and infestation of the law to guide the prevention and control measures, and achieved good results. Fruit tree viruses, since the 1950s has been on the apple rust fruit disease, citrus huanglong disease, jujube crazy disease research. The pathogen of citrus huanglong disease and jujube madness were clearly identified as fungus-like plasmodium and its propagation pathway, and effective control measures were put forward. 80's and carried out the research on apple and strawberry viruses. Through the research on integrated pest control, a number of highly efficient, low-toxicity and selective pesticides have been screened out. Many investigations and researches have been carried out on the types of natural enemy resources in apple orchards, the pattern of extinction and growth, the utilization technology and the artificial cultivation technology, and the demonstration orchard for the integrated control of apple pests and diseases has been set up, so that the number of apple medication application has been reduced from the original 7 to 8 times to 3 to 4 times. At the same time of saving labor and capital, it receives obvious control effect. ⑤ Storage research. According to the characteristics of different fruits, respectively, apples, pears, oranges, bananas, lychees, refrigerated and air-conditioned storage test, has produced obvious economic benefits. In the northern region, but also the folk traditional storage technology experience has been investigated and summarized. In the natural cold source of earth cellar, earth kiln cave, semi-underground ventilation library and other traditional folk storage places, the addition of refrigeration plastic tent or plastic small bag facilities, the use of natural cold source and air-conditioning principle combined together to create the proposed low-investment, low energy consumption of fruit simple air-conditioning storage methods, the formation of fruit storage system with Chinese characteristics. Saving power consumption; achieve similar storage effect with air-conditioning storage. Due to today's world energy constraints and shortage of funds, it has received attention at home and abroad. In addition, also carried out the fruit harvest period and post-harvest physiological changes in different CO2, O2 concentration indicators and different temperature conditions on the fruit respiratory strength, as well as physiological disease pathogenesis and other storage physiological research, to improve the fruit storage technology plays a positive role.