The characteristics of traditional medical model are as follows

According to its sources of funds and principles of use, the current world social security system can be

There are four modes:

(a) "insurance public assistance type":

This model is also called "insurance contribution type", "traditional type" and "tripartite burden type". In this model, the object of social security is the real labor force and its immediate family members, and the content of social security is social insurance. The main features of this type are:

1. Establish a social security responsibility sharing mechanism among the government, society, employers and individuals to realize mutual assistance in risk protection.

2. Emphasize the principle of equal rights and obligations of the insured. That is, the level of treatment enjoyed by the insured is related to the income payment during the working period.

3. The state adopts a compulsory implementation method for the social security system according to law, so as to legally guarantee the implementation and operation of the social security system.

4, to relieve the worries of workers as the core.

5. It can better coordinate the contradiction between market efficiency and social equity.

Fairness and efficiency are a pair of basic contradictions. "Public assistance insurance" is more conducive to coordinating market efficiency and social equity.

Countries that adopt the social security system model of "insurance+public assistance" mainly include Germany, the United States and Japan.

"Comprehensive welfare"

This model is also called "head allowance" or "national welfare". Its main feature is that the state provides cash allowance to all its citizens or residents in accordance with unified standards when necessary, regardless of their income, whether they work or not, and whether they own property.

This model originated in Britain, which took the lead in establishing the social security system of "welfare state". Except Britain and Sweden, the social security systems in Norway, Denmark, Canada and Australia basically belong to this model. This model of social security funds are usually borne by the state finance and paid in the income tax collected by the government.

"Self-protection"

This model is also called "compulsory savings", "complete accumulation" and "central provident fund". Its characteristics are: the state legislates to force employees or employers and employees to pay fees, establish special funds for special use, and deposit them in savings offices in the name of employees. When an employee encounters a specified risk, the security benefits he enjoys are paid from his personal social security account, and the amount stored in the personal account can be distributed to the survivors and legal heirs after death.

Countries adopting this model mainly include Singapore, Malaysia, Chile, Argentina and other countries.

(4) "national insurance type"

This model began in the former Soviet Union and was followed by other socialist countries. Its basic feature is that social security affairs are all arranged by the state; Individuals do not pay any fees; The scope of protection theoretically covers all citizens; Trade union organizations at all levels manage specific affairs on behalf of the state.

This social security model has benefited hundreds of millions of working people, but it has been completely changed because the level of security has exceeded the carrying capacity of reality.

Second, the social security system model comparison

Different countries have different social security system models, but no matter which model has a positive and progressive effect on the social and economic development of the host country. The comprehensive analysis and comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of different models aims to explore a reasonable development model of social security and provide theoretical basis for the reform of China's social security system.

1. The social security system model of "protecting the public and helping the private" takes social insurance as the core and essence of the whole system. The main features of this model are:

(1) The safety expenses shall be borne reasonably by the state, enterprises (employers) and individuals (employees). That is, it embodies the responsibility of the national government as the main body of social security, and also embodies the right of the insured (individual) and its employer to perform their obligations before enjoying the treatment.

(2) Make the reciprocal relationship between rights and obligations explicit, quantitative and open.

(3) The insurance project is comprehensive, which solves people's worries about birth, old age, illness, death, unemployment, disability and childbirth to a certain extent, and greatly guarantees the reproduction of the labor force and social stability.

(4) Through the redistribution and transfer of labor income, the gap between the rich and the poor has been greatly narrowed.

(5) Diversified sources of social security funds are conducive to the formation of a relatively strong social security fund.

(6) Give consideration to the two goals of social security: fairness and efficiency.

2. The welfare-oriented comprehensive social security system depends on the high tax policy. The increase of tax revenue makes some entrepreneurs turn to foreign investment, which reduces domestic investment, savings rate and foreign competitiveness. Excessive pursuit of "social equality" sacrifices the necessary "efficiency". It has dampened people's enthusiasm for work.

3. High welfare and high taxes increase the burden of the working-age population, and the intergenerational contradictions are prominent, while weakening people's awareness of self-protection.

The "self-insurance" model originated in Singapore emphasizes self-reliance, and the self-insurance fund comes from the contributions of employers and employees. It adopts compulsory and unified personal savings according to government legal procedures. The well-resourced provident fund system reduces the financial burden of the government, avoids the social problems caused by intergenerational transfer and the payment crisis caused by the aging population, and can better stimulate the enthusiasm of the labor force; Provident funds have also played an active role in accumulating social wealth, promoting economic development, and helping the government to regulate the economy and the country's wealth and people's security. However, this model lacks the functions of national income redistribution and social members' mutual assistance.

Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.